2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题汇总

2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译

考试精选习题汇总人必须有自信，这是成功的秘密。今天给大家带来了2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题LovetheWayYouWalk迷恋你的步伐Listencarefullytothefootstepsinthefamilyhome,especiallyifithaswoodenfloorsunmuffledbycarpets,andyoucanprobablyworkoutwhoitisthatiswalkingabout.Thefeaturesmostcommonlyusedtoidentifypeoplearefaces,voices,fingerprintsandretinalscans.Buttheir“behaviouralbiometrics”,suchasthewaytheywalk,arealsogiveaways.仔细听家里的脚步声，特别是家里铺的是木地板而又没有地毯消声的话，你大概可以辨认出是谁在走动。最常用于身份识别的体征是面容、声音、指纹和视网膜扫描。但步态等〃生物行为特征〃也是可循之迹。Researchershave,forseveralyears,usedvideocamerasandcomputerstoanalysepeople,sgaits,andarenowquitegoodatit.Buttranslatingsuchknowledgeintoapracticalidentificationsystemcanbetricky-especiallyifthatsystemissupposedtobecovert.Camerasareoftenvisible,arefiddlytosetup,requiregoodlightingandmayhavetheirviewobscuredbyotherpeople.SoateamledbyKrikorOzanyanoftheUniversityofManchester,inEnglandandPatriciaScullyoftheNationalUniversityofIreland,inGalwayhavebeenlookingforabetterwaytorecognisegait.Theiranswer:pressure-sensitivemats.近年来，研究人员一直在用摄像机和计算机分析人的步态，目前技术已经相当成熟。但要将这些知识转化为实用的识别系统并不容易，尤其是还需要实现隐蔽性。摄像机往往容易被看到，安装也较为繁琐，又需要有足够的光线，而且镜头还可能被他人遮挡。因此，英国曼彻斯特大学的克里科尔・奥赞扬(KrikorOzanyan)和爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦的帕特丽夏・斯高莉(PatriciaScully)带领的团队一直在探索更好的识别步态的方法。他们的解决方案是使用压敏垫。Inthemselves,suchmatsarenothingnew.Theyhavebeenpartofsecuritysystemsfordonkeys,years.ButDrOzanyanandDrScullyuseasophisticatedversionthatcanrecordtheamountofpressureappliedindifferentplacesassomeonewalksacrossit.Thesemeasurementsformapatternuniquetothewalker.DrOzanyanandDrScullythereforeturned,asisnowcommonplaceforanythingtodowithpatternrecognition,toanartificial-intelligencesystemthatusesmachinelearningtodisentangleandrecognisesuchpatterns.压敏垫本身并不是什么新发明，长久以来一直是安保系统的一部分。但奥赞扬和斯高莉使用的是更精密的压敏垫，可以在有人走过时记录步伐在不同位置产生的压力值。这些测量数据构成了步行者独有的步态模式。于是，两位研究人员按照如今识别模式的普遍做法，把数据输入一套人工智能系统，运用机器学习来梳理并识别这些模式。Itseemstowork.Inastudypublishedearlierthisyearthetworesearcherstestedtheirsystemonadatabaseoffootstepstroddenby127differentpeople.Theyfoundthatitserrorrateinidentifyingwhowaswhowasamere0.7%,AndDrScullysaysthatevenwithoutadatabaseoffootstepstoworkwiththesystemcandeterminesomeone,ssex(womenandmen,withwideandnarrowpelvisesrespectively,walkindifferentways)andguess,withreasonableaccuracy,asubject,sage.这看来行得通。在今年早前发表的一项研究中，两位研究人员运用127人的足迹数据测试了该系统。他们发现，系统识别身份的错误率仅为0.7%。斯高莉说，即使不搭配使用足迹数据库，系统也能确定受试者的性别（女性骨盆宽，男性骨盆窄，因而行走方式不同），并可以还算准确地估计出其年龄。Amat-basedgait-recognitionsystemhastheadvantagethatitwouldworkinanylightingconditions-evenpitch-darkness.Andthoughitmightfailtoidentifysomeoneif,say,shewaswearingstilettosandhadbeenenteredintothedatabasewhilewearingtrainers,itwouldbeveryhardtofoolitbymimickingthegaitofanindividualwhowasallowedadmissiontoaparticularplace.压敏垫步态识别系统的优点是可以在任何光照条件下工作，即使一片漆黑也没问题。如果数据库之前输入的是某人穿运动鞋时的步态，当她换成穿高跟鞋走路时，系统可能就无法识别了。但是，如果想模仿某人的步态来欺骗系统以获准进入特定地点会非常困难。ThelatestphaseofDrOzanyan,sandDrScully,sprojectisaredesignofthemat.Theoldmatscontainedarraysofindividualpressuresensors.Thenewonescontaingridsofopticalfibres.Light-emittingdiodesdistributedalongtwoadjoiningedgesofamattransmitlightintothefibres.Sensorsontheoppositeedges(andthustheoppositeendsoftheopticalfibres)measurehowmuchofthatlightisreceived.Anypressureappliedtopartofthematcausesadistortioninthefibresandaconsequentchangeintheamountoflighttransmitted.Boththelocationandamountofchangecanbeplottedandanalysedbythemachine-learningsystem.奥赞扬和斯高莉的研究项目的最新进展是经过重新设计的压敏垫。原来的垫子包含由单个压力传感器组成的阵列。新的垫子则包含多组光纤网格。分布在垫子相邻两条边上的发光二极管将光传输到光纤中。安装在对面两条边上(也就是光纤的另一端)的传感器测量接收到的光量。施加到垫子上某处的任何压力都会引起光纤变形，进而导致传输光量的变化。机器学习系统可以识别并分析变化发生的位置和变化的量。DrOzanyansaysthattheteamhavebuiltademonstrationfibre-opticmat,twometreslongandametrewide,usingmaterialsthatcost?100($130),Theyarenowtalkingtocompaniesaboutcommercialisingit.Oneapplicationmightbeinhealthcare,particularlyfortheelderly.Afibre-opticmatinstalledinanursinghomeoranoldperson,sownresidencecouldmonitorchangesinanindividual,sgaitthatpresagecertainillnesses.Thatwouldprovideearlywarningofsomeonebeingatgreaterriskoffallingover,say,oroftheircognitionbecomingimpaired.奥赞扬说，该团队已制成了一块两米长、一米宽的演示用光纤垫，材料成本为100英镑（130美元）。他们正与多家公司洽谈，希望将其商业化。医疗保健或许会是应用领域之一，特别是在照护老年人方面。将光纤垫安装在养老院或老人自己家中，可以监测一个人步态的变化，预测某些疾病。这将提供早期预警，例如提醒某人较有可能摔倒或出现认知受损。Gaitanalysismightalsobeusedasasecuritymeasureintheworkplace,monitoringaccesstorestrictedareas,suchaspartsofmilitarybases,serverfarmsorlaboratoriesdealingwithhazardousmaterials.Inthesecases,employeeswouldneedtoagreetotheirgaitsbeingscanned,justastheywouldagreetothescanningoftheirfacesorretinasforopticalsecuritysystems.步态分析也可作为工作场所的安保措施，用于监控限制区域的人员进出，例如军事基地、服务器农场，或处理危险品的实验室。在这些情况下，员工需要同意系统扫描自己的步态，就像同意光学安保系统扫描自己的面部或视网膜那样。Perhapsthemostintriguinguseofgait-recognitionmats,though,wouldbeinpublicplaces,suchasairports.Forthattowork,thefootstepsofthosetoberecognisedwouldneedtohavebeenstoredinadatabase,whichwouldbehardertoarrangethanthecollectionofmugshotsandfingerprintsthatexistingairportsecuritysystemsrelyon.Somepeople,however,mightvolunteerforit.Manyaircreworpreregisteredfrequentflyerswouldwelcomeanythingthatspeededuponeofthemosttiresomepartsofmoderntravel.不过，步态识别垫最吸引人的用途可能在公共场所，例如机场。要实现这一点，被识别者的步态资料需要被提前存储到数据库中，而这会比机场现有安全系统所倚赖的面部照片和指纹更难收集。但有些人可能会自愿提供。任何革新，若能加速安检这一现代出行中最烦人的环节之一，许多空勤人员或预先登记的飞行常客都会欢迎它。2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题UnprecedentedMedicalCaseShowsHowCancerSpreadfromOrganDonortoFourRecipients骇人：癌症细胞竟随器官移植传播AnextraordinaryandterrifyingmedicalcaserevealedintheJulyissueoftheAmericanJournalofTransplantationprovesthatorgantransplantscanpassnotonlycertaininfectiousdiseasestorecipients,butinrarecases,alsocancer.《美国移植杂志》七月刊披露的一个离奇骇人的病例证实，器官移植不但会把某些传染性疾病传给器官接受者，在极少数情况下还会把癌症传给接受者。Patientsknowntohavemalignanttumorsareoftennotabletodonatetheirorgans,butthatwasnotthecaseofa53-year-oldwomanwhodiedofastrokein20XX.Shehadnoknownconditionsthatcouldpreventdoctorsfromtransplantingherorgans,andrepeatedtestsrevealednosignofcancer.Thewoman,skidneys,lungs,liverandheartweretransplantedintodonorrecipients,butinsteadofsavingtheirlives,theyinfectedfourofthefiverecipientswithcancer,whilethefifthdiedofunrelatedcausesshortlyafterthetransplant.已知患有恶性肿瘤的病人通常不能捐献自己的器官，但20XX年死于中风的一名53岁女性并不属于这种情况。她没有任何已知的病症阻止医生移植她的器官，而反复的检查也没有显示出癌症的迹象。这名女性的肾、肺、肝及心脏被移植给了几个器官接受者，结果非但没有救这些人的命，反而让五个接受者中的四人都染上了癌症，而第五个人在接受器官移植后不久就因其他原因去世。Thefourorganrecipientshadrecoveredwellafterthetransplants,but16monthslater,thewomanwhohadreceivedthedonor,slungfellillandwassubsequentlydiagnosedwithcancerinthelymphnodesinherchest.Unfortunately,weliveinanagewhensomeoneisdiagnosedwithcancereverycoupleofminutes,butwhatmadethiscaseremarkablewasthattestsshowedthecancerouscellswereactuallybreastcancercells.FurtherDNAanalysisrevealedthattheyhadcomefromtheorgandonor.四个器官接受者在接受移植后一开始都恢复得不错，但16个月之后，接受肺移植的女性就病倒了，随后被诊断出胸部的淋巴结有癌细胞。不幸的是，我们生活在一个每几分钟就有人被诊断出癌症的年代，但这个病例的离奇之处在于，测试结果显示，这些癌细胞实际上是乳腺癌细胞。进一步的DNA分析揭示，乳腺癌细胞来自器官捐赠者。Thelungrecipient,scancerspreadandshediedaboutayearafterherdiseasewasdiscovered.Atthetime,theremainingthreeorganrecipientswerenotifiedthatthedeceasedhadbecomeinfectedwithcancerfromtheorganshehadreceived,andadvisedtogetthemselvestestedregularlyjusttomakesurethesamethingdoesn,thappentothem.Unfortunately,thatwasn,tenough…接受肺移植女性的癌细胞扩散，并在发现癌症一年后去世。此时医院告知其余三位器官接受者，逝者的癌症来自她被移植的器官，并建议他们定期做检查，确保他们不会同样染上癌症。不幸的是，这样的防范还不够……In20XX,fouryearsafterthetransplant,theliverrecipientwasdiagnosedwithbreastcancercellsinherliver.Shewasgiventheoptionofundergoinganothertransplant,butsherefusedforfearofpotentialcomplications.Sheoptedforradiationtreatment,whichprovedsuccessfulatfirst,butthecancerreturned,andshediedin20XX.20XX年，在接受器官移植四年后，接受肝移植的人被诊断出肝脏中有乳腺癌细胞。医生给她的选择是再一次接受肝移植，但她因担心出现潜在并发症拒绝了。她选择接受放射疗法，一开始还比较成功，但后来癌症复发，她于20XX年去世。Thepersonwhohadreceivedtheleftkidneyin20XX,wasdiagnosedwithcancerin20XX,sixyearsafterthetransplant.Thediseasehadalreadyspreadtoseveralorganswhenitwasdiscovered,andthepatientpassedawaytwomonthslater.20XX年接受左肾移植的人于20X