金融英语基础词汇

资深培训师韩霄n.Withtheaccountingsystems,aformalrecordofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,ContraAccountsprovideindividualrecordsofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,liability,componentofowners’equity,revenue,orexpense.Thefinancialstatementsareconstructedusingtheseelements.[,ækwɪ'zɪʃ(ə)n]n.Thepurchaseofsomeportionofbyanother;thepurchasemaybeforassets,adefinablesegmentofanotherentity,orthepurchaseofanentire Thepurchaseisthegroup'sfirstacquisitionofmercialproperty.Inreferencetoshort-termcashmanagement,aninvestmentstrategycharacterizedbymonitoringandattemptingtocapitalizeonmarketconditionstooptimizetheriskandreturnrelationshipofshort-terminvestments.andmayinvolvematching,mismatching,or Theprocessofallocatingthecostoflong-termassetshavingafiniteusefullifetoaccountingperiods;theallocationoftheamountofabondpremiumordiscounttotheperiodsremaininguntilbondmaturityAcceptableamortisationmethodsarethesamethemethodsacceptablefor[ə'njuːɪtɪ]n.AfinitesetoflevelsequentialcashAnannuityisafinitesetoflevelsequentialPhonetic['æntɪ-daɪ'ljuːtɪv]['æntaɪ-Adj.withreferencetoatransactionorasecurity,onethatwouldincreaseearningspershare(EPS)orresultinEPShigherthanthe ’sbasicEPS—antidilutivesecuritiesarenotincludedinthecalculationofdilutedEPSUnderIFRSandUSGAAP,antidilutivesecuritiesarenotincludedinthecalculationofdilutedEPS.['ɑːbɪtrɪdʒ]n.1)Thesimultaneouspurchaseofanundervaluedassetorportfolioandsaleofanovervaluedbutequivalentassetorportfolio,inordertoobtainarisklessprofitonthepricedifferential.Takingadvantageofamarketinefficiencyinarisk- n.2)Theconditioninafinancialmarketinwhichequivalentassetsorcombinationsofassetssellfortwodifferentprices,creatinganopportunitytoprofitatnoriskwithnocommitmentofmoney.Inawell-functioningfinancialmarket,fewarbitrageopportunitiesarepossible.3)Arisk- operationthatearnsanexpectedpositivenetprofitbutrequiresnonetinvestmentofmoney.Inaddition,hedgefundshavetraditionallybeenthoughtofas“arbitrage” yers,meaningthattheyseektoearnreturnswhilehedgingagainst[ɑːsk]Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtosellanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya ty(askAlimitbuyorderisaggressivelypricedwhenthelimitpriceishighrelativetothemarketbidandaskprices.['ɔːkʃ(ə)n]n./vt.Atypeofbondissuingmechanismoftenusedforsovereignbondsthatinvolvesbidding.Sometimesmarketsreallydouseauctionstoarriveatequilibriumprice.Afieldoffinancethatexaminesthepsychologicalvariablesthataffectandoftendistorttheinvestmentdecisionmakingofinvestors, andportfoliomanagers.Inabroadersense,behavioralfinanceattemptsto inwhyindividualsmakethedecisionsthattheydo,whetherthesedecisionsarerationalor n.Acomparisonportfolio;apointofreferenceorTheperformanceben arkselectionprocessis['biːtə]n.Ameasureofthesensitivityofagiveninvestmentorportfoliotomovementsintheoverallmarket.Activemanagers,whetherinalternativeortraditionalinvestments,assumethatinefficienciesexistthatmaybeexploitedtoearnpositivereturnafteradjustingforbetarisk.[bɪd]Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtobuyanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya Alimitbuyorderisaggressivelypricedwhenthelimitpriceishighrelativetothemarketbidandaskprices.Calculatedatta ent,asagroupincludingdataprocessing,andtousethebinomialmethodAnimportantinvestmentmodel,thebinomialoptionpricingmodel,incorporatesthecombinationformulathatwewillcovershortly.[bɒnd]n.Contractualagreementbetweentheissuerandthebondholders.Acallablebondwouldhaveayieldgreaterthanasimilarnon-callablebondofthesameissuerbecausebondholderswanttobecompensatedforthecallriskassociatedwiththebond.Book[bʊkvæljuː][bʊkThenetamountshownforanassetorliabilitythebalancesheet;bookvaluemayalsoreferto ’sexcessoftotalassetsovertotalMarketAcurrentratioof1.0wouldindicatethatthevalueofitscurrentassetsexactlyequalsthevalueofitscurrent英[ˈbreikˌi:vnpɔint]；美[ˈbrekˈivənThenumberofunitsproducedandsoldat ’s eiszero(revenuestotalcosts);inthecaseofperfectcompetition,tywhereprice,averagerevenue,andmarginalrevenueequalaveragetotalcost.ThebreakevenpointsforcompanieswithoperatingandfinancialleveragearelessimportantthanthoseforcompanieswithhighBroad[brɔ:dˈmʌni][brɔd passesnarrowmoneyplustheentirerangeofliquidassetsthatcanbeusedtomakeNarrowBroadmoney passesnarrowmoneybutalsoincludestheentirerangeofliquidassetsthatcanbeusedtomakepurchases.[ˈbrəʊkə(r)]Anagentwhoexecutesorderstobuyorsecuritiesonbehalfof inexchangeforThereisnoevidencethatthebrokerwasinwiththefraudulentAtransactioninwhicha buysbackitsownshares.Unlikestockdividendsandstocksplits,sharerepurchasesusecorporatecash.Ifthebuybackmarketpriceisgreater(less)thanthebookvalue,thebookvaluewilldecline[kɔ:l]n.Anoptionthatgivestheholdertherighttobuyanunderlyingassetfromanotherpartyatafixedpriceoveraspecificperiodoftime.Therighttobuyisonetypeofoption,referredtoasacallorcalloption.[ˈkɔ:ləblbɔnd][ˈkɔləbəlAbondcontaininganembeddedcalloptionthatgivestheissuertherighttobuythebondbackfromtheinvestoratspecifiedpricesonpre-determineddates.Ifmarketinterestratesfallorcreditqualityimproves,theissuerofacallablebondhastherighttore ceanold,expensivebondissuewithanew,cheaperbondissue.[ˈkɔ:ləblbɔnd][ˈkɔləbəln.TheabilitytoachieveTherateofincreaseintotalcostsdeclinesuptoacertainoutputleveland,thereafter,acceleratesasthefirmgetsclosertofullutilizationofcapacity.Cash[kæʃiˈkwivələnt][kæʃmaturingin90daysorless.Inthethirdchapter,researchingthecircularmanagementofacceptanceorpaymentofcashflowfromtheangleofthecashandthecashCentralThedominantbankinacountry,usuallywithofficialorsemi-official ernmentalstatus.Whenthecentralbankbuyssecuritiesfrombanksinanopen-marketoperation,itpaysforthemwithacorrespondingincreaseinbankreserves.n.Anentityassociatedwithafuturesmarketthatactsasmiddlemanbetweenthecontractingpartiesandguaranteestoeachpartytheperformanceoftheother.Ineffect,theclearinghouseactsasthebuyerforeverysellerandasthesellerforeverybuyer. [kə'læt(ə)r(ə)l]ThequalityandvalueoftheassetssupportingTolowerthecostsofborrowing,borrowersoftenpledgeassetsascolla lfortheirloans.[kəˈmə:ʃəlˈpeipə][kəˈmɚʃəlnotethatrepresentsadebtobligationofthe sofdeposit,andcommercialpaperarerespectivelyissuedby ernments,banks,andcorporations.[kəˈmə:ʃəlˈpeipə][kəˈmɚʃəlAtypeofsecuritythatrepresentanownershipinterestina Companiescanissuedifferentclassesofcommonshares(ClassAandClassBshares),witheachclassofferingdifferentownershiprights.[ˈkɒmpərəblˈkʌmpəni] thathassimilarbusinessrisk;usuallyinthesameindustryandpreferablywithasinglelineofbusiness.Findinganappropriate verycriticalformarketbasedSaidofgoodswhichtendtobeusedofdemandisGasolineand shaveanegativepriceelasticityofdemandandareAdj.TheprocessofaccumulatinginterestonSimple,singlethemagnitudeoftheinterest Thechangeinequityofabusinessenterpriseduringaperiodfromnon-ownersources;includesallchangesinequityduringaperiodexceptthoseresultingfrominvestmentsbyownersanddistributionstoowners;comprehensive equalsnet eplusothercomprehensiveThestatementofcomprehensive allitemsthatchangeowners’equityexcepttransactionswithowners.Adj.Withreferencetoestimators,describesestimatorforwhichtheprobabilityofestimatesclosetothevalueofthepopulationparameterincreasesassamplesizeincreases.Aconsistentestimatorisoneforwhichtheprobabilityofestimatesclosetothevalueofthepopulationparameterincreasesassamplesize英[kənˈsʌmpʃnˈbʌndl][kənˈsʌmpʃənAspecificcombinationofthegoodsandservicesthataconsumerwantstoconsume.containallofthesamegoodsbutindifferentties,againallowingforthepossibilityof tyofoneormoreoftheTendtocausetherealeconomytoAnincreaseinabudgetsurpluswouldbeassociatedwithcontractionaryfiscal ariseinadeficitisanexpansionaryfiscal Phonetic[kən'vɜːdʒəns]Thetendencyfordifferencesinoutputperacrosscountriestodiminishovertime;inysis,atermthatdescribesthecasewhenanindicatormovesinthesamemannerasthesecurity Anadditionalissuerelatedtoconvergenceinvolvestheapplicationanden mentofaccounting英[kənˈvɜ:təbəlbɔnd]；美[kənˈvə:təbəlBondthatgivesthebondholdertherightexchangethebondforaspecifiednumbercommonsharesinthe Commontypesofbondswithembeddedincludecallablebonds,putablebonds,convertible[ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn]Anumberbetween−1and+1thatmeasuresrandomTheneedtospecifycorrelationsisacontrasttotheunivariatenormalCostof[kɔstɔvˈkæpitl][kɔstʌvTherateofreturnthat rsofcapitalrequireascompensationfortheircontributionofcapital.Thecostofcapitalintheseapplicationsshouldreflecttheriskinessofthefuturecashflowsoftheproject,product,ordivision.Costofgoods[kɔstɔvɡʊdzsəʊld][kɔstʌvɡʊdzForagivenperiod,equaltobeginninginventoryminusendinginventoryplusthecostofgoodsacquiredorproducedduringtheperiod.Todeterminepurchasesfrom rs,costofgoodssoldisadjustedforthechangeininventory.Ameasureoftheco-movement(linearassociation)betweentworandomvariables.Thecovariancebetweentherisk- assetandthemarketportfolioisrepresentedbyCov(Rf,Rm).Credit[ˈkreditrisk][ˈkrɛdɪtTheriskoflosscausedbyacounterparty’sordebtor’sfailuretomakeapromisedpayment.Alsocalleddefaultrisk.marginpaymentstokeepthecreditriskamongthepartiesfromgrowingwhenpriceschange.英[krɑʊdɪŋaʊt]；美[krɑʊdɪŋThethesisthat ernmentborrowingmaydivertprivatesectorinvestmentfromtaking Overshortperiodsoftime(say,afewyears),crowdingoutmayhavelittleeffect.英[ˈkju:mjulətivˌdistriˈbju:ʃənˈfʌŋkʃən]；美[ˈkjumjəˌletɪvˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃənˈfʌŋkʃən]Afunctiongivingtheprobabilitythatavariableislessthanorequaltoaspecifiedforbothcontinuousanddiscreterandomvariables,givestheprobabilitythattherandomvariableislessthanorequaltox.[ˈkʌrənsi]Moniesissuedbynational currenciesforimmediateCurrent[ˈkʌrəntˈreiʃiəu][ˈkɚrəntAliquidityratiocalculatedascurrentassetsdividedbycurrentliabilities.Alimitationofthecurrentratioisitssensitivitytoend-of-periodfinancingandoperatingdecisionsthatcanpotentiallyimpactcurrentassetandcurrentliabilityamounts.英[ˈsɪklɪkəlkɒmpænɪs][ˈsɪklɪkəlCompanieswithsalesandprofitsthatregularlyexpandandcontractwiththebusinesscycleorstateofeconomy.Somemultiplesforcyclicalcompaniesmaybehighlyinfluencedbycurrenteconomicconditions.[dɪˈbentʃə(r)]Typeofbondthatcanbesecuredor lDebenturesarebackedonlybythegeneralcreditworthinessandreputationoftheissuer.英[ˌdekləˈreiʃəndeit]；美[ˌdɛkləˈreʃənThedaythatthecorporationissuesastatementdeclaringaspecificdividend.Onthedeclarationdate,the announcetheholder-of-recorddateandthepaymentdate.Defaultrisk英[diˈfɔ:ltriskˈpri:miəm][dɪˈfɔltAnextrareturnthatcompensatesinvestorsforpossibilitythattheborrowerwillfailtomakeapromisedpaymentatthecontractedtimeandinthecontractedamount.Thedefaultriskpremiumcompensatesforthepossibilitythattheborrowerwillfailtomakeapromisedpaymentatthecontractedtimeandinthecontractedamount.[ˌdi:ˈfleɪʃn]n.NegativeWhendeflationoccurs,thevalueof dom[diˈɡri:ɔvˈfri:dəm][dɪˈɡriʌvThenumberofindependentobservations scanmanydegreesof domintheorderofelementsandthewaythoseelementsarenestedwithineachWithreferencetoevents,thepropertythattheprobabilityofoneeventoccurringdependson(isrelatedto)theoccurrenceofanotherevent.Whentwoeventsarenotindependent,theyaredependent:Theprobabilityofoccurrenceofoneisrelatedtotheoccurrenceoftheother.Theprocessofsystematicallyallocatingthecostoflong-lived(tangible)assetstotheperiodsduringwhichtheassetsareexpectedtoprovideeconomicbenefits.Depreciationistheprocessofrecognizingcostofalong-livedassetoveritsusefuln./vi./vt.Toreducethevalueofafuturepaymentinallowanceforhowfarawayitisintime;tocalculatethepresentvalueofsomefutureamount.Also,theamountbywhichaninstrumentispricedbelowitsface(par)value.Closed-endfundsgenerallytradeatadiscounttotheirnetassetvaluesn.Intechnical ysis,atermthatdescribesthecasewhenanindicatormovesdifferentlyfromthesecuritybeing Indivergence,therightshoulderwillhaveevenlowervolume,signalingthatbuyinginterestordemandistaperingoffandwillsoonbeoverwhelmedbysupply.n.Adistributionpaidtoshareholdersbasedonthenumberofsharesowned.Dividendsandsharerepurchasesconcern because,asdistributionstoshareholders,theyaffectinvestmentreturnsandfinancialratios.n.Ameasureoftheapproximatesensitivityofasecuritytoachangeininterestrates(i.e.,ameasureofinterestraterisk).Durationestimateschangesinthebondpriceassumingthatvariablesotherthantheyield-to-maturityorben arkratesareheldconstant.英[ˌɪkəˈnɔmikkɔst][ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkAlltheremunerationneededtokeeparesourceinitscurrentemploymentortoacquiretheresourceforproductiveuse;thesumoftotalaccountingcostsandimplicitopportunitycosts.Totaleconomiccostswerejustcoveredrevenuesandthe wasnotearningaeuromorenorlessthantheamountthatmeetstheopportunitycostsoftheresourcesusedinthe[ɪˈlæstɪk]Adj.Saidofagoodorservicewhenthemagnitudeofelasticityisgreaterthanone.Whendemandiselastic,priceandtotaln.Thepercentagechangeinonevariableforapercentagechangeinanothervariable;ameasureofhowsensitiveonevariableistoachangeinthevalueofanothervariable.Elasticityissimplyameasureofhowsensitiveonevariableistochangeinthevalueofanothern.Withreferencetostatisticalinference,thesubdivisiondealingwithestimatingthevalueofapopulationparameter.branches,hypothesistestingandestimation.n.Anestimationformula;theformulausedtocomputethesamplemeanandothersamplestatisticsareexamplesofestimators.Inmanyapplications,wehaveachoiceamonganumberofpossibleestimatorsforestimatingagivenparameter.[ɪˈvent]n.Any eorspecifiedsetof esofarandomvariable.Ifaneventisimpossible,ithasaprobabilityof0.Ifaneventiscertaintohappen,ithasaprobabilityof1. ceswheretraderscanmeettoarrangetheirThesetransferstake exchangesoneassetorfinancialcontractforvt.Theprocessofusinganoptiontobuyorselltheunderlying.Becausetheoptionbuyer(thelong)doesnothavetoexercisetheoption, theinitialpaymentofthepremium,thereisnoobligationofthelongtotheshort.['ekspɔ:rts]n.Goodsandservicesthataneconomysellstoothercountries.Atthesametime,suchcurrencyappreciationmakesthatnation’sexportsmoreexpensiveonglobalmarkets,impairingtheirprospects.n.Aneffectofamarkettransactionthatisbornebypartiesotherthanthosewhotransacted.Theeffectofawell-educatedlabor productivityofa isanexampleofapositiveexternality.['fæktə]n.Acommonorunderlyingelementwithwhichseveralvariablesarecorrelated.Thefactorsofproductionaretheinputstothefirm’sprocessofproducingandsellingaproductorservicewherethegoalofthefirmistoizeprofitbysatisfyingthedemandof[fləʊt]vi./adj.Inthecontextofcustomerreceipts,theamountofmoneythatisintransitbetweenpaymentsmadebycustomersandthefundsthatareusablebythe Ingeneral,themore lytheexchangerateisallowedtofloatandthemoretightlyconvertibilityiscontrolled,themoreeffectivethecentralbankcanbeinaddressingdomesticmacroeconomicForward[ˈfɔ:wədkənˈtrækt][ˈfɔrwədAnagreementbetweentwopartiesinwhichoneparty,thebuyer,agreestobuyfromtheotherparty,theseller,anunderlyingassetatalaterdateforapriceestablishedatthestartofthecontract.Togainabetterunderstandingofforwardcontracts,itisnecessarytoexaminetheirpayoffs.[gʊd'wɪl]n.AnintangibleassetthatrepresentstheexcessofthepurchasepriceofanacquiredoverthevalueofthenetassetsIfthepurchasepriceisgreaterthantheacquirer’sinterestinthefairvalueoftheidentifiableassetsandliabilitiesacquired,theexcessisdescribedasgoodwillandisrecognizedasanasset.英[hɑ:ˈmɔnikmi:n]；美[hɑrˈmɑnɪkAtypeofweightedmeancomputedbyaveragingthereciprocalsoftheobservations,thentakingthereciprocalofthataverage.Theharmonicmeanmaybeviewedasaspecialtypeofweightedmeaninwhichanobservation’sweightisinverselyproportionaltoitsmagnitude.n.Abarchartofdatathathavebeengroupedintoafrequencydistribution.Ahistogramisabarchartofdatathathavebeengroupedintoafrequencydistribution.n.Withreferencetostatisticalinference,astatementaboutoneormorepopulations. ystwhowantstotestahypothesisconcerningthevalueofanunderlyingorpopulationmeanwillconductat-testinthegreatmajorityofcases.n.Goodsandservicesthatadomestic(i.e.,house-holds,firms, purchasesfromotherInsuchamodel,eventhoughcountriesmaysimilar,theygainfromtradebecauseeachcountryfocusesontheproductionandexportofoneormorevarietiesofthegoodandimportsothervarietiesofthegood.[ɪnˈdentʃə(r)]n.Legalcontractthatdescribestheformofabond,theobligationsoftheissuer,andtherightsofthebondholders.Alsocalledthetrustdeed.Theindenturealsoincludesinformationregardingthefundingsourcesfortheinterestpaymentsandprincipalrepayments,anditspecifiesanycollals,creditenhancements,or[ˈɪntəvl]n.Withreferencetogroupeddata,asetofvalueswithinwhichanobservationfalls.Manyofthereturnintervalshavezerofrequency;therefore,theyhavenoheightinthehistogram.TheunsoldunitsofproductonForinstance,assumea inventoryforcashandsoldtheentireinventoryinthesameperiod.n.Thestatisticalmeasurethatindicatesthepeakednessofadistribution.Thecalculationforkurtosisinvolvesfindingtheaverageofdeviationsfromthemeanraisedtothepowerandthenstandardizingthataveragebydividingbythestandarddeviationraisedtothe[ˈleibəfɔ:s][ˈlebɚTheportionoftheworkingagepopulation(overtheageof16)thatisemployedorisavailableforworkbutnotworking(unemployed). voluntarilyoutsidethelabor ,suchasajoblessworkerrefusinganavailablevacancyforwhichthewageislowerthantheirthresholdorthosewhoretiredearlyarenotapartofunemploymentrate.Adj.Describesadistributionthatismorepeakedthananormaldistribution.Aleptokurticdistributionhasexcesskurtosisgreaterthan0,anda excesskurtosislessthan0.[leˈsi:]n.ThepartyobtainingtheuseofanassetaOnthelessee’sstatementofcashflows,foranoperatinglease,thefullleasepaymentisshownasanoperatingcashoutflow.n.TheownerofanassetthatgrantstherightusetheassettoanotherThelessormaybebetterpositionedtoservicingtheassetandtotakeadvantageofbenefitsof[ˈli:vərɪdʒ]n.Inthecontextofcorporatefinance,leveragereferstotheuseoffixedcostswithina coststructure.Fixedcoststhatareoperatingcosts(suchasdepreciationorrent)createoperatingleverage.Fixedcoststhatarefinancialcosts(suchasinterestexpense)createfinancialleverage.Alternatively,retailershavelowoperatingbecausemuchofthecostofgoodssoldisn.Presentobligationsofanenterprisearisingfrompastevents,thesettlementofwhichisexpectedtoresultinanoutflowofresourcesontheresourcesofa ystsshouldbeawarethatdifferentitemsofassetsandliabilitiesmaybemeasureddifferently.n.Toselltheassetsofa ,division,orsubsidiarypiecemeal,typicallybecauseofbankruptcy;theformofbankruptcythatallowsfortheorderlysatisfactionofcreditors’claimsafterwhichthe ceasestoexist.However,ifa isexpectedtoceaseoperationsandbeliquidated,itmaybemoreappropriatetolistsuchassetsatanappropriateliquidationvalue,namely,avaluethatwouldbeobtainedin d [lɪˈkwɪdəti]n.Theabilitytopurchaseorsellanassetandeasilyatapriceclosetofairmarketvalue.Theabilitytomeetshort-termobligationsusingassetsthatarethemostreadilyconvertedintocash.Liquidityreferstotheresourcesavailableforentitytotapintocashbalancesandtoconvertotherassetsorextendotherliabilitiesintocashforuseinkee theentitysolventn.Theamountofmoneythatatraderdepositsamarginaccount.Thetermisderivedfromthestockmarketpracticeinwhichaninvestorborrowsaportionofthemoneyrequiredtopurchaseacertainamountofstock.Infuturesmarkets,thereisnoborrowingsothemarginismoreofadownpaymentorperformancebond.Netprofitmargincanalsobefounddirectly e[məˌnɑ:pəˈlɪstɪkˌkɑ:mpəˈtɪʃn]Highlycompetitiveformofimperfectcompetition;thecompetitivecharacteristicisanotablylargenumberoffirms,whilethemonopolyaspectistheresultofproductdifferentiation.Inthecaseofmonopolisticcompetition,therearemanyfirmsprovidingproductstothemarket,aswithperfectcompetition.Inpuremonopolymarkets,therearenosubstitutesforthegivenproductorservice.Thereisasingleseller,whichexercisesconsiderablepoweroverpricingandoutputdecisions.Inpuremonopolymarkets,therearenoothergoodsubstitutesforthegivenproductorservice.Mortgage[ˈmɔ:ɡidʒləun]；美[ˈmɔrɡɪdʒAloansecuredbythecolla lofsomespecifiedrealestatepropertythatobligestheborrowertomakeapredeterminedseriesofpaymentstotheThissystemcanbeusedtohandleinrealtime[ˈmu:vɪŋˈævəridʒ][ˈmuvɪŋTheaverageoftheclosingpriceofasecurityoveraspecifiednumberofperiods.Witheachnewperiod,theaverageisrecalculated.Movingaveragessmoothoutshort-termpricefluctuations,givingthetechnicianaclearerimageofmarkettrend. [netˈinkəm][nɛtThedifferencebetweenrevenueandexpenses;whatremainsaftersubtractingallexpensesManyitemsofexpenserequirethe makeestimatesthatcansignificantlyaffectNormal[ˈnɔ:məlˌdistriˈbju:ʃən]Acontinuous,symmetricprobabilitydistributionthatiscompleydescribedbyitsmeananditsTheroleofthenormaldistributioninstatisticalinferenceandregression ysisisvastlyextendedbyacrucialresultknownasthecentrallimittheorem.['ɒfə]n.Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtosellanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya ty(askBuyordergenerallywillpartiallyorcomple atthebestofferprice,dependingonthesizeavailableatthebestoffer.n.Marketstructurewitharelativelysmallnumberoffirmssupplyingthemarket.Understandingthemarketstructureofoligopolymarketscanhelpinidentifyingalogicalpatternofstrategicpricechangesforthecompetingfirms.[ˈɒpʃn]n.Afinancialinstrumentthatgivesonepartytheright,butnottheobligation,tobuyorsellanunderlyingassetfromortoanotherpartyatafixedpriceoveraspecificperiodoftime.Alsoreferredtoascontingentclaimoroptioncontract.Optionsmarketstradecontractsthatdeliverinthefuture,butdeliverytakes ceonlyiftheholdersoftheoptionschoosetoexercisethem.Adescriptivemeasurecomputedfromorusedtodescribeapopulationofdata,conventionallyrepresentedbyGreekletters.Theinformationonapopulationthatwetrytoobtainusuallyconcernsthevalueofaparameter, tycomputedfromorusedtodescribeapopulationofdata. lesthatdivideadistributioninto100equalQuartilesdividethedistributionintoquarters,quintilesintofifths,decilesintotenths,andpercentilesintohundredths.n.Aperpetualannuity,orasetofnever-endinglevelsequentialcashflows,withthefirstcashflowoccurringoneperiodfromnow.Abondthatdoesnotmature.Perpetuityisanassetoracontractthatpaysafixedamountofmoneyeachtimeperiod,forever.[ˈpri:miəm]n.Inthecaseofbonds,premiumreferstotheamountbywhichabondispricedaboveitsface(par)value.Inthecaseofanoption,theamountpaidfortheoptioncontract.Hedeclinedtosaywhatlevelofpremiumwouldbeacceptable.[ˈprɪnsəpl]n.Theamountoffundsoriginallyinvestedinaprojectorinstrument;thefacevaluetobepaidatTheAAcorporatehaslittlecreditrisk,andit,too,shouldreturnthefullprincipal.n.Theamountofoutputproducedbyworkersinagivenperiodoftime—forexample,outputperhourworked;measurestheefficiencyoflabor.Competitionwouldthendowhatithasdonebetterprices. ernmentpoliciesthatrestrictthe ofagoodthatcanbeimportedintoacountry,generallyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.TheendofquotasonU.S.textileimportstwoyearsagohelpedspeedthegrowthofdeveloRandom[ˈrændəmˈnʌmbə][ˈrændəmAnobservationdrawnfromauniformRegulatorswereconcernedthatanentirelyrandomnumbercouldhaveduplicatesinthe[rɪˈseʃn]n.AperiodduringwhichrealGDPdecreases(i.e.,negativegrowth)foratleasttwosuccessivequarters,oraperiodofsignificantdeclineintotal e,employment,andsalesusuallylastingfromsixmonthstoayear.TheEurozonerecessiondeepenedinthefinalthreemonthsof2012,officialfiguresshow.n.WithdrawalsoffundsbyAmidthedepthsofthe2008financialcrisis,NIR,likemanyhedgefunds,suspendedinvestor[rɪˈzɪdʒu:əlkleim][rɪˈzɪdʒuəlTheowners’remainingclaimon assetsaftertheliabilitiesareDeliverpartofresidualClaimtoimpelagentworkingharderinanti-moneylaundering.英[ˈsælvidʒˈvælju][ˈsælvɪdʒTheamountthe estimatesthatitcanselltheassetforattheendofitsusefullife.Alsocalledresidualvalue.Thesystemisexpectedtolast10years,andhasnosalvagevalueattheendoftheperiod.n.TheprocessofobtainingaWithdatasampling,onlyasubsetofthedatais tativemeasureofskew(lackofsymmetry);asynonymofskew.Researchfindingsprovedthatbothskewnesslevelofassetearningratedistributionandmarketfrictionfactorshaddirecteffectondecision-makingbeha