《政府会计英文》

Environment&CharacteristicsChapter1.WelcomeContrarytowhatyoumayhaveheard,governmentalandnonprofitaccountingisnota“wholenewballgame”However,itisagameplayedbyslightlydifferentrulesThepurposeofthischapteristolaythegroundworkforthoserulesTherestofthechapterswillexaminethoserulesmoreclosely.LearningObjectivesUniquecharacteristicsTypesofG&NPorganizationsSimilarities&differencesbetweenprofit-seekingandG&NPorganizationsCharacteristics,concepts,&objectivesofGNPaccounting&financialreportingUsersandusesoffinancialinformationDeterminingwhatGAAPtoapplyGAAPhierarchy.CharacteristicsofG&NPOrganizationsAbsenceofprofitmotiveOwnedbyconstituents–nostockContributorsofresourcesdonotreceiveproportionalshareofbenefitsDecisionsmade–directlyorindirectly–byvotersMeetingswheredecisionsaremadeusuallyopentothepublic.TypesofG&NPOrganizationsGovernments:Federal,state,county,city,township,village,andspecialdistrictsEducation:kindergartens,elementary&secondaryschools,vocational&technicalschools,andcolleges&universitiesHealthandwelfare:hospitals,nursinghomes,AmericanRedCross,andUnitedServiceOrganizations(USO)Religious:YMCA,YWCA,SalvationArmy,andchurch-relatedorganizationsCharities:UnitedWay,CommunityChest,&otherfund-raisingorganizationsFoundations:Privatetrustthatoperatereligious,educational,orcharitableorganizations.SimilaritiestothePrivateSectorOperateinthesameeconomyandcompeteforsameresources:financial,capital,andhumanAcquire&convertscarceresourcesintogoods&servicesUseofaccounting&otherinformationsystemsNeedtooperateeconomically,effectively,&efficientlyProvidegoodsandservices,manyofwhichmaybesimilar.DifferencesfromthePrivateSectorOrganizationalobjectivesSourcesoffinancialresourcesMethodsofevaluatingperformanceandoperatingresults.OrganizationalObjectivesBusinessesOperatingMotive:maximizeincomefromrevenuesandotherresourcesOperationalFocus:reportquarterlybutlooktothelong-temaswellG&NPsOperatingMotive:maximizeservicesprovidedfromrevenuesandotherresourcesOperationalFocus:operateonannualbudget,socurrentyearisofprimaryimportance.SourcesofFinancialResourcesBusinessesraiseresourcesfromsalesorfromcapitalstock&debttransactions–mustaccountfordifferentsourcesseparatelyGovernmentsraiseresourcesfromsalesordebttransactions–typicallynodistinctionmadeinsources.UniqueG&NPSourcesInvoluntarycontributions–taxes!DonationsAppropriationsandgrantsfromothergovernmentalentities.EvaluatingPerformance&OperatingResultsInbusiness,continuingaproductorservicedeterminedbysuccessinmarketplaceInG&NPorganizations:ProfitnotamotiveandfrequentlycannotbemeasuredServicesnotfoundelsewheresothereisnocompetitionFacerulesandregulationsnotfoundinprivatesector.SpecialRegulations&ControlsAppliedtoGovernmentsOrganizationstructure–form;boardcomposition;number&dutiesofpersonnelPersonnelpolicies&procedures–whohaspowertoappointorhirepersonnel;tenure;terminationpolicies;promotionpoliciesSourcesoffinancialresources–typesandamountsoftaxes,licenses,finesorfees;procedureforsettingusercharges.SpecialRegulations(continued)Useoffinancialresources–purposes,includinglegalrestrictions;purchasingprocedures;budgetingmethodsAccountingFinancialreporting–type&frequencyofreports;format;recipientsAuditing–frequency;whoperforms;scope&type;time&place.DevelopmentofGAAP.OtherOrganizationsThatAssistedinG&NPGAAPDevelopmentMunicipalFinanceOfficersAssociation(MFOA)/GovernmentFinanceOfficersAssociation(GFOA)AmericanInstituteofCPAs(AICPA)andAuditingStandardsBoard(ASB)NationalAssociationofStateAuditors,Controllers,&Treasurers(NASACT)NationalAssociationofCollege&UniversityBusinessOfficers(NACUBO)AmericanHospitalAssociation(AHA)andHealthcareFinancialManagementAssociation(HFMA).Defininga“Government”Overallcharacteristics:Publiccorporations–“aninstrumentalityofthestate,foundedandownedinthepublicinterest,supportedbypublicfunds,andgovernedbythosederivingtheirauthorityfromthestateBodiescorporateandpolitic.OtherCharacteristicsofa“Government”Popularelectionofofficersorappointment(orapproval)ofacontrollingmajorityofmembersofgoverningbodybyoneormoreSLGsPotentialforunilateraldissolutionbyagovernmentwithnetassetsrevertingtogovernmentPowertoenactandenforceataxlevyAbilitytoissuetaxexemptdebt.FinancialReporting

Standards-SettingProcess.SLGGAAPHierarchyGASBStatements&Interpretations,whichareperiodicallyincorporatedintotheCodificationGASBTechnicalBulletinsandAICPAAuditGuidesandSOPsifmadeapplicabletoSLGsandclearedbyGASBPositionsofGASBEITF(doesnotcurrentlyexist)andAICPAPracticeBulletinsifmadeapplicabletoSLGsandclearedbyGASBGASBstaffImplementationGuides(Q&As)andwidelyacceptedpracticeOtheraccountingliterature.TypicalActivitiesofaSLGGovernmentalactivities–uniquetoSLGsPoliceandfireprotectionEducationSocialServicesCourtsBusiness-typeactivities–similartoprivatesectoroperationsUtilitiesGolfCoursesAirports.PurposeofGovernmentalActivitiesProvidegoodsandservicesthatallconstituentsneedregardlessofabilitytopayforgoodsandservices.SourcesofFinancialResources

(notfoundinprivatesector)Taxes:propertytaxes,salestaxes,andincometaxesIntergovernmentalrevenues:fromothergovernmentsLicenses&permitsFines&forfeituresDebtproceeds(typicallynotusedforoperations).ResourceAllocationMechanismsRestrictionsplacedbyproviders:typicalofgrantors,taxesforspecificpurposes,&debtproceedsBudget–allocatesresourcestofunctionsHoldingpublicofficialsaccountableforactions.ReportingIssues&ProblemsDemonstratecompliancewithrestrictionsonuseoffinancialresourcesBudgetaryreportingImpactofrestrictionsonrevenuerecognitionDifficultyinmeasuringeffectivenessandefficiencyofoperationsOpportunitytohideordisguiseavailabilityofresourcesTaxanddebtlimitsImpactofmaterialityofreportingcertainactions.FinancialReportUsersThecitizenryLegislativeandoversightbodiesInvestorsandcreditors.FinancialReportUsesComparingresultswithlegallyadoptedbudgetsAssessingfinancialconditionandresultsofoperationsAssistingindeterminingcompliancewithfinance-relatedlaws,rules®ulationsAssis