UNIT教学知识细解码Word版含解析

根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词。1．congratulatevt.祝贺，恭喜→congratulationn．祝贺，恭喜，贺辞2．tendvi.&vt.往往会，趋向；照看→tendencyn．倾向，趋势3．injurevt.&vi.伤害，损伤→injuryn．伤害4．equipvt.装备，配备→equipmentn．装备，配备，设备5．announcevt.宣告，宣布；通知→announcementn．宣告，口头通知1．assumevt.假定，认为；承担；呈现①Letusassumeforamomentthattheplansucceeds.假定②Itisreasonabletoassume(that)theeconomywillcontinuetoimprove.认为③Thecourtassumedresponsibilityforthegirl'swelfare.承担④Thismatterhasassumedveryimportance.呈现2．tendvi.往往会；趋向vt.照看①WhenI'mtired,Itendtomakemistakes.往往会②Priceshavetendeddownwardsoverrecentyears.趋向③Wesawashepherdtendinghissheep.照看3．averagen．平均水平；平均值adj.平均的；普通的，一般的；典型的①Theaveragepriceofgoodsrosebyjust2.2%.平均的②Ittakesanaverageoftenweeksforahousesaletobecompleted.平均值③Iwasjustanaveragesortofstudent.一般的，普通的④Fortyhoursisafairlyaverageworkingweekformostpeople.典型的WordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(知识要点1)congratulationn．祝贺，恭喜(教材P16)Youwanttostartdoingexercise？Congratulations!你想开始锻炼吗？祝贺你！[例1]Pleasegivehimmycongratulationswhenyouseehim.请见到他时转达我的祝贺。[例2]Congratulationsonyourexamresults!祝贺你考出了好成绩！[造句]恭喜你在英语考试中取得成功。CongratulationstoyouonyoursuccessintheEnglishexamination.[归纳拓展](1)congratulationn．祝贺；(复数)贺词congratulationstosb.onsth.为某事向某人祝贺offer/expressone'scongratulationstosb.向某人表示祝贺(2)congratulatevt. 祝贺congratulatesb.onsth.为某事向某人祝贺[即学即练]单句语法填空①Congratulateyouonpassing(pass)thedrivingexam.②—IgotthatjobIwantedatthepubliclibrary.—Congratulations(congratulate)！That'sgoodnews.③IwouldliketoexpressmycongratulationstoyouonyourreceivingthefirstprizeofChinesespeechcontest.④HehaspassedtheexamandI'llexpressmycongratulations(congratulation)tohim.[明辨异同]congratulate，celebratecongratulate意为“祝贺”，是用语言表达祝贺之意，其宾语是人；若要表明所祝贺的事情，后面用介词on连接，即congratulatesb.onsth.。celebrate意为“庆祝，庆贺”，指举行盛大、隆重的仪式来庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或事件。常用表示节日、胜利、成功等的名词作宾语。[小片段填空]Anoldcoupleis①celebratingtheir20thweddinganniversary.IthinkIshouldoffermy②congratulationstothem，soIcomeupand③congratulatethemontheirmarriage.Muchtomyjoy,theyacceptedmysincere④congratulationshappily.(celebrate/congratulate)eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点2)assumevt.假定，认为；承担(责任)(教材P16)Mostpeopleassumethatregularexercisedoeswondersforyourbodyandmind―butwhatexactlyareitshealthbenefits?大多数人认为经常锻炼对身心有奇效，但它对健康究竟有什么好处呢？[例1]Inartcriticism，youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessagehiddenwithinthework.在艺术评论中，你得假设艺术家有一个秘密的信息隐藏在作品中。[例2]Theyassumedher(tobe)thebestsingeroftheirtime.他们认为她是他们那个时代最好的歌唱家。[造句]人们认为这可能是最佳的解决办法。Itisassumedthatthisisthebestpossiblesolution.[归纳拓展](1)assumev．假定；设想；承担；假装assumesb./sth.(tobe)＋adj./n.假定/认为某人/某事(为)……Itisassumedthat...人们认为……assuming(that)...假设……(2)assumptionn.假定，假设ontheassumptionthat... 假定……makeanassumption作出假设[即学即练]单句语法填空①Yourargumentisbasedonacompletelyfalseassumption(assume)．②Itisgenerallyassumed(assume)thatstressiscausedbytoomuchwork.③AsfarasI'mconcerned，agreatmanypeoplemadeanassumptionthathewasright.④Weareworkingontheassumptionthateveryoneinvitedwillturnup.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点3)tendvi.往往会，倾向vt.照看(教材P16)Ithasalsobeenproventhatactivepeopletendtohavebetterimmunesystemsandareatlowerriskofdiseases.事实也证明，经常运动的人往往会有更好的免疫系统，患病的风险较低。[例1]Wetendtomeetupforlunchonceaweek.我们往往每周共进一次午餐。[例2]Doctorsandnursestendedtheinjured.医生和护士照料受伤者。[造句]她正在家里照顾生病的母亲。Sheistending(to)hersickmotherathome.[归纳拓展](1)tendtodo...倾向于做……tendtowardssth.趋于，倾向于(2)tendencyn. 趋势，倾向性haveatendencytodo... 倾向于做……(3)tend(to)sb.照料，照管[即学即练]单句语法填空①Shehasastrongnaturaltendency(tend)towardscaution.②Womentendtolive(live)longerthanmen.③Hisviewtends(tend)towardstheextreme.④Shetendstoget(get)angrywhenyoudisagreewithher.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点4)rangen．(变动或浮动的)范围；区间；界限；一系列v．(在一定范围内)变动；变化；排列(教材P17)Flexibilitytraining，includinggymnasticsandtaichi，helpsstretchyourmusclesandimproveyourbody'srangeofmovement.体操和太极拳等柔韧性训练有助于拉伸肌肉，加大身体活动范围。[例1]Thereisafullrangeofactivitiesforchildren.这里有给孩子们提供的各种活动。[例2]Hislecturerangedoveranumberoftopics.他的讲座涉及许多话题。[造句]它们的价格在$3到$15之间变化。Theyrangeinpricefrom$3to$15.[归纳拓展](1)awiderangeof一系列……within/intherangeof 在……范围内beyondone'srange 某人能力达不到的(2)rangefrom...to...在……范围内变动[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thenationalparkhasalargecollectionofwildlife，ranging(range)frombutterfliestoelephants.②Thepriceofthehouseissohighthatitiswellbeyondourrange.③Whendrivingonhighways,thedrivermustcontrolhisorherspeedwithintherangeof60km/hand120km/h.④Ihaveawiderangeofhobbies(hobby),includingreading,keepingdiary,playingballswithfriendsandsoon.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点5)averageadj.平均的，普通的，平常的n．平均数，平均水平v．计算出……的平均数(教材P17)Ingeneral,youshouldhaveyourmealanaverageof1.5to2.5hoursbeforeexercising.一般来说，你应该在用餐平均1.5到2.5小时后再进行锻炼。[例1]Freddywasanaveragestudent，butnotanaverageperson.弗雷德是一个普通的学生，但不是个普通人。[例2]Theaverageof4，5and9is6.4、5、9三个数的平均数是6。[造句]我们平均每天接到二十个电话。Wereceived20callsadayonaverage.[归纳拓展]onaverage平均起来above/below(the)average在平均水平以上/以下upto(the)average达到平均水平anaverageof... 平均有(后跟数词)[即学即练]单句语法填空①Heisworkinghardandhisgradeisabovetheaverageinhisclass.②Onaverage，mensmokemorecigarettesthanwomen.③Theageofthecandidatesrangedfrom29to49withanaverageageof37.④Theaverageageoftheboysinthisclassis(be)fifteen.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点6)makeupfor弥补，补偿(教材P17)Remembertodrinkthroughoutexercisetomakeupforwaterlosttosweat.记住运动时全程都要喝水，以弥补因出汗流失的水分。[例1]Payincreaseswillnotalwaysmakeupforpoorworkingconditions.工资的增长并不总能够弥补恶劣的工作环境的不足。[例2]ButImadeupforitintheevening.可是到了晚上我就补回来了。[造句]她决定更加努力工作，把失去的时间补回来。Shedecidedtoworkhardertomakeupforthelosttime.[归纳拓展]makeup构成，组成；占；铺床；化妆；弥补；和解；编造bemadeupof 由……组成makeit 准时到达；获得成功makeout 分辨；理解，明白makeadifference 有影响，起作用[即学即练]单句语法填空①Icouldjustmakeoutafigureinthedarkness.②I'msorryIwon'tbeabletomakeit．③Thegroupmade(make)upofthirtygirlsisverypopularhere.eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点7)(教材P17)Topreventsofttissueinjury,makesurethatyouwearproperclothesandequipmentwhenexercising.为防止软组织受伤，请确保锻炼时穿着合适的衣服和装备。(1)preventvt.阻止，阻碍[例1]Werecognizedthepossibilityandtookstepstopreventithappening.我们意识到了这种可能性，并且采取了一些预防措施阻止它发生。[例2]Nothingwouldpreventagainstinjustice.什么都不能阻止鸣不平。[造句]这次事故本来是可以防止的。Theaccidentcouldhavebeenprevented.[归纳拓展]prevent...fromdoingsth.阻止……做某事与这种结构相似的有stopsb./sth.fromdoingsth.；keepsb./sth.fromdoingsth.，from不可以省略。注意：在被动语态中，这三个短语中的from都不能省略。[即学即练]单句语法填空①Lynn'sparentstriedtostopherseeing(see)him.②Noonecanpreventthisplanfrombeingcarried(carry)out.③Wewerepreventedfromgoingonbytheheavyrain，butwedidn'tloseheart.(2)equipmentn．配备，装备[例1]Whatkindofequipmentshouldyouuse?你应该使用哪种设备呢？[例2]Theequipmentofthestudiowasexpensive.这个工作室的装备花费巨大。[造句]他们需要用到的设备是否已经到位？Dotheyhavetheequipmenttheyneed?[归纳拓展](1)equipmentn．[U]设备；装备apieceofequipment一件设备(2)equipvt. 装备；使有能力equip...with... 用……装备……equipsb.for(doing)sth.使某人为(做)某事而准备，使某人具备做某事的条件[即学即练]单句语法填空①Youmusttrytoequipyourselfwithenoughknowledge.②Alotofnewequipmenthasbeensent(send)tothatareasofar.③Thecompanyhasdecidedtobuysomemodernequipment(equip)．④Equipped(equip)withsometools，thefarmerswalkedintothemountain.[小片段填空]Thecourseisdesignedto①equipstudentsforgoingcamping，sotheboys②equippedthemselveswithfoodandwaterandthensetoff.③Equippedwithsomemodern④equipment,theboysheadedfortheforesthappily.(equip)eq\a\vs4\al(知识要点8)lackn．&vi.&vt.缺乏，短缺；没有，不足(教材P19)Othersworkoutforhoursattheweekendtomakeupfortheirlackofexerciseduringtheweekdays.其他人在周末锻炼几个小时以弥补他们在工作日缺乏的锻炼。[例1]Hesaidtherewasnolackofthingsforthemtotalkabout.他说他们不缺话题谈。[例2]Despitehislackofexperience,hegotthejob.尽管缺乏经验，他还是得到了那份工作。[造句]他缺乏信心。Helacksconfidence.[归纳拓展](1)forlackof由于缺少……(2)belackingin缺少……(3)lackforsth.没有……，缺少……(4)alackof缺乏……[即学即练]单句语法填空①Theboydidn'tgotoschoolforlackofmoney.②Lacking(lack)inmoney，theboydidn'tgotoschool.③Shelacks/lacked(lack)themoneytobuynewshoes.④Youcan'tbesuccessfulwhenthereisalackoftrustinarelationship.SentencePatternseq\a\vs4\al(重点句式1)Ithasbeenproventhat...句式(教材P16)Ithasalsobeenproventhatactivepeopletendtohavebetterimmunesystemsandareatlowerriskofdiseases.事实也证明，经常运动的人往往会有更好的免疫系统，患病的风险较低。[句式分析]本句属于“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”，其中that引导主语从句，it是形式主语。[例1]Itisbelievedthatglobalwarmingisduetohumanactivities.人们相信，全球变暖归因于人类的活动。[例2]Itisreportedthatone­thirdofcitizensplantobuyacar.据报道，三分之一的市民打算买车。[造句]据说大多数学生赞成他的建议。Itissaidthatmostofthestudentssupporthissuggestion.[归纳拓展](1)常用于此结构的句型有：Itisbelievedthat... 据认为……Itissaidthat... 据说……Itisreportedthat... 据报道……Itishopedthat... 人们希望……Itisthoughtthat... 大家认为……Itiswell­knownthat... 众所周知……Itissuggestedthat... 有人建议……(2)“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”可以改写为：从句主语＋be＋done＋不定式(即sb.issaid/believed/reportedtodo/tobedoing/tohavedone...)或者Peoplesay/believe/...that...[翻译1]Itissaidthat(据说)hehasbeentoJapan.[翻译2]Itissuggested(有人建议)thatthemeetingshouldbeputoff.[即学即练]单句语法填空①Itishoped(hope)thattheairinthiscitywillbecomemuchcleaner.②Hissonissaidtobestudying(study)inaforeigncountrynow.③Heis/wasthought(think)tobethegreatestpersonintheworld.④Itishopedthattheycanpassthewrittenexaminationthistime.eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式2)todo...作后置定语(教材P17)Whenyouplananexerciseroutine,thefirstthingtoconsideriswhatyouexpecttoimprove:heartandlungefficiency,musclestrengthorflexibility.制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善，是心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。[句式分析]句中不定式toconsider作定语，修饰thefirstthing，与thefirstthing之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语。[例1]TuYouyouisthefirstChinesewomantowintheNobelPrize.屠呦呦是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的中国女性。[例2]Heisamongthebeststudentstodotheexperiment.他是做这个实验最好的学生之一。[造句]他每天总是最后一个来。Heisalwaysthelastonetocomeeveryday.[归纳拓展](1)当被修饰词前有thenext,theonly,thelast，thevery等时，常用不定式作后置定语。(2)英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况主要还有：①抽象名词time，way，ability，reason，chance，courage，opportunity等后常用不定式作定语。②不定代词something，nothing，little等后常用不定式作定语。[翻译1]Itwasthefirstplaytowin(它是赢得……的第一部戏剧)allthethreeofthesemajorawards.[翻译2]Thenextthingtodo(下一步要做的事情)istorelaxyourselfcompletely.[即学即练]单句语法填空①IfIhaveanyfurthernews,youwillbethefirstpersontoknow(know)．②Theabilitytoexpress(express)anideaisasimportantastheideaitself.③IhadachancetovisittheGreatWalllastmonth.④Shehasonlyalittleroomtolivein．eq\a\vs4\al(重点句式3)of＋抽象名词(教材P17)Whentoeatisalsoofgreatimportance．何时吃饭也很重要。[句式分析]“of＋抽象名词＝形容词”可用于说明主语的性质。常见的有use,value,help,importance等。[例1]Iregardthisasofgreatimportance.我认为这个很重要。[例2]TheworkIamdoingisnotofmuchvalue.我正在做的工作没有什么价值。[造句]他们对英语学习者有很大帮助。TheyareofgreathelptothelearnersofEnglish.[归纳拓展](1)为了强调某种抽象的含义，在抽象名词前面可用little,some,anyno,great,notmuch等修饰。(2)有的可用同根形容词代替，如importance/important,use/useful,value/valuable等。(3)of后可接age,color,size,height,opinion等名词，表示主语的类别特征，名词前一般加不定冠词或thesame。[翻译1]TheNobelPrizeisofgreatimportance(很重要)toChinesemedicine.[翻译2]Theseflowersareofdifferentcolors(颜色都不同)．[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thearrivalofcanalswasofgreatvaluetomanyindustries.②Hisspeechisoflittlesignificance(significant)．③Heisofthesameweightashisbrother.④Idon'twanttohearwhatyouaresaying.Itisofnointeresttome.1．(教材P16)Somestudiesevenshowthatexerciseimprovescertainbrainfunctions,meaningyoucouldactuallyexerciseyourwaytobetterperformanceatschool![分析]此句为主从复合句。句中show后面的that引导宾语从句，其中meaningyoucouldactuallyexerciseyourwaytobetterperformanceatschool为现在分词结构作状语，而且meaning后也是省略了连词that的宾语从句。[译文]一些研究甚至表明锻炼会改善大脑的某些功能，这意味着实际上你可以通过锻炼来提高学业成绩！2．(教材P17)Whenyouplananexerciseroutine,thefirstthingtoconsideriswhatyouexpecttoimprove:heartandlungefficiency,musclestrengthorflexibility.[分析]此句为主从复合句。其中，when引导时间状语从句；what引导表语从句。[译文]制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善，是心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。教材高考1.Mostpeopleassumethatregularexercisedoeswondersforyourbodyandmind—butwhatexactlyareitshealthbenefits？(2019·江苏卷)Wearesofondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower,moremustbebetter.2.Ithasalsobeenproventhatactivepeopletendtohavebetterimmunesystemsandareatlowerriskofdiseases.(2019·江苏卷)Hismusiccouldstophisdiseasefromworsening.3.Likecarsthatrunonpetrol,yourbodyburnscarbohydratesforenergy.(2019·江苏卷)Morewindpowerstationswillspringuptomeetthedemandforcleanenergy.4.Topreventsofttissueinjury，makesurethatyouwearproperclothesandequipmentwhenexercising.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Topreventthebirdsfrombeingkilled.5.Othersworkoutforhoursattheweekendtomakeupfortheirlackofexerciseduringtheweekdays.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Thisiswhatmotivationorthelackofitcando.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Itisassumed(assume)thattimeisthemosthonest.2．Theclubalsooffereditscongratulations(congratulation)toD．Brownonherappointmentaspresident.3．Thereisatendency(tend)forthisdiseasetoruninfamilies.4．Today'sannouncement(announce)ofapeaceagreementcameafterweeksofdiscussion.5．Trystretching(stretch)yourlegsandpullingyourtoesupwards.6．Wedidn'tfindanythingofvalueinyourinformation.7．Weshouldtryourbesttomakeupforourloss.8．Shefeltnervous,lacking(lack)inconfidenceaboutherself.9．Theproductwasdevelopedinresponsetocustomerdemand.10．Theoldaddingmachinewasreplaced(replace)withacomputermanyyearsago.Ⅱ.短语填空dowonders;stickwith;onaverage;makeupfor;putfinishingtouchesto;inresponseto;nowthat;playarolein1．Englishplaysaroleintheinternationalcommunication.2．Thesleepingtimeforsenior3studentsisaboutsixhoursorsoperdayonaverage．3．Workhardertomakeupforthetimewas