飞机起落架设计中英文对照

AircraftLandingGearLayouts飞起架计中文对）发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-06-2514:36共292浏览[大][中[小Mostaircrafthavethreegear．许多现代飞机使用三点式起落架。Twomainlandinggearstrutslocatednearthemiddleoftheaircraftusuallysupportabout90%oftheplane’sweightwhileasmallernosestrutsupportstherest．重心附近的两个大的主轮，承担约90%的重量，小轮子承担余下部分。Thislayoutismostoftenreferredasthe"tricycle"landinggear．，therearenumerousotherdesignsthathavebeenusedovertheandeachitsownadvantagesanddisadvantagesLet’stakeacloseratthevariousundercarriageoptionsavailabletoengineers．目前的飞机以前三点起落架为主，让我们来回顾一下后三点起落架及其优缺点。（意译）TailwheelTaildraggerGear后三点尾式与后三点尾橇式起架Thoughthetricyclearrangementmaybemostpopulartoday，wasnotalwayscase．Thetailwheelundercarriageaircraftdesignforthefirstfourdecadesofflightandisstillwidelyusedonmanysmall－engineplanes．虽然前三点起落架比较普遍是几十年前的飞机当的许多小型飞机是使用后三点起落架的。Thetaildraggerarrangementconsistsoftwomaingearunitslocatednearthecenterofgravity（）thatsupportthemajorityoftheplane’s后三点起落架，由两个在重心靠前位置的主轮支持大部分的飞机重量。Amuchsmallersupportisalsolocatedattherearthefuselagesuchthattheplaneappearstodragitstail，hencethename一个非常小的尾轮装置在机身，看上去这个小轮子是被拖着走，所以，英文Taildragger也因此而得名。Thistailunitisusuallyaverywheelbutcouldevenbeaskidonaverysimple它即可以是一个小尾轮，也可以是一个尾橇。1/后三点起落架Whatmakesformoflandinggearmostattractiveisitssimplicity后三点起落架最吸引人的优点就是“简洁”。Thegearareusuallyrelativelylightweight，andthetwomaingearcanalsobeeasilyencasedinstreamlinedfairingstolowdraginflight后三点起落架通常重量都比较轻。两支主轮子可以配置整流置用来减小飞行中的阻力。Anotherpotentialadvantageresultsfromthefacttheplaneisalreadytiltedtoalargeangleofattackasitrollsdownrunway．另一个潜在的优点，是飞机在跑道滑行时，机翼已经有一个较大的迎角。Thisattitudehelpstogreaterliftandreducethedistanceneededfortakeofforlanding合适的大迎角，有利于在较低的速度下产生足够的升力，以便于减少起飞滑跑距离。Thisattitudeisalsoanadvantageonpropeller－drivenplanessinceprovidesalargeclearancethetipsandtheground．对牵引式螺旋桨飞机，机头向上抬起，使螺旋桨不会接触跑道。（意译）Furthermoretaildraggerplanesaregenerallyeasierforgroundpersonnelmaneuveraroundconfinedspacesahangar．同时，后三点起落架的飞机，更便于地勤人员把飞机拖到停机棚等窄小的空间里。However，thegreatestofthislandinggearlayoutitshandling．2/另一方面，后三点起落架也有一个最大的缺陷——着陆时的操纵（characteristics）Thisdesignisinherentlyunstablebecausetheplane’scentergravityislocatedbehindthetwomaingear造成此天生缺陷的原因，是因为两只主轮在重心的前面。Iftheplaneislandingandonewheeltouchesdownfirst，theplaneatendencytoveeroffinthedirectionofthatwheel如果着陆时起落架只有一只主轮前触地，这时，飞机有向此轮子一边转弯倾向。Thisbehaviorcancausetheaircraftturninanincreasinglytighter"groundloop"thatmayeventuallyresultinscrapingawingtiponthecollapsingthegearveeringoffthe．严重时，这种转弯的倾向（groundloop将可能使翼尖触地、起落架受损、滑出跑道。Landingataildraggercanbedifficultsincethepilotmustlineuphisapproachverycarefullywhilemakingconstantrudderadjustmentstotheplaneonastraightpathuntilitcomestostop．这就要求在飞机着陆触地前，需要使用方向舵修正自己的航线，使它能够笔直的滑翔直到安全触地。Manytaildraggerdesignsalleviatethesehandlingproblemsbyfittingatailwheelthatcanbelockedinsteadofona．thetailwheelhelpskeeptheplaneinastraightduringlanding．使用尾橇，能减轻这种现象。（意译）前三点起落架与后三点起落架的安定性对比3/Anotherdisadvantageofthetaildraggerispoorpilotduringtaxiingsinceheisforcedtopeeroveranosethatistiltedupwardasteepangle．后三点起落架的另一个缺点多飞机在地面滑跑，头向上翘起时会响飞行员的视线译）Itisalsooftentoloadorunloadheavycargosbecauseoftheslopeofthecabinfloor．对于货机，飞机的迎角不利于货物的装卸。pilotsandpassengersareforcedtowalkuphillduringboardingdownhillafterarrival此问题，对于乘客来说，也是一样的道理。（意译）Manyaircraftrelyongravitybringfuelfromtothesomeplaneshavebeenknownhavedifficultystartingtheengineitisuphillfromthefuel发动机抬起，有时也不利于供油，造成启动困难。道格拉斯DC－的三点起落GoodexamplestaildraggeraircrafttheSpitfireand－3ofWarII．后三点起落架的典型例子：喷火战斗机、道格拉斯－3TricycleNosewheel前三点起架Nowthemostpopularlandinggearthetricycleundercarriageincludestwomaingearjustaftofcentergravityandaauxiliarygearnearthe．前三点起落架，由两支在重心后的主轮，与一个在机头的辅助前轮组成。（意译）Themainadvantageoflayoutisthatiteliminatesthegroundproblemoftaildragger．4/前三点起落架最大的优点是不会像后三点那样，着陆时容易打转。Thisarrangementisinsteadastablebecauseofthelocationofthemaingearwithrespecttothecenterofgravity．这得益于主轮子在重心后部的设计。Asaresultahasmoretolandsafelyevenwhenisnotwiththerunway．这样，就算着陆时飞机没有对准跑道，飞行员还是有办法修正方向的。前三点起落架Furthermorethetricyclearrangementisgenerallylessdemandingonthepilotandiseasiertotaxiandsteer．前三点起落架更容易操纵。（意译）Thetricyclegearalsooffersmuchbetteroverthenosewellasalevelcabinfloortoeasepassengerandcargohandling．水平的机身，使视界比较好，而且便于装货及乘客行走。Afurtherplusisthattheaircraftataangleofattacksothatthethrustoftheengineismoretothedirectionofallowingfasteraccelerationduring．机翼的小迎角，螺旋桨在水平方向产生的力，有助于飞机更快获得速度。（意译）In，thenosewheelmakesitimpossibleforplanetotipoveronitsnoseduringlandingascansometimeshappenon．另外，由于前轮距重心较远，就不会出现后三点起落架容易发生的“拿大顶”现象。（意译）5/Thegreatestdrawbacktricyclegearisthegreaterweightdragincurredbyaddingthelargenosewheelstrut．前三点起落架最大的缺点是，较重的重量及较大的阻力。（意译）Whereasmanytaildraggerscanaffordtononretractinggearwithminimalimpactonperformance，withnosewheelsalmostalwaysrequireretractionmechanismstoreducedrag．另一方面固定式后三点起落架耐冲击性能较强前三点起落架要收放式以减小飞行时的阻力。Someplaneswithtricyclealsohaverotatingthenoseupduringtakeoffbecausethemainwheelsarelocatedsoclosetothe，andtheremaybeinsufficientcontroleffectiveness．Similarly，theclosenesstotherudderreducesitseffectivenesscounteractingcrosswinds．前三点起落架影响舵效。（意译）Anothercriticalfactorwhendesigningtricyclegearistoproperlybalancetheloadcarriedbythemaingearversusnosewheel．ToolittleloadonthemainwheelsreducestheirbrakingeffectivenesswhiletoolittleonthenosewheelreducesitssteeringeffectivenessCarefulbalancingofweightisalsoimportantpreventplanefromtippingbackonitstailwhileatrestontheground前三点起落架对飞机重心的要求也比较高。747加油次序不当，造机尾触地危险。Therearemanyexamplesofaircraftwithtricyclelanding，includingthe－16andCessna172．F16与Cessna172都是前三点起落架的经典案例。Summary6/总结Landinggearservesthreeprimarypurposes起落架的三个主要任务：toprovideasupportfortheplanewhenatrestontheground，一、把飞机停放在地面。toprovideastablechassisfortaxiingorrollingduringtakeoffandlanding，二、起飞及着陆时提供稳定的支持。andtoprovideshockabsorbingsystemduringlanding．三、着陆时减震。Regardless，allofthesetasksaresecondarytotheplane’sprimaryroleasanefficientmodeoftravelthroughtheair飞机的飞行性能还是很重要的。（意译）Toaircraftdesigners，landinggeararenothingmorethananecessaryevilsinceplanesaredesignedprimarilyforperformanceinflightratherthanonground飞机的飞行性能比在地面的性能重要的多。（意译）TherehaveevenbeenattemptsoveryearstoeliminatelandinggearentirelyThemostextremewasstudybytheRoyalNavytoseeifajetcouldmakeabellylandingonthedeckofanaircraftcarriercoatedarubberizedsurface．有人尝试过不使用起落架，直接用机腹在航母甲板上着陆。（意译）Ifsuccessful，themethodwouldeliminatetheneedfortheverystrongandheavylandinggearusedonbasedaircraft．Unfortunately，