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定语从句(AttributiveClause)
I.概念:
(1)定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,
短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于
一个连词;2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾
语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:that(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指
人或物),which(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语或定语;只
可指物),who(主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用
法中作宾语;只可指人),whom(宾格,在从句中作宾语;
只可指人),whose(属格,在从句中作定语,可指人或物),
as(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指人或物,通常指代事);
but(文语,置于否定词之B=that/who…not…,“没有...
不……”,在从句中作主语,宾语)
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):when(时间状语),why
(原因状语),where(地点状语),how(方式状语)
(4)句子成分:
主语一谓语动词前;
宾语—介宾或及物动词的宾语;
表语一be动词后或系动词后;
状语一时间状语、地点状语、原因状语,etc.
例如:
l.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who
做关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词student,who在从句
中用作主语.)
2.1knowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做关系副词,
修饰先行词reason,why在从句中作原因状语.)
3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom
做关系代词,修饰先行词boy,whom在从句中作宾语.)
4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.
(Whose做关系代词,修饰先行词room,whose在从句中用作
定语,可代之以ofwhich)
定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句
中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的关
系词。
II.几个关系代词的基本用法:
一、that:可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一
般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.
(主语)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表
语)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=
Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Our
hometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Our
hometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.
二、which:指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定
语。如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymy
father.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisvery
interesting.(宾语)
3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)
5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehe
learnedFrench.(定语)
6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.
三、who,whom,whose:
who:主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;
只可指人
whom:宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人
whose:属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。
1.1likethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,
those,all,one等后多用who.)
3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasa
successasanactor.(宾语)
4.He,samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman
(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.
比较:Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyour
praise.
Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.
5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlike
aroomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoom
thewindowofwhichfacessouth.
ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhose
mouthteaissupposedtocome
关系代词作介词宾语:
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之
首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,
必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用
作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)如:
1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Do
youknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?
3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhuman
progresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilour
informationage.
4.1nthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhom
shecouldturnforhelp.
Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?
5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与
look构成固定词组,不可前置。Sin:lookat,lookfor,look
after,takecareof等)
四、as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾
语、表语)
(1)如为限制性的,多用于thesame...as;thesameas;
such...asasmany/muchas;so...as等结构中。如:
1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样
的书。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalways
been.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表
语,先行词是same.)
2.—Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejust
now?
-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardly
worthmentioning.
Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodo
withourowninterests.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较:Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比较:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状
语从句)
(2)如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语
从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为“正如,这一点”。(动
词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as
作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as
作主语)
=Ifsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
或:Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as
作宾语)
或:Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先
行词是前面整个句子)
五、but的用法:
but用作关系代词,其意思相当于who/that…not…,“没
有……不……",如:
1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.
2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.
3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.
in.关系副词引导的定语从句:
When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时
间的名词(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whenthe
weatherwouldbebetter.
注意:先行词为“时间名词”,可用when引导定语从句,when
在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which
或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:1.1stillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrother
joinedthearmy.(作状语)
Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,is
justaroundthecorner.
2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespent
together.(作宾语)
Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'm
sure,willbeexciting.
3.1shallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwas
launched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.
Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.
Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表
示地点的名词,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.如:
1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
2.1liveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:先行词是“地点名词”,定语从句可用where引导,还
可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlast
year.(作状语)
Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe
pointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.
Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,
oryouwouldfail.
Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinessletters
arethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.
He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikely
tolosecontroloftheplane.
Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylast
monthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.
2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾
语)
Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabout
theplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.
Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason
时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语
时,则用which或that引导。如:
1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthe
meetingwasthathewasill.(作状语)
2.1don'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾
语)
Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhis
success?(作主语)
Ex.)Hewaslate.Thafsbecausehegotuplate.
.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)
(thereason)why/forwhichhewas
late.(定语从句)
当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引
导,that常可以省略。
way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在
句中作主语或宾语
时,则用which或that引导。如:
1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.
比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)I
haveshownyou.
IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,
如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意
思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行
词起补充说明或描述的作用。
l).ThisisthebookIlikebest,这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
2).Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800
years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八
百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为
“的”字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。(见上句翻
译)
比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,
whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,
why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleads
tohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wherethey
wouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.
V.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
(A)that&which:
在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互
换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,
而不宜用which的情况.
(1)先行词为不定代词,如all,much,something,everything,
anything,nothing,none,theone等。如:
l.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
(2)先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词
修饰时。如:
l.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.Thafstheverywordthatiswronglyused.
3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.
4.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.
5.1hopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.
6.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublished
lastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwas
publishedlastyear.
(3)先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。如:
l.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindis
TaiLake.
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschool
thisterm.
(4)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。如:
l.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowis
howtostophimfromgoingon.
(5)先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时
宜用that.如:
l.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutis
reallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwoman
wereheldupbythepolice.
(6)被修饰词为数词时.如:
l.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinof
water.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
(7)如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个
关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。如:
1.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathad
neverbeenseenbefore.
(8)疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重
复。如:
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
(9)主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that
作关系代词.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
(10)被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的
表语时,该关系代词宜用that.如:
1.Thafsagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedto
be.
定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:
(1)当关系代词的前面有介词时.如:
l.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekept
forexhibition.
2.1sthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
(2)在非限制性定语从句中.如:
l.Crusoe^dog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameilland
died.
2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,
whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,(which指代
主句)
(3)在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关
系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.如:
1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthe
librarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelp
metopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassonto
otherswhenIfinishedthem.
(4)当关系代词后面带有插入语时.如:
1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,
willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
(5)先行词本身是that,宜用which.如:
Whafsthatwhichsheislookingat?
(6)先行词是those+复数名词.如:
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
(B)who&that:
who和that指代人时,有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that
(1)先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,
people时.如:
l.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudies
hardandworkswell.
2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeeting
yesterdaymustgivehisreason.
3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeat
once
4.1don'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.
5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.
(2)在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词
who指代人.如:
l.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.
l.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnot
sureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.
(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如:
1.Imetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwho
couldspeakChineseverywell.
(4)一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关
系代词是that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复.如:
1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthe
monitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.
(C)as&which:
as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
(1)位置的不同:
which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较
灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中
或放在句子后。如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonest
man,asyouknow.
或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
(2)先行词的不同:
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;
which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,
一个短语或一个句子。
1.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一
个词)
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichher
husbandseldomwas.(先行词是一个短语)
Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行词是一个
句子)
2.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.
(3)as一般译为“正如”“就像”,“这一点”
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;
aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
附:关系代词的省略:
1.ThisisthefastesttrainthereistoBeijing.
2.Heasksforthelatestbookthereisontheshelf.
3.--Whatdidthefootballplayeryouweretalkingtowant?
----Hewouldliketoreadorlistentoanaccountof
everythingthereisgoingonintheworld.
强调结构:
it可用来对句子的某一成分加以强调,如:Nancysawyour
sisterinTokyotheotherday.
可改为许多强调结构:
ItwasNancywho/thatsawyoursisterinTokyotheother
day.(强调主语)
Itwasvoursisterwhom/thatNancysawinTokyotheother
day.(强调宾语)
ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursistertheotherday.(强
调状语)
ItwastheotherdaythatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.(强
调状语)
可见,强调结构为:
It+动词+被强调部分+who(m)/that+其他部分
Exercises:
1.1feelitisyouaswellasyourwifethatforyour
son'sbadperformanceinschool.
A.aretoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.aretobe
blamedD.istobeblamed
2.—Whywassheputoffgoingabroadforfurther
education?-Forlackofmoney.
A.thatB.itC.whatD.itthat
3.Wasitshesaidorsomethingthatshedid
youwereangryatsomuch?
A.what;thatB.that;whichC.that;whatD.
what;which
4.Wasitinthishousewasbuiltbythefather
hisfirstdaughterwasborn?
A.which;thatB.that;whichC.that;what
D.which;where
5.一Wasitthereyouwereawaytoseeyourfriends
off?
---I'mnotsure.ButwhenIgotback,itwasgone.
A.thatB.whichC.whileD.where
6.一makesherdifferentfromtheotherstudents?一
Honestyandmodesty.,Ithink.
A.WhatisthatB.WhatisitthatC.Howisitthat
D.Howisthat
7.—Ican'tfindMrSmith.Wheredidyoumeethimthis
morning?
-Itwasinthehotelhestayed.
A.whereB.whichC.theoneD.that
8.WasitinthelabwhichwastakenchargeofbyProfessor
Zhangtheydidtheexperiment?A.when
B.whichC.whereD.that
9.—MrBartonchangedhismindtotake
partinthemovement?
---AfterhelistenedtothespeechbyMrKing.
A.WhenwasthatitB.WhenwasitthatC
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