《会计英语》Accounting02综述

Lesson2Recordingtransactions记录经济业务2.1EconomiceventsandbusinessdocumentsAflowchartofaccountingprocess：EconomicEvents（经济事项）ClassifyingandSummarizing（分类和汇总）AnalyzingandRecording(分析和记录）FinancialStatementsandOtherReports(财务报表及附注）Businesstransactionsaffectingtheaccountingequationresultfrombothexternalandinternalevents.Economiceventsincludebothexternal

andinternaltransactions.Anexternaltransaction(外部业务)：AnexchangeofeconomicbetweenanorganizationandoutsidepartiesAninternaltransaction(内部业务)：DonotinvolveanoutsidepartyNotalleventsthathaveaneffectontheorganizationarerecordedastransactions.不是所有对企业有影响的事项都要作为交易来记录。Changesinmarketinterestrates市场利率的变化Theobjectivityprinciple(transactionsarerecordedbasedonindependent,unbiased,andverifiableevidence)

requiresthattransactionsaresupportedbysourcedocuments.Sourcedocumentsarealsocalledbusinesspapers.Checks(支票）Saleinvoices（销售发票）Bankstatements（银行对账单）Purchaseorders（采购订单）Customerbills（客户汇票）Employeeearningsrecord（员工薪酬记录）Cashregistertapes(收银机收据）2.2TAccountsandDebit&CreditAccounts——basicrecordstoolsAccountsareusedtoshowchanges—bothincreasesanddecreases—inassets,liabilities,andequity.Aseparateaccountiskeptforeachfinancialstatementselement.Thesimplestformofanaccounthasthreeparts:AtitleAspaceforrecordingincreasesAspaceforrecordingdecreases

IncreasesarerecordedononesideoftheT-account.DecreasesarerecordedontheothersideoftheT-account..LeftorDebitSideRightorCreditSideTitleofAccountTypesofAccountsFirstdecidewhattypeofaccountisaffectedbyatransactionThengroupaccountsintosixcategories:assetsliabilitiesexpensesowner'scapitalowner'swithdrawalsrevenuesAssetaccountsCash(现金)Cashinbank(银行存款)Receivables(应收账款)Prepaidexpenses(预付费用)Equipment(设备)Buildings(房产)Land(土地)increasesdecreasesLiabilityaccountsPayables应付账款Unearnedrevenues预收收入(subscription定金,rent,legalfees)Wages

Payable应付职工薪酬Taxes

Payable应交税费Interest

Payable

应付利息increasesdecreasesOwner'sequityaccountCapitalaccountWithdrawalsaccount(distributionofearnings)decreasesincreasesRevenueandexpenseaccountsAllrevenueandexpenseaccountbalancesaretransferredtoasummarizingaccountTheaccountsarethensaidtobeclosedNetincomeornetlosscapitalaccountsRepairrevenues修理收入Commissionsearned佣金收入Legalfeesearned诉讼费收入Rentearned租金收入Interestearned利息收入Advertisingexpense广告费用Officesuppliesexpense办公用品费用Salariesexpense工资费用Rentexpense租赁费用Utilitiesexpense公用事业费、水电费Insuranceexpense保险费用101Cash201AccountsPayable301JillJones,CapitalChartofaccountsandledgerA

=

L

+

OEASSETSDebitforIncreaseCreditforDecreaseEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseLIABILITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseDebitsandcreditsaffectaccountsasfollows:

DebitandCreditRulesEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseREVENUESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseEXPENSESCreditforDecreaseDebitforIncreaseExpensesdecreaseowner’sequity.Revenuesincreaseowner’sequity.

DebitandCreditRulesEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseJILLJONES,CAPITALDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseJILLJONES,DRAWINGCreditforDecreaseDebitforIncreaseAnowner’swithdrawalsdecreaseowner’sequity.Anowner’sinvestmentsincreaseowner’sequity.

DebitandCreditRulesTheAccountingCycleAnalyzeand

Journalizetransactions.PosttoledgerPreparetrialbalance.Makeadjustments.Prepareadjustedtrialbalance.Preparefinancialstatements.Prepareafterclosingtrialbalance.Journalizeandpostclosingentries.AccountingcycleThestepsintheaccountingcyclefolloweachaccountingperiodtoaccomplishtheanalysis,recording,andreportingoffinancialtransactions.(分析，记录和财务报表的编制）……Step1:Analyzingtransactions(分析经济业务)Analyzingtransactionsisthefirststepintheaccountingcycle.Step2:Journalizingtransactions(记录经济业务）Thesecondstepintheaccountingcycleistorecorddebitsandcreditsinthegeneraljournal（普通日记账）,thebookoforiginalentry.Thisprocessisknownasjournalizing.IllustrationofJournalizingNow,let’s

lookatan

exampleofGeorgeRossPhotocopyCompanyIllustrationofJournalizingMarch3GeorgeRossinvestedadditional$20,000inhisownphotocopycompany.

GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.3Cash

GeorgeRoss,Capital

Investmentinbusiness111311$20,000$20,000IllustrationofJournalizingMarch6Rentedanoffice,payingayear’srentinadvance,$4,800.GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.6PrepaidRent

Cash

Payingtherentinadvance

121111$4,800$4,800IllustrationofJournalizing

March7

PurchasedofficeequipmentfromHougasEquipmentCo.for$5,300,paying$2,300incashandagreedtopaytherestnextmonth.

GeneralJournal

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.7OfficeEquipment

Cash

Partialpaymentofofficeequipment.

141111

AccountsPayable

211$5,300

$2,300

$3,000IllustrationofJournalizingMarch19:PerformedaservicebyprintingpricelistsforWardFashionCompanyandcollectedafeeof$3,400.GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.19Cash

FeesEarned

Performedaserviceandcollectedfees.

111311$3,400

$3,400

IllustrationofJournalizingMarch24:GeorgeRosswithdrew$980fromthebusinessforpersonallivingexpenses.

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.24GeorgeRoss,Withdrawals

Cash

Withdrewmoneyfromthebusiness.311111$980

$980

GeneralJournalIllustrationofJournalizingMarch25Paidthesecretarysalary,$1,100.

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.25OfficeSalaryExpense

Cash

Paidthesecretarythesalary131111$1,100$1,100

GeneralJournalPostingJournalEntriestotheLedgerAccounts

Postinginvolvescopyinginformationfromthejournaltotheledgeraccounts.（过账就是把信息从日记账到分类账账户）Step3:Posting（过账）Thethirdstepintheaccountingcyclebeginsthesummarizationprocess.Journalentriesinthegeneraljournalarepostedintothegeneralledger（总分类账）attheendoftheaccountingperiod.Posting

let’slookattheexampleofGeorgeRossPhotocopyCompanyCashDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$20,000

$20,000$4,800

15,200

62,30012,9007193,40016,3002498015,320251,10014,220CashGeorgeRoss,Capital

DateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$20,000$20,000

PrepaidRentDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$4,800

$4,800OfficeEquipmentDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.7$5,300

$5,300AccountsPayableDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.7$3,000$3,000

GeneralJournalFeesEarnedDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.19$3,400

$3,400

GeorgeRoss,WithdrawalsDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.24$980

$980OfficeSalaryExpensesDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.25$1,100

$1,100Step4:PreparingatrialbalanceThefourthstepintheaccountingcycleisthepreparationofatrialbalancethatprovestheequalityofdebitsandcredits.会计循环的第四步是编制试算平衡表来证明借贷相等。Locatingandcorrectingerrors1Errorsinpreparingthetrialbalance,suchas:在编制试算表时发生的错误Oneofthecolumnsofthetrialbalancewasincorrectlyadded试算表的其中一栏加总时出现错误b.Theamountofanaccountbalancewasincorrectlyrecordedonthetrialbalance.试算表上的金额登记错误c.Adebitbalancewasrecordedonthetrialbalanceasacredit,orviceversa,orabalancewasomittedentirely.一个借方余额登记到了贷方，反之亦然，或者漏记了余额2Errorsindeterminingtheaccountbalances,suchas:在确定账户余额时发生错误abalancewasincorrectlycomputed.余额数算错b.abalancewasenteredinthewrongbalancecolumn.余额记录在错误的方向3Errorsinrecordingatransactionintheledger,suchas:在记录总分类账时发生额错误Anerroneousamountwaspostedtotheaccount过账时数额登记错误b.Adebitentrywaspostedasacredit,orviceversa.过账时借方余额登记到贷方，反之亦然c.Adebitoracreditpostingwasomitted过账时漏记了某项余额Thebalancecannotdetecterrorssuchas:Double-postingofdebitsandcredits借贷方重复过账Postingamountstothewrongaccounts过账的金额登记错了账户PracticesinchinaAnalysisoftransactionsJournalentriesaremadeinvouchersPosttheentryfromvouchertoledgeraccountUsedReceiptvoucher(收款凭证)Receivecashorcashinbank,wehavethefixeddebitaccountForexample:Received$1500cashformABCcompanyowedbefore.ReceiptvoucherDesc