英语词汇学复习及题型变化

英语词汇学复习及题型变化Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfromporc(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.第三章复习:ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowelchangeiscalled(allomorphs)Deer复数没有变,还是deer,sheep复数没有变,还是sheep,因此,这种变化被称作(zeroderivation)名词解释:Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemeis’thesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matches.Itcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromorphsasindeer-deer,fish-fish简答题：whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答简答题时,名词解释)答案：FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemes:1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.3)Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot4)freemorphemesarefreeroots.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..2)Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffixaffix分为两类:inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords第四章:问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种:1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending有三种最常用:affixation,compoundingandconversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing问题：Affixation又被称为什么?它分为哪两类？答案：AffixationisalsoknownasderivationAffixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别:a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorderbi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixessuffixation:1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominalnouns2)Deverbalnouns3)De-adjectivenouns:ity,-ness,4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.要点:复合词分为哪三类:1)solid2)hyphenated3)open简答题:whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?答案：1)phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures最常见的三种词性:1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中,哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?*名词解释:Conversion(重点，还没考过)Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversion第五章：WordMeaningThemeaningsof‘Meaning’指的是哪三个层次的内容?意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:Whatarethemeaningsof‘Meaning’?1)Reference(有reference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)2)Concept(能够形成Concept的词必然有reference)3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都是具有sense的词,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它们有sense,但没有concept)Whatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?（等同于：Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform）答:Arbitraryandconventional名词解释:reference：itistherelationshipbetweenlangaugeandtheworld!名词Concept:1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.重点:sense的名词解释：Sense:1.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)重点：Whatarethetypeofmotivation？1)Onomatopoeicmotivation2)MorphologicalMotivation3)SemanticMotivation4)EtymologicalMotivation填空:1.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)2.Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)第六章:SenseRelationsandSemanticFieldpolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）TwoApproachestoPolysemy:1)Diachronicapproach2)SychronicapproachTwoProcessesofDevelopment1)radiation(1)radiationisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.(2)themeaningareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.e.g.face,neck2)concatenation(1)meaning‘linkingtogether’,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmaycases,thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.(2)Inplaintermsthemeaningreachedbythefirstshiftmaybeshiftedasecondtime,andsoonuntilintheendtheoriginalmeaningistotallylost.e.g.treacle注意：这两种模式的名词解释照样要记（这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）问题：Inthelinguisticstudy,whatarethesenserelationsandwhatarethetypesofsenserelations?答案:Awordwhichisrelatedtotheotherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense,soitiscalledsensesemanticrelations.typesofsenserelations:polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）问题：Fruit与applesbananas,pineapples,lychees是什么语义关系？答案：Hyponymy?问题：Fruit这一类里包含apples,bananas,pineapples,grapes它们形成了一种什么样的理论？答案：Semanticfield问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象，那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。比如说：dead,alive,它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系？答案：Contradictoryterms它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy问题：Contradictoryterms有一个最大的特点是什么？答案：Mutuallyexclusiveandarenon-gradable,Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylikeverytoqualifythem.第七章:ChangesinWordMeaning两个大的部分:1.TypesofSemanticchanges(五种)(1)extensionextension又被称作generalizatione.g’manuscript’originalmeaning’handwritting---now’anyauthor’swritingwhetherwrittenbyhandortypedwithatype-writer"barn"originalmeaning’aplaceforstroingonlybarely’---now’storeroom’(2)narrowingnarrowing又被称作specializatione.g."deer"animal---nowjust’deer’"corn"grain---now’maize’only’garage’anysafeplace---’aplaceforstoringcars’(3)degradationdegradation又被称作pejoratione.g."boor"peasant---nowarude,ill-manneredperson"churl"peasantorfreeman---uncultivatedormeanperson"hussy"housewife---awomanoflowmoral"villain"apersonwhoworkedinavilla---evilpersonorscoundrel(4)elevationelevation又被称作ameliratione.g."nice"ignorance---foolish---nowelevatedto’delight,pleasant’"marshal"keeperofhorses---nowmeans’high-rankingarmyofficer’"constable"keeperofhorses---nowmeans’policeman’(5)transfere.g.paper(p140)thelipofawound(associatedtransfer)pursefor’money’(associatedtransfer)clear-sounding(transferofsensations)2.CausesofChanges:1)extralinguisticfactors(1)historicalreasonawordisretainedforanamethoghthemeaninghaschangedbecausethereferenthaschanged.e.g."pen"featherinthepast---pen,ball-pens,fountainspensincreasedscientificknowledgeanddiscoveryarealsoimportantfactors.(2)classreasonelevationanddegradation(3)PsychologicalreasonTheassociatedtransferofmeaningandeuphemisticuseofwordsReligiousinfluenceisanotherkindofpsychologicalneed.e.g."copperhead"onp.1432)linguisticfactorsThechangeofmeaningmaybecausedbyinternalfactorswithinthelanguagesystem.Especiallywhenaphraseisshortenedtoonewordwhichretainsthemeaningofthewhole.Theinfluxofborrowingshascausedsomewordstochangeinmeaning.Thecompetitionofnativewordseventuallyresultedinthesemanticdivision.语义扩大的三个特例:1)polysemicwordsofmodernEnglishChapter8meaningandContext要记两个重要部分:1Context如何进行分类两种:1)LinguisticcontextInanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Thisisknownaslinguisticcontextwhichmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.2)Extra-linguisticcontextornon-linguisticcontextINabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationaswell.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.Context这两个分类也就是它的名词解释1)LinguisticcontextLinguisticcontextcanbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontextLexicalcontextreferstothewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisofftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighbouringwords.GrammaticalcontextInsomecases,themeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.Thisiswhatwecallgrammaticalcontext.重点:简答题:Whatislinguisticcontext?(这道简答题没考过,但是整个context考过)重点:TheroleofContext语境的作用?三个作用:1)EliminationofAmbiguityAmbiguityoftenarisesduetopolysemyandhomonymy2)IndicationofReferentsWithoutclearcontext,thereferencecanbeveryconfusing.3)ProvisionofCluesforInferringWordmeaning在3)中又包括八种线索:(1)Definition(2)Explanation(3)Example(4)Synonymy(5)Antonymy(6)Hyponymy(7)Relevantdetails(8)Wordstructure第九章:EnglishIdioms这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。名词解释:Idioms(重点)(1)Idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentenceswhicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwiththenativeculturesandideas.2)Stricklyspeaking,idiomsareexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningofindiviudalelements.(3)Informsidiomsmayincludecolloquialisms,catchphrases,slangexpressions.9.1Character5isticsofIdioms9.1.1semanticunity(重点)1)idiomseachconsistofmorethanoneword.2)intheidiomwordshavelosttheirindividualidentity.3)quiteoftentheidiomfunctionsasoneword.e.g."tillthecowscomehome",means’foreverasanadverb.9.1.2Structuralstability(重点)1)thestructureofanidiomisto