各个学科的单词

地理GEOGRAPHYgeography地理geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian子午线，经线parallel平行圈，纬线latitude纬度longitude经度elevation海拔altitude高度horizon地平线equator赤道Arctic北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极expedition探险navigation航海topography地形，地形学continent大陆continentalshelf大陆架continentaldrift大陆漂移说plain平原plateau(highland)高地lowland低地basin盆地cavern(cave)洞穴oasis(沙漠)绿洲cleft(flaw)裂缝crevice(rift;slit)裂缝summit山顶range(山)脉valley峡谷gorge峡谷canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡marine(maritime;oceanic)海的tide潮汐ebb(away)退潮sea-floorspreading海床扩展oceanbottom海床coastland沿海地区contour轮廓；海岸线continentalisland大陆岛volcanicisland火山岛coralisland珊瑚岛insular海岛的islet小岛peninsular半岛ledge暗礁remote—sensing遥感的terrain地域terrestrial地球的，陆地的terrestrialheat(geothermal)地热terrestrialmagnetism(geomagnetism)地磁subterranean(underground)地底下evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度sediment沉淀物，沉积物tropics热带地区tropical热带的temperate温带的temperatelatitudes温带地区frigid寒带的frostheaving冻胀现象［编辑］地质geology地质学geologist地质学家crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continentalcrust大陆地壳oceaniccrust海洋地壳layer(stratum,复strata)地层plate板块fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带rift(crack;split)断裂fossil化石petrify石化，硬化igneousrock火成岩sedimentaryrock沉积岩metamorphicrock变质岩quartz石英limestone石灰岩marble大理石granite花岗岩lithogenous岩成的lithosphere岩石圈mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金，铂silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞，水银sodium钠fieldstone卵石gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石crystal水晶glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch(age,period)冰川期glacialdrift冰渍iceberg冰山volcano火山activevolcano活火山extinctvolcano死火山dormantvolcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发erater火山口lava(magma)火山岩浆magma岩浆volcanic火山的volcanicdust火山尘volcanicash火山灰earthquake(quake;tremor;seism)地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismicwave地震波cataclysm灾变［编辑］天文ASTRONOMY天文学astronomy天文学astronomical天文的巨大的astronomicalobservatory天文台astronomer天文学家astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学infinite无限的vacuum真空cosmos(universe)宇宙cosmology宇宙学cosmic(universal)宇宙的cosmicradiation宇宙辐射radiation辐射emission发射，散发cosmicrays宇宙射线infraredray红外线celestial天的天体的celestialbody(heavenlybody)天体celestialmap/skyatlas天体图celestialsphere天球space空间planeroid位面constellation星座cluster星团nebula星云galaxy星系，银河intergalactic星系间的MilkyWay银河系dwarf(dwarfstar)白矮星quasar类星体，类星射电源star恒星stellar恒星的interstellar恒星间的solarsystem太阳系solarradiation太阳辐射solarcorona日冕chromosphere色球photosphere光球convectionzone对流层radiativezone辐射层thermonuclearenergycoresolareclipse日食planet行星planetoid(asteroid)小行星interplanetary行星间的satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteorshower流星雨meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石chondrite球粒状陨石comet彗星revolve旋转，绕转spin旋转orbit轨道twinkle闪烁nakedeye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星space(outerspace)太空，外层空间spacecraftspaceship宇宙飞船spaceman/astronaut宇航员，航天员spacesuit宇航服，航天服spaceshuttle航天飞机spacetelescope空间望远镜astronaut宇航员spacedebris太空垃圾ammonia氨absolutemagnitude绝对量级high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪［编辑］气象Meteorology气象meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家forecast(predict)预扌报barometer/indicator气压计climate气候balmy(moderate)温和的tepid(lukewarm)微温的chilly寒冷的frigid严寒的serene晴朗的atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层current(气)流vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp(wet;dank;moist;humid)潮湿的humidity湿度moisture潮湿；水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog(mist)雾smog烟雾droplet小水珠condense浓缩crystal水晶体结晶状的downpour/torrentialrain大雨tempest(storm)暴风雨drizzle纟田雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard(snowstorm)暴风雪avalanche(snowslide)雪崩precipitation(雨、露、雪等)降水breeze微风blast/gust一阵gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado(twister,cyclone)龙卷风funnel漏斗，漏斗云disastercalamity,catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾arid干旱的［编辑］化学chemistry化学biochemistry生化chemicalproperty化学特性，化学性质chemicalcomposition(makeup)化学成分constitute构成组成constituent/component成分chemicalagent化学试齐Uchemicalreaction化学反应chemicalchange化学变化chemicalbond化学键chemicalapparatus化学器械substance(matter;material)物质element元素periodictable周期表ammonia氨氨水hydrogen氢oxygen氧nitrogen氮helium氦carbon碳calcium钙silicon硅silica硅土sulfur硫iodine碘blend混合neutralize中和combination化合组合compound化合物hydrocarbon碳氢化合物hydronic液体循环加热/冷却derivative衍生物alchemy炼金术petroleum(oil)石油petroleumproducts石油产品crudeoil原油refine提炼，精炼impurity杂质gasoline汽油methane甲烷disintegration(decomposition)分解erosion腐蚀hackneyed陈腐的caustic腐蚀性的corrode腐蚀stale陈腐的rust生锈solution溶液dissolve溶解solvent溶齐Usolubility可溶性cohesive聚合力cohesion附着力adhesive粘合力molecule分子atom原子nuclear原子的nucleus原子核electron电子neutron中子proton质子molecule分子ion离子particle粒子particleaccelerator粒子加速器explosive爆炸的；炸药explode(使)爆炸blast爆破kindle(ignite)燃起sear烧灼intermediary媒介物catalysis(复catalyses)催化作用catalyst催化齐Uartificial人造的synthetic合成的syntheticfiber人造纤维plastic塑料polymer聚合物polymerization聚合作用dye（pigment）染料染色tint上色scorch使褪色bleach漂白cosmetics化妆品［编辑］物理［编辑］PHYSICS物理学physics物理mechanics力学thermodynamics热力学acoustics声学electromagnetism电磁学optics光学dynamics动力学statics静力学relativity相对性相关性相对论dimension尺度维boundary边界brim/edge/rim/brink边缘force力pressure压力impetus推动力velocity速度expedite力口速acceleration力口速度accelerate力口速decelerate减速horizontal水平declivity下倾的斜面precipitate向下投掷motion运动inertia惯性gravity地心引力gravitation引力引力作用relativity相对friction摩擦attrition磨损chafe/scrape擦热equilibrium平衡equilibrium平衡状态temperature温度thermometer温度计centigrade摄氏的fusion溶合thaw（使）溶化融解sublimate使升华distillation蒸馏colt（使）凝块foam泡沫density密度liquid液体dilute稀释冲淡dehydrate（使）脱水evaporate蒸发evaporation蒸发作用ventilation通风release释放discharge释放diffuse传播扩散emit/eject发出放射radiate射出transpire发散排出medium（media）媒质frequency频率band波段wavelength波长pitch音高intensity强度echo回声resonance回声，反响acoustic音响的sonar声纟内ultrasonics超声学electricity电staticelectricity静电magnetism磁性磁力磁学magnet磁体electromagnet电磁magneticfield磁场electriecurrent电流directcurrent（DC）直流电alternatingcurrentAC交流电electriecircuit电路electriecharge电荷electrievoltage电压electrieshock触电electrieappliance电器conductor导体insulator绝缘体semiconductor半导体battery（cell）电池drybattery干电池storagebattery蓄电池electronics电子学electronic电子的electroniceomponent（part）电子零件integratedcircuit集成电路chip集成电器片，集成块electrontube电子管vacuumtube真空管transistor晶体管shrink收缩amplification（名词）放大amplify（动词）放大amplifier放大器，扬声器quiver/jar震动vibration震动oscillation震荡optieal光（学）的optiealfiber光学纤维lens透镜，镜片convex凸透镜concave凹透镜microscope显微镜telescope望远镜magnifier放大镜spectrum光谱wavelength波长ultraviolet紫外线XraysX射线GammaraysY射线infraredrays红外线microwaves微波dispersion色散transparent透明translucent半透明opaque不透明的compatible兼容的elasticity弹性chaos/disorder混舌Lclutter混乱（使）混乱［编辑］数学MATHEMATICSmathematics数学mathematician数学家arithmetic算术calculate（count）计算calculation计算calculator计算器calculus微积分differentialcalculus微分学integralcalculus积分学abacus算盘numeral数字digit数字，数位enumerate/numerate计数even偶数odd奇数sum和total总和，总数aggregate总计fraction分数，小数percentage百分比quarter四分之一decimal十进位，（十进）小数addition力口法plus加上正的subtraction减法minus减去负的subtract/deduct减去multiplication乘法multiplicationtable乘法表multiply乘以times乘以power乘方square平方division除法divide除以algebra代数equation方程式，等式formula公式root根function函数probability概率statistics统计ratio/proportion比率estimate/gauge估计evaluate估计评价variant/variable变量discrete不连续的离散的dispersion离差差量symmetry对称(性)匀称quantity表示量的数或符号quantitative量的，数量的qualitative质的，质量的deduction(inference)推论，演绎induetion归纟内rank排序排行等级sequence序歹列dual二重的两层的diagram图表geometry几何geometrie几何的figure图形形状paralleladj.平行n.平行线intersect相交dimension维area面积facet平面quadrilateral四边形vertical/plumb/upright/perpendicular垂直的square正方形rectangle长方形，矩形polygon多边形loop圈，环circle圆形circular循环的，圆的circulation循环circumference圆周circuitous迂回的ellipse(oval)椭圆形volume体积bulk容积cube立方形cubic立方体的sphere球形cone圆锥形column圆柱柱状物caliber口径diameter直径radius半径triangle三角形angle角degree(角)度［编辑］生态环境ECOLOGY生态学ecologist生态学家ecosystem生态系统balance(ofnature)自然界生态平衡scenic景色优美的scenery景色puddle小水洼creek/brook小溪trickle滴crystal/limpid清澈的niche小生态环境habitat栖息地rainforest雨林foodchain食物链acidrain酸雨greenhouseeffect温室效应infraredradiation红外线辐射ozonelayer(ozonosphere)臭氧层ultravioletradiation紫外辐射contaminate(defile)污染pollutioncontrol污染控制airpollution空气污染waterpollution水污染noisepollution噪音污染soilpollution土壤污染pollution—free无污染pollutant污染物noxious(toxic)有毒的fume/fumes(有毒)废气solidwaste固体垃圾sewage(wastewater)污水sewagepurification污水净化sewagedisposal污水处理decibel(噪音)分贝［编辑］农林畜牧agriculture(farming)农业agricultural农业的agrarian土地的，农业的land(soil)土壤；土地soilconservation土壤保护soilerosion泥土流失•辿粉砂，泥沙clay黏土，湿土clod土块barren贫瘠prolific/luxuriant多产的fertile月肥沃的arable适于耕种的indigenous土产的当地的pilot(experimental)试验性的harrow(rake)耙，耙土ridge田埂furrow犁沟plot(patch)小块地ranch农场，牧场plantation种植园人造林ranch大农场经营农场orchard果园nursery苗圃seedbed苗床sickle镰刀spade铲，锹shovel(平头)铲pick稿tractor拖拉机cultivate(till)耕作husbandry耕种管理aniMAlhusbandry畜牧业sow(seed)播种harvest收害Qweed除草irrigate灌溉Manure(fertiLizer)月巴料spray喷洒(农药)insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest害虫rust锈病•沁杂草除草grain(cereal)谷物，谷粒granary(grainstore)粮仓barn谷仓畜棚m订1碾，磨wheat小麦corn玉米rice大米barley大麦sorghum高粱oats燕麦rye黑麦Millet粟，小米fermentation发酵vegetable蔬菜horticulture园艺学hydroponics水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse(g1asshouse,hotbed)温室conservatory温室cabbage洋白菜lettuce生菜mustard芥菜spinach菠菜broccoli花椰菜cucumber黄瓜eggplant茄子pepper辣椒pumpkin(squash)南瓜tomato西红柿beet甜菜carrot胡萝卜radish小红萝卜pea豌豆soybean大豆celery芹菜garlic大蒜leek韭菜onion洋葱头potato土豆peanut花生sesame芝麻cotton棉花animalhusbandry畜牧业pasture牧场graze放牧livestock家畜fowl(poultry)家禽cattle牛，家畜buffalo野牛dairy(dairycattle)奶牛dairyfarm孚L牛场trot(马)小跑hay(作饲料用)干草haystack干草堆fodder(feed)饲料trough饲料槽barn(shed)牲口槽stable厩，马厩cowshed牛棚pigpen(hogpen,pigsty)猪圈sheepfold(sheeppen)羊栏roost(henhouse)鸡舍fishfarm养鱼场aquaculture水产养殖［编辑］生物BIOLOGYDarwinism达尔文学说进化论naturalselection自然选择evolve(使)进化发展evolutionary进化的creature生物organism生物有机物microbe微生物scavenger食腐动物rot腐烂decay(使)腐败respiration呼吸metabolism新陈代谢secrete分泌secretion分泌物assimilate吸收vital活的活体的anatomy解咅0学microscope显微镜organ器官vestige退化器官，遗迹spleen脾脏calorie卡路里fat(grease)脂肪carbohydrate(starch)碳水化合物(淀粉)，糖类glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的class纟冈order目family科genus属suborder亚目species种species物种subsist/exist生存extinct灭绝morphology形态学fauna动物群flora植物群植物界breedn.品种v.繁殖multiply(reproduce)繁殖proliferate繁衍propagate繁殖传播posterity后代ripe植物成熟mature动物成熟symbiotic共生的immune免除的，免疫的immunity免疫hygiene卫生sanitation卫生parasite寄生虫necrosis坏死futile无用的［编辑］动植物［编辑］动物strain（动物昆虫）种血统homotherm恒温动物poikilotherm变温动物invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物spine脊骨spineless无脊椎的aquatic（life）水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian（amphibiousanimal）两栖动物rodent啮齿动物（如松鼠）primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（珊瑚）monogamous一夫一妻的，一雄一雌的polygamous—夫多妻的，一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的，一雌多雄的appetite食欲stodgy难消化的herbivorous食草的carnal肉体的carnivorous食肉的omnivorous杂食的predatory/carnivorous食肉的predator捕食者preyv.捕食n.被捕食的动物trapper诱捕动物者community动物群落或人的部落gregarious群居的horde（昆虫等）群swarm（昆虫等）群flock（鸟，羊等）群herd兽群bunch（花等）束，捧dinosaur恐龙extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物hump驼峰dolphin海豚porpoise海豚whale鲸鱼rhinoceros犀牛bat蝙蝠beaver海狸sloth树懒slothful懒惰的primates灵长目动物gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒insect昆虫antenna（复antennae）触须tentacle触角larva幼虫，幼体larvae（复）幼虫pest害虫worm虫，蠕虫caterpillar毛虫moth蛾lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色蜥蜴turtle龟shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster对虾crab螃蟹clam蛤蜊sponge海绵coral珊瑚starfish海星jellyfish水母oyster牡蛎蚝clam蛤scale鳞片beast野兽fertilize使…受精hatch孵spawn（鱼、虾、蛙）孵（产卵）pregnant怀孕的offspring（young）子孙后代regeneration再生domesticate驯养camouflage伪装mimicry拟态hibernate冬眠dormant休眠的migrate迁移fluffy绒毛的fuzzy有绒毛的，绒毛状wing翅膀，翼bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴nest筑巢canary金丝雀chirp（鸟，虫的叫声）唧唧squeak（老鼠等）吱吱［编辑］植物botany植物学botanist植物学家botanical(botanic)植物的plant植物aquaticplant水生植物parasiteplant寄生植物fern蕨类植物shade树荫canopy树冠层，顶棚foliage(leaf)叶leaflet小叶rosette(叶的)丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄seeds种子everlasting永久的pollen花粉授粉给pollinate授粉crossbreed杂交shoot(sprout)嫩芽，抽枝germinate发芽bUd芽发芽花蕾flower花petal花瓣column花柱peel(skin)果皮shell(硬)果壳去壳husk(干)果壳(玉米)苞叶timber木材木料log圆木trunk树干branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝bark树皮peel剥削剥落herb香草药草lawn草坪meadow草地，牧场prairie大草原jungle丛林shrub(bush)灌木shrub灌木cluster一簇(灌木)丛生bunch串束photosynthesis光合作用symbiotic共生的symbiosis共生wither(shrivel,fade)凋谢pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉pollination授粉ceu细胞tissue组织organ器官system系统rootpressure根压cohesion-tension凝聚压力bore腔，肠rosette玫瑰形饰物orchid兰花淡紫色sequoia红杉美洲杉laurel月桂树［编辑］人类社会archaeology考古学archeologist考古学家anthropology人类学ethnology人种学，人类文化学anthropologist人类学家paleoanthropologist古人类学家ecologicalanthropologist生态人类学家psychologicalanthropologist心理人类学家unearth发掘发现scoop汲取挖掘exhume掘出excavation挖掘excavate(unearth)挖掘ruins遗迹，废墟relic遗物，文物remnant残余；遗迹artifact手工艺品porcelain瓷器archaic古的antique古物，古董antiquity古代，古老primitive原始的最初的StoneAge石器时代BronzeAge(青)铜器时代IronAge铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的chronological按年代顺序的skull颅骨cranial颅骨的，头盖的origin起源originate起源于aboriginal土著，原来的ascend追溯ancestor祖先forerunner(predecessor)先驱descent（ancestry）血统hybrid杂种，混血hominid原始人类homogeneous同一种族（种类）的ethnic种族的ethies伦理学human人类的；人性的juvenile青少年的adult成人，成人的（mature）patriarchal家长的族长的marital婚姻的household家庭家族status地位genteel上流社会的convention传统taboo禁忌禁止institutionalize使制度化tribe部落；clan氏族community社区社会公社urban城市的rustic乡村的metropolitan首都/大城市的exotic外来的异国风味的［编辑］政治POLITICS政治constitution宪法legislation立法Democrats民主党Republicans共和党Amendment修正案Congress美国国会Senate参议院HouseofRepresentatives众议院monarchy君主制anarchism无政府主义federalsystem联邦制presidentialsystem总统制municipal市的，市政的metropolitan大都市的centralized中央集权的ideology意识形态maneuver擦略tariff关税immigrant移民institutionalize机构化election选举vote投票officeholding任职veto否决AmericanRevolution美国革命/独立战争IndependenceWar美国独立战争Civ订War美国内战radical激进的，根本的overturning颠覆性的independent独立的breathtaking激动人心的military军