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定语从句(AttributiveClause)

I.概念:

(1)定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。

(2)先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,

短语,或整个主句。

(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。

关系词的作用:1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于

一个连词;2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾

语,表语,定语,状语)

常用的关系代词:that(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指

人或物),which(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语或定语;只

可指物),who(主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用

法中作宾语;只可指人),whom(宾格,在从句中作宾语;

只可指人),whose(属格,在从句中作定语,可指人或物),

as(在从句中作主语,宾语,表语;可指人或物,通常指代事);

but(文语,置于否定词之B=that/who…not…,“没有...

不……”,在从句中作主语,宾语)

常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):when(时间状语),why

(原因状语),where(地点状语),how(方式状语)

(4)句子成分:

主语一谓语动词前;

宾语—介宾或及物动词的宾语;

表语一be动词后或系动词后;

状语一时间状语、地点状语、原因状语,etc.

例如:

l.ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.(Who

做关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词student,who在从句

中用作主语.)

2.1knowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.(Why做关系副词,

修饰先行词reason,why在从句中作原因状语.)

3.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.(Whom

做关系代词,修饰先行词boy,whom在从句中作宾语.)

4.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.

(Whose做关系代词,修饰先行词room,whose在从句中用作

定语,可代之以ofwhich)

定语从句三步:第一找出先行词;第二看先行词在定语从句

中的语法功能(做主语、宾语或状语);第三选择合适的关

系词。

II.几个关系代词的基本用法:

一、that:可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。

(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一

般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:

1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.

(主语)

2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?

3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)

4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?

5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.

6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表

语)

7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=

Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Our

hometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.=Our

hometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.

二、which:指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定

语。如:

1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymy

father.(主语)

2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisvery

interesting.(宾语)

3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(表语)

5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehe

learnedFrench.(定语)

6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.

三、who,whom,whose:

who:主格,在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;

只可指人

whom:宾格,在从句中作宾语;只可指人

whose:属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物。

1.1likethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)

2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,

those,all,one等后多用who.)

3.Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasa

successasanactor.(宾语)

4.He,samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman

(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.

比较:Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyour

praise.

Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.

5.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)

rdlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)=I'dlike

aroomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoom

thewindowofwhichfacessouth.

ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhose

mouthteaissupposedtocome

关系代词作介词宾语:

关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之

首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,

必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用

作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)如:

1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.

=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.

2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?=Do

youknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?

3.Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhuman

progresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilour

informationage.

4.1nthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhom

shecouldturnforhelp.

Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?

5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与

look构成固定词组,不可前置。Sin:lookat,lookfor,look

after,takecareof等)

四、as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾

语、表语)

(1)如为限制性的,多用于thesame...as;thesameas;

such...asasmany/muchas;so...as等结构中。如:

1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样

的书。

Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalways

been.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表

语,先行词是same.)

2.—Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejust

now?

-Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardly

worthmentioning.

Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodo

withourowninterests.

Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.

Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.

比较:Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.

I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.

比较:Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)

Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状

语从句)

(2)如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语

从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为“正如,这一点”。(动

词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)

1.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as

作宾语)

=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as

作主语)

=Ifsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.

或:Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as

作宾语)

或:Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.

2.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先

行词是前面整个句子)

五、but的用法:

but用作关系代词,其意思相当于who/that…not…,“没

有……不……",如:

1.Thereisnotoneofusbutwishestohelpyou.

2.Thereisnotreebutbearssomefruit.

3.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.

in.关系副词引导的定语从句:

When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时

间的名词(如:time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)

1.HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

2.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whenthe

weatherwouldbebetter.

注意:先行词为“时间名词”,可用when引导定语从句,when

在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which

或that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:1.1stillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrother

joinedthearmy.(作状语)

Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,is

justaroundthecorner.

2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespent

together.(作宾语)

Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'm

sure,willbeexciting.

3.1shallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouVwas

launched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.

Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.

Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表

示地点的名词,如:place,school,factory,room,etc.如:

1.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.

2.1liveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.

注意:先行词是“地点名词”,定语从句可用where引导,还

可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。

比较:1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlast

year.(作状语)

Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe

pointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.

Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,

oryouwouldfail.

Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinessletters

arethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikely

tolosecontroloftheplane.

Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylast

monthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.

2.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾

语)

Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabout

theplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.

Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason

时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语

时,则用which或that引导。如:

1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthe

meetingwasthathewasill.(作状语)

2.1don'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾

语)

Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhis

success?(作主语)

Ex.)Hewaslate.Thafsbecausehegotuplate.

.Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)

(thereason)why/forwhichhewas

late.(定语从句)

当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引

导,that常可以省略。

way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在

句中作主语或宾语

时,则用which或that引导。如:

1.Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.

比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)I

haveshownyou.

IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:

1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。

2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.

3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,

如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意

思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行

词起补充说明或描述的作用。

l).ThisisthebookIlikebest,这就是我最喜欢的那本书。

2).Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800

years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八

百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。

4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为

“的”字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。(见上句翻

译)

比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.

Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.

引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,

whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,

why,etc.

1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleads

tohissuccessinhislaterlife.

2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.

3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wherethey

wouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.

4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.

V.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:

(A)that&which:

在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互

换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,

而不宜用which的情况.

(1)先行词为不定代词,如all,much,something,everything,

anything,nothing,none,theone等。如:

l.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.

3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?

(2)先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词

修饰时。如:

l.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.

2.Thafstheverywordthatiswronglyused.

3.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.

4.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.

5.1hopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.

6.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublished

lastyear.

*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwas

publishedlastyear.

(3)先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。如:

l.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindis

TaiLake.

2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschool

thisterm.

(4)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。如:

l.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.

2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowis

howtostophimfromgoingon.

(5)先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时

宜用that.如:

l.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutis

reallywellknown.

2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwoman

wereheldupbythepolice.

(6)被修饰词为数词时.如:

l.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinof

water.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.

(7)如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个

关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。如:

1.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathad

neverbeenseenbefore.

(8)疑问词是who或which,关系代词宜用that,以避免重

复。如:

1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?

2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?

(9)主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that

作关系代词.如:

1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.

(10)被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的

表语时,该关系代词宜用that.如:

1.Thafsagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.

2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedto

be.

定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:

(1)当关系代词的前面有介词时.如:

l.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekept

forexhibition.

2.1sthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?

(2)在非限制性定语从句中.如:

l.Crusoe^dog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameilland

died.

2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,

whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry,(which指代

主句)

(3)在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关

系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.如:

1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthe

librarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelp

metopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassonto

otherswhenIfinishedthem.

(4)当关系代词后面带有插入语时.如:

1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,

willhelpimproveyourEnglish.

(5)先行词本身是that,宜用which.如:

Whafsthatwhichsheislookingat?

(6)先行词是those+复数名词.如:

Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.

(B)who&that:

who和that指代人时,有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that

(1)先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,

people时.如:

l.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudies

hardandworkswell.

2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeeting

yesterdaymustgivehisreason.

3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeat

once

4.1don'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.

5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.

(2)在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词

who指代人.如:

l.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.

l.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnot

sureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.

(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如:

1.Imetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwho

couldspeakChineseverywell.

(4)一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关

系代词是that,另一个则宜用who,以免重复.如:

1.Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthe

monitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.

(C)as&which:

as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:

(1)位置的不同:

which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较

灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中

或放在句子后。如:

1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.

2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonest

man,asyouknow.

或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.

(2)先行词的不同:

as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;

which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,

一个短语或一个句子。

1.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一

个词)

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichher

husbandseldomwas.(先行词是一个短语)

Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行词是一个

句子)

2.Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.

Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.

(3)as一般译为“正如”“就像”,“这一点”

asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;

aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.

附:关系代词的省略:

1.ThisisthefastesttrainthereistoBeijing.

2.Heasksforthelatestbookthereisontheshelf.

3.--Whatdidthefootballplayeryouweretalkingtowant?

----Hewouldliketoreadorlistentoanaccountof

everythingthereisgoingonintheworld.

强调结构:

it可用来对句子的某一成分加以强调,如:Nancysawyour

sisterinTokyotheotherday.

可改为许多强调结构:

ItwasNancywho/thatsawyoursisterinTokyotheother

day.(强调主语)

Itwasvoursisterwhom/thatNancysawinTokyotheother

day.(强调宾语)

ItwasinTokyothatNancysawyoursistertheotherday.(强

调状语)

ItwastheotherdaythatNancysawyoursisterinTokyo.(强

调状语)

可见,强调结构为:

It+动词+被强调部分+who(m)/that+其他部分

Exercises:

1.1feelitisyouaswellasyourwifethatforyour

son'sbadperformanceinschool.

A.aretoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.aretobe

blamedD.istobeblamed

2.—Whywassheputoffgoingabroadforfurther

education?-Forlackofmoney.

A.thatB.itC.whatD.itthat

3.Wasitshesaidorsomethingthatshedid

youwereangryatsomuch?

A.what;thatB.that;whichC.that;whatD.

what;which

4.Wasitinthishousewasbuiltbythefather

hisfirstdaughterwasborn?

A.which;thatB.that;whichC.that;what

D.which;where

5.一Wasitthereyouwereawaytoseeyourfriends

off?

---I'mnotsure.ButwhenIgotback,itwasgone.

A.thatB.whichC.whileD.where

6.一makesherdifferentfromtheotherstudents?一

Honestyandmodesty.,Ithink.

A.WhatisthatB.WhatisitthatC.Howisitthat

D.Howisthat

7.—Ican'tfindMrSmith.Wheredidyoumeethimthis

morning?

-Itwasinthehotelhestayed.

A.whereB.whichC.theoneD.that

8.WasitinthelabwhichwastakenchargeofbyProfessor

Zhangtheydidtheexperiment?A.when

B.whichC.whereD.that

9.—MrBartonchangedhismindtotake

partinthemovement?

---AfterhelistenedtothespeechbyMrKing.

A.WhenwasthatitB.WhenwasitthatC

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