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入学统一考试英语（一（科目代码答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。 UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Auniversityeducationcostsafortune.StudentloandebtinAmericahasbeenrisingrapidlyinaneffortto1withtheexpense.8.9%ofhouseholdshadstudentdebtin1989.In2007,2,thesharehadrisento16%.Tomakemattersworsenewgraduatesfaceaslackjobmarketwhichcould3theirearningsfordecades.4,thecostofdropoutmaybeevenlarger.StudentsinCaliforniahaveaproposal.5chargingtuition,they’dlikepublicuniversitiesinCaliforniatotake5%oftheirsalaryforthefirsttwentyyearsfollowinggraduation.6,ratherthantakingondebtstudentswouldliketosellequityintheirfutureearnings.Thismeansstudentswhomakemoremoneyaftergraduationwill7lower-earningItisnotclearifthiswillprovideadequate8fortheuniversity.Italsomeanstheuniversitybearsmorerisk,9thetuitionitwillultimayreceiveisuncertain.Moreover,degreesthat10ahighervalueinthelabourmarket,likeengineering,willcostmorethanotherdegrees,liketheatrearts.Facultyinhigh-valuefields11togetpaidmore.Perhapssomeofthatcostshouldbepassed12tothestudents.Incentiveswouldalsochange;maybeuniversitydepartmentswould emoreinvestedin13 successfulgraduates.Butthismight14 themissionofAmericanuniversities,whichistoprovideawell-roundedliberalartseducation.Ifuniversitiesemore ,willlow-yielding,butsociallyvaluablefieldslike shortofresources?Tosomedegree,theuniversity-for-allmodelalreadyunderminesourideal17ofuniversity.18moreofthepopulationgoesuniversity,andmustpayforit,moreelusivesubjects19 elesspopular.Still,it’saninterestingproposalto therisingcostofhighereducation.[A]come [B]put [C]keep [D]fill[A]as [B]by [C]inconsequence[D]by[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]Sooner [B]Other [C]Rather [D]Better[A]Simultaneously[B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]turn [B]put [C]end [D]sum[A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D]SectionReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextThreehundredyearsagonewstravelledbywordofmouthorletter,andcirculatedintavernsandcoffeehousesintheformofpamphlets,newslettersandbroadsides.“Thecoffeehousesparticularlyareverycommodiousforafreeconversation,andforreadingataneasyrateallmannerofprintednews,”notedoneobserver.Everythingchangedin1833whenthefirstmass-audiencenewspaper,theSun,pioneeredtheuseofadvertisingtoreducethecostofnews,thusgivingadvertisersaccesstoawideraudience.Thepennypress,followedbyradioandevision,turnednewsfromatwo-wayconversationintoaone-waybroadcast,witharelativelysmallnumberoffirmscontrollingthemedia.Now,asourspecialreportexplains,thenewsindustryisreturningtosomethingclosertothecoffeehouse.TheInternetismakingnewsmoreparticipatory,social,diverseandpartisan,revivingthediscursivecharacteristicsoftheerabeforemassmedia.Thatwillhaveprofoundeffectsonsocietyandpolitics.Inmuchoftheworld,themassmediaareflourishing.Newspapercirculationrosegloballyby6%between2005and2009.ButthoseglobalfiguresmaskasharpdeclineinreadershipinrichOverthepastdecade,throughouttheWesternworld,peoplehavebeengivingupnewspapersandTVnewsandkeeupwitheventsinprofoundlydifferentways.Moststrikingly,ordinarypeopleareincreasinglyinvolvedincompiling,sharing,filtering,discussinganddistributingnews.letspeopleanywherereportwhattheyareseeing.Classified sarepublishedintheirthousandsonline.Mobile-phonefootageofArabuprisingsandAmericantornadoesispostedonsocial-networkingsitesandshownonevisionnewscasts.Social-networkingsiteshelppeoplefind,discussandsharenewswiththeirfriends.Anditisnotjustreaderswhoarechallengingthemediaelite.Technologyfirmsincluding,andhave eimportantconduitsofnews.Celebritiesandworldleaderspublishupdatesdirectlyviasocialnetworks;manycountriesnowmakerawdataavailablethrough“openernment”initiatives.TheInternetletspeoplereadnewspapersorwatchevisionchannelsfromaroundtheworld.Thewebhasallowednewprovidersofnews,fromindividualbloggerstositessuchastheHuffingtonPost,torisetoprominenceinaveryshortspaceoftime.Andithasmadepossibleentirelynewapproachestojournalism,suchasthatpractisedbyWikiLeaks,whichprovidesananonymouswayforwhistleblowerstos.Thenewsagendaisnolongercontrolledbyafewpressbaronsandstateoutlets,liketheBBC.Inprinciple,everyliberalshouldcelebratethis.Amoreparticipatoryandsocialnewsenvironment,witharemarkablediversityandrangeofnewssources,isagoodthing.Asproducersofnewjournalism,theycanbescrupulouswithfactsandtransparentwiththeirsources.Asconsumers,theycanbecatholicintheirtastesanddemandingintheirstandards.Andalthoughthistransformationdoesraiseconcerns,thereismuchtocelebrateinthenoisy,diverse,vociferous,argumentativeandstridentlyaliveenvironmentofthenewsbusinessintheageoftheInternet.Thecoffeehouseisback.EnjoyThelaunchoftheSunisciteddemonstratetheemergenceofbigmassmediaindicatetheinfluenceofadvertisinginillustratethepopularityoflow-costshowthewaynewstravelshasThe“coffeehouse”inParagraph2refersthechangingcharacteristicsofnewsthemorediversifiedmeansofnewstheparticipatorynatureofthemorevariedsourcesofAccordingtoParagraphs3and4,theposesthreatstothetraditionalschemesthereturntocoffee-houseprovidespeoplewithaccesstogivesordinarypeoplethechancetodistributeTheword“conduits”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyWhat’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsnewOptimisticandSupportiveandDoubtfulandAmbiguousandTextInjustafewshortyears,e-bookshavegonefromfringeproducttomainstayofthepublishingindustry,explodinginpopularityinvarietiesrangingfromromancetomilitaryButthefightoverhowmuchtheyshouldcostconsumersisfarfromAninvestigationbytheJusticeDepartmentofpricingcollusionbetweenAppleandelectronicbookpublishershasbeenbuildinginrecentmonthsasantitrustofficialshavepressuredfivemajorpublisherstoreachasettlement,threateningtosuethemonchargesofworkingtogethertoraisethepriceofe-books,peoplewithknowledgeoftheinquirysaidThursday.Thedisputecentersonapricingpolicythatmanyinthepublishingindustryconsidercriticaltoitssurvivalase-books eanincreasinglylargeshareofthemarket.Andbecauseelectronicbooksaresonew,thecoststructureisanemergingissueonwhichthereislittlehistorytoprovideguidanceandmanydiverginginterests.Amongthepublishersbeinginvestigated—PenguinGroupUSA,HachetteBookGroup,HarperCollins,Simon&SchusterandMacmillan—severalsaidpriva Thursdaythattheyhadengagedinnegotiationswiththe ernmentformonths.Buttherearevaryinglevelsofagreementonhowmanyconcessionstomake.AndnotallofthepublishersarenegotiatingwiththeJusticeDepartment.AllfivedeclinedtocommentpubliclyonThereisgeneralagreementamongthem,however,thatitisvitallyimportanttoretainthecurrentmodel,whichallowspublisherstosettheirownpricesfore-booksastheyfaceanaggressivechallengefromAmazoninthebookmarket.Onepublishingexecutivewithknowledgeofthesituation,whoinsistedonanonymitysoasnottoupsetcontinuingnegotiations,saidthatinvestigatorshadexpressedinterestinfindingwaystoexpandthecurrentsystem,knownastheagencymodel,andnotdiscarditentirely.Ifthatsystemweretodisappear,itwouldbegoodnewstoAmazon,saidMikeShatzkin,chiefexecutiveoftheIdeaLogicalCompany,whichadvisesbookpublishersondigitalchange,addingthatitwouldbe“essentiallybadnewsforjustabouteverybodyelseinthebookbusiness.”“Ultimay,thatwouldmeanthatthepriceofbooksisgoingtocomedownandtheamountofmoneythatauthorscanearnisgoingtocomedown,”Mr.ShatzkinAnynewlimitsonagencypricingcouldalsobenefittheconsumer,however,ifitallowedAmazontoofferlowerpricesfore-booksagain.InDecember,SharisA.Pozen,theactingdirectoroftheJusticeDepartment’santitrustdivision,confirmedtoaHouse mitteethatthedepartmentwasinvestigatingtheelectronicbookindustry.Ms.PozenalsosaidthattheEuropeanCommissionandstateattorneysgeneralwerelookingintothematter.Adayearlier,onDec.6,thecompetitioncommitteeoftheEuropeanUnionsaidthatitwasconductinganinvestigationofAppleandfivepublishersoverwhethertheyhadmadeillegalagreementstorestrictpricingone-books.TheJusticeDepartmentlaunchedtheinvestigationtherequestofthepressurefromtheEuropeanthedisagreementamongelectronicbookthepricingcollusionbetweenAppleande-bookAccordingtothetext,thecurrentbookbusinessseemstohaveproblemswithpricingsalesbooktechnicalAccordingtoMikeShatzkin,ifthecurrentsalessystemtheauthors eAmazonwillsufferagreattheconsumerswillbenefitfromeveryoneinthebookbusiness eItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatafterthethepublisherswillbecautiousinApplewillstopinvestinginthebookthecurrentsalessystemwillchangeaAmazonwillsetpricesforitsowne-Themainideaofthispassageisthediverginginterestsinthebook thepricingbattleamongelectronicbookthedisadvantagesofthecurrentsalessystemofthebookTextProfessionalsusetheword“amateur”asatermofderisionforthosewholackformaltrainingandqualifications.Butsuchcondescensionisamistake.Onedaythatamateurmightjustcreateanewindustry.Afterall,almostallentrepreneursembodytheamateurspirit,startingasatinkerer,runningamarketstallorwritingcomputercode.Thereisnoguildofentrepreneurs,andnoprotectivebodythatsetsstandards.Insteadthereisthefree-for-allofthemarket,abattlefieldwhereonlythefittestsurvive.Thislackofarigidstructureisahealthystateofaffairs.Breakingdownbarriers erscreatesamoredynamicandfluidorder.Foramateursdon’tsufferfromthehierarchyandexclusionofalltheself-importantprofessions,frommedicinetoarchitecturetoacademia. Typicalamateursarefreetoinventastheyplease,trynewideas,fail,andgetupanddoitallagain—butbetter.AsMarshallMcLuhan,themediatheorist,said:“Amateurscanaffordtolose.”Theyareself-improvers,chasingadreamratherthanalaborious,life-longcareerwithinaclique.Amateurscandoitpart-time,forcharityorforfun.Theoldcarsarebeingbypassedthankstotechnologicaladvancesandamoreinformalsociety.NoweveryonecanDIYandexperiment—frombloggingtofilm-makingtoonlineadviceshops.ThankstotheInternet,wecanallbecompetentamateursatalmosteverything.Themysteries,jargonandinsularityoftheself-satisfiedoldcraftsarerevealedforalltosee.Theworldisvastlymorecomplexnow,butthatmeanseventhemostreveredprofessionalneedsexperthelp.Theendoftheageofcompliancemeanswenolongerholdelitessuchasjudgesandbankersinsuchawe.Forcenturiestheclub-likeprofessionalbodieshaveheldsocietyintheirthrall,aformoffreemasonryforthewell-educatedandconnected.CharlesLeadbeaterhaswrittenpersuasivelyabouttheimportanceofseriousamateurs,or“pro-ams”,whohavehelpedintroduceradicalinnovationstothemainstream.Thesepassionateconsumerscollaboratetogivedisruptiveideascriticalmass—whichiswhathappenedwithmountainbikes.Meanwhile,bigcompaniesstrugglewithtrulynovelbreakthroughs,becausetheynaturallywanttoreinforcepastsuccess—andcannotaffordpublicfailures.Socialenterprisesaredominatedbyenthusiasticamateurswhosepriorityistoimprovetheworldratherthanbillclients.AmongthegreatestcollaborativeachievementsoftheInternetagehavebeenWikipediaandLinux.Itissurprisingtherehaven’tbeenmorecrowd-sourcedsuccesses.Perhapsventureshavebeentooanarchic,andlackedtheleadershipnecessaryforanycomplicatedprojecttocometofruition.Nevertheless,Ishowmyadmirationsforthegiftedamateurs.Theyrepresenttheultimatemeritocracy.Idon’tdenytheimportanceofeducation,butIplacegreateremphasisonresultsandoriginality,asopposedtodoctoratesandmembershipsofprofessionalbodies.Theyarealltoooftenfocusedonentrenchingprivilegeandstatusratherthanthepublicgood.Intheopeningparagraph,professionalsarecharacterizedasWhatdoesMarshallMcLuhanmeanby“Amateurscanaffordtolose”(Line3,Para.4)?Amateursignoretherisksposedbystart-upAmateursarecourageousenoughtochallengeAmateursholdtheadvantageofpullresourcesAmateursareresponsiblefortheirownsuccessorAccordingtoParagraph5,thelessensamateurs’respectformakesprofessionalslosedominanceoverdeprivesexpertsofabsoluteexposestraditionalindustriestoItcanbeinferredfromParagraph7thatcompaniesbeconvertedintosocialrecruitenthusiastictakeadvantageofcollectivecenteraroundcomplexWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitlefortheDiscardtheDerision,SolutetheStatusInequality:AmateursUnderProfessionalsvs.Amateurs:EnemiesorTheRiseofthe“PrefessionalTextCanwehaveourfishandeatittoo?Anunusualcollaborationofmarineecologistsandfisheriesmanagementscientistssaystheanswermaybeyes.InaresearchpaperinFriday’sissueofthejournalScience,thetwogroups,longatoddswitheachother,offeraglobalassessmentoftheworld’ssaltwaterfishandtheirenvironments.Theirconclusionsareatoncegloomy—overfishingcontinuestothreatenmanyspecies—andupbeat:acombinationofstepscanturnthingsaround.Butbecauseantagonismbetweenecologistsandfisheriesmanagementexpertshasbeenintense,manyfamiliarwiththestudysaythemostimportantfactoristhatitwasdoneatall.Theysaytheyhopethestudywillinspiresimilarcollaborationsbetweenscientistswhosefocusissafelyexploitingspecificnaturalresourcesandthoseinterestedmainlyinconservingthem.“Weneedtomergethosetwocommunities,”saidafisheriesscientist.“Thispaperstartstobridgethatgap.”Thecollaborationbeganin2006whenBorisWorm,amarineecologistatDalhousieUniversity,andotherscientistsmadeanalarmingprediction:ifcurrenttrendscontinue,by2048overfishingwillhavedestroyedmostcommerciallyimportantpopulationsofsaltwaterfish.Ecologistsapplaudedthework.Butamongfisheriesmanagementscientists,reactionsrangedfromskepticismtofuryoverwhatmanycalledanalarmistreport.AmongthemostprominentcriticswasRayHilborn,aprofessorofaquaticandfisherysciencesattheUniversityofWashington.Yetthedisagreementdidnotplayoutintypicalscientificfashionwith,asDr.Hilbornputit,“researchersfiringcriticalpapersbackandforth.”Instead,heandDr.WormfoundthemselvesdebatingtheissueonNationalPublicRadio.“Westartedtalkingandfoundmorecommongroundthanwehadexpected,”Dr.Wormsaid.Dr.HilbornrecalledthinkingthatDr.Worm“actuallyseemedlikea .”Thetwodecidedtoworktogetherontheissue.Theynowunderstoodwhytheecologistsandthemanagementscientistsdisagreedsosharplyinthefirstplace.Foronething,aslongasafishspecieswassustainingitself,managementscientistswererelativelyuntroubledifitsabundancefelltoonly40or50percentofwhatitmightotherwisebe.Yettoecologists,suchastockwouldbecharacterizedas“depleted”—“averypejorativeword.”Buttheyalsoagreedthatfishinwell-managedareaswererecoveringorngwell.Theywrotethatmanagementtechniqueslikeclosingsomeareastofishing,restrictingtheuseofcertainfishinggearorallocatingsharesofthecatchtoindividualfishermen,communitiesorotherscouldallowdepletedfishstockstorebound.Theresearcherssuggestthatumsustainableyieldislessusefulthanastandardthattakesintoaccountthehealthofthewidermarineenvironment.Theyalsoagreedthatsolutionsdidnotlieonlyinmanagementtechniquesbutalsointhepoliticalwilltoapplythem,eveniftheyinitiallycausedeconomicdisruption.Becausethenewpaperrepresentstheviewsofbothcamps,itsconclusionslikelytobeinfluential,Dr.Murawskisaid.“Gettingastrongstatementfromthosecommunitiesthatthereismoretoagreeonthantodisagreeonbuildsconfidence.”ItcanbeinferredfromthefirstthreeparagraphsfishstockisamatterofconcerntotheconclusionsdrawnfromthepaperarethedisagreementbetweenthetwocommunitiesexistsforthecooperationbetweenthetwocommunitiesisTheunderlinedphrase“thatgap”inParagraph4refersageofinterest.physicalTheecologistsandthefisheriesscientistsareinstrongoppositionintheirhorizonsarenarrowedbyresearchtheyaresensitivetocriticismfromtheirtheyholddifferentassessmentstandardsoftheydismisseachother’sviewsasDr.WormandDr.HilbornwouldmostlikelyagreegoodmanagementtechniqueshelprecoverfishcertainfishingequipmentsshouldbeumsustainableyieldisnolongersolutionsrestonsomepoliticalHowdoDr.MurawskifeelabouttheconclusionsdrawnfromthenewPartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA—Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Insomewaysthepainprovedevengreaterthanystsexpected.Circulationhasdroppedalarmingly.Yetalmostallnewspapershavesurvived,althoughwithoccasionalhelpfromthebankruptcycourts.Steepcover-priceriseshavehelped.Butforthemostpartnewspapershavecuttheirwayoutofcrisis.Somecompaniesarenowworthtentimesasmuchasinthespringof2009,althoughtheyremainfarfromprerecessionheights.InAmericamanynewspapershavechosenlocalnewsandsport,leavingeverythingelsetobiggeroutfitsortowireserviceslikeTheAssociatedPress.Severalofthemnowrefusetodeliverpaperstoreadersfarfromtheurbancore.Suchreadersareexpensivetoreachandlessattractingtoadvertisers.Papersarealsocourtingsmalllocalbusinesseswithtechnologythatallowsthemtodesigntheirownadscheaply.Inshort,metropolitannewspapersareturningintocitynewspapers.Thatmayhelptheminthelongterm.JimChisholm,anewspaperyst,pointsoutthatsmalllocalpapershavefaredbetterthanlargerregionalonesinmanycountries,includingAmerica.Thesurvivalofnewspapersisbynomeansguaranteed.Theystillfacebigstructuralobstacles:itremainsunclear,forexample,whethertheyoungwillpayfornewsinanyform.Buttherecessionbroughtoutanimpressiveandunexpectedabilitytoadapt.Ifnewspaperscankeepthatupinbettertimes,theymaybeabletocontemplatemorethanmeresurvival.Anotherunexpectedboonisthatspendingonpaper—thesecondbiggestexpenseatmanyfirms,afterstaffpay—hasfallenbyasmuchas40%.Asharpglobalcommoditiesdecreasedepressedprices.Newspapercompaniesareusinglessofthestuff,printingfewerwordsonsmaller,thinnerpages.ParticularlyonMondays,papersareoftensolightthattheyarehardtoflingfromacarorbicycletoadoorstep.Thepossibilitythatpaperpriceswillroarbackastheworldeconomyacceleratesisonlyonedangerfacingnewspaperfirms.Theycouldbecrippledbytheirpensionliabilities.Readersmaysuddenlyhesitateoverpayinghigherpricesforthinnerproducts.Yetitisalsopossiblethatadvertisingwillbegintorecoverfromseverelydepressedlevels.Ifthathappens,profitmarginswillinflatequickly.Thatemphasisongivingreaderswhattheywanttoread,asopposedtowhatloftynotionsofcivicresponsibilitysuggesttheyoughttoread,ispartofaglobaltrend.Newspapersare ingmoredistinctiveandcustomer-focused.Newspaperownersandeditorsaretryingtoidentifydistinctivestrengthsandinvestingwhatmoneytheyhaveinthoseareas.Newspaperpublishershopethatthisemphasisondistinctivecontentmayeasethemovefromprinttodigitaldistribution.Whethertheplatformisasmart-phone,atabletcomputerliketheiPadortheopenInternet,thekeytosuccessformostpublicationswillbeadualrevenuestream.Justastheydooffline,newspaperswillhavetobringinbothadvertisingandpayingreaders.Sofarthefewthathavepersuadedreaderstopayfornewsonlinetendtohaveareputationfordistinctivecoverage.TheFinancialTimesandtheWallStreetJournalhaveleadingpositionsinbusinessandfinancialnews,andsuccessfulpay-walls.Smallerpaperswilltrytoexploittheiradvantagesinsuchareasaslocalsport.Ayearagothemeresurvivalofmanynewspapersseemeddoubtful.It eclearthattheyoung,inparticular,weregettingmuchoftheirnewsonline.Readerswereflittingfromstorytostory,rarelypaying.Advertisingtoowasmovingonline,butnottonewspapers’websites.Rather,itwasbeingswallowedbysearchengines.Theclassified-admarketwasdestroyedbyfreelistingswebsitesCEsuchasCraigslist.Adeeprecession,receivedwisdomhadit,wouldsurelyfinishoffnewspapers,whichhavehighfixedcostsintheformofjournalistsandprintingCE Part

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10 Theoriesofthevalueofartareoftwokinds,whichwemaycallextrinsicandintrinsic.Thefirstregardsartandtheappreciationofartasmeanstosomerecognizedmoralgood,whilethesecondregardsthemasvaluablenotinstrumentallybutasobjectsuntothemselves.Itischaracteristicofextrinsictheoriestolocatethevalueofartinitseffectsonthe whoappreciatesit.Artisheldtobeaformofeducation,perhapsaneducationoftheemotions.Inthiscase,it esanopenquestionwhethertheremightnotbesomemoreeffectivemeanstothesameresult.(46)Alternatively,onemayattributeanegativevaluetoart,asPlatodidinhisRepublic,arguingthatarthasacorruptingordiseducativeeffectonthoseexposedtoit.Theextrinsicapproach,adoptedinmoderntimesbyLeoTolstoyinWhatIsArt in1896,hasseldomseemedwhollysatisfactory.(47)Philosophershaveconstantlysoughtforavalueinaestheticexperiencethatisuniquetoitandthat,therefore,couldnotbeobtainedfromanyothersource.TheextremeversionofthisintrinsicapproachisthatassociatedwithWalterPater,OscarWilde,andtheFrenchSymbolists,andsummarizedintheslogan“artforart’ssake”.Suchthinkersandwritersbelievethatartisnotonlyanendinitselfbutalsoasufficientjustificationofitself.(48)Theyalsoholdthatinordertounderstandartasitshouldbeunderstood,itisnecessarytoputasideallinterestsotherthananinterestintheworkitself.Betweenthosetwoextremeviewstherelies,onceagain,ahostofintermediatepositions.(49)Webelieve,forexample,thatworksofartmustbeappreciatedfortheirownsake,butthat,intheactofappreciation,wegainfromthemsomethingthatisofindependentvalue.(50)Thusajokeislaughedatforitsownsake,eventhoughthereisanindependentvalueinlaughter,whichlightensourlivesbytakingusmomentarilyoutsideourselves.Whyshouldnotsomethingsimilarbesaidofworksofart,manyofwhichaspiretobeamusinginjustthewaythatgoodjokesare?SectionPartSupposethatyouareasecretaryoftheEnvironmentProtectionAssociationinyouruniversity.Writeanoticetoinformthestudentsandteachersofalectureonadvocatinglow-carboneconomy.Yournoticeshouldincludetheimportanceandbenefitoflow-carbonlife.Writeyournoticeinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)PartWriteanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethedrawingexplainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20 Useof文章首句上大学要花一大笔钱。空格所在句的主分讲了的助学热兴起，根据四个选项可知空格处应填入一个动词短语，并且能与后面的with构成搭配。根据该句的语义可知，学生迅速兴起的目的就是让学生能继续支付学费上学，而keepupwithsth.有“继续支用”的意思，将[C]代入空格后所在句意为“为了能继续支用，的助学迅速兴起”。语义顺畅，因此正确。[A]comeup、[B]putup[D]fillup三个选项with构成搭配，但此三项代入空格后所在句分别意为“为了能拿出//填满学费”，均不符合文意，答案[D]by解析上文提到兴起助学热。空格所在句的前一句：1989年，8.9%的家庭有学。空格所在句：2007年，这一比例增长到16%，显然，空格处所填短语作插入语且与asusual通常置于句首或句末，[B]bychance表示一种偶然性，[C]inconsequence表结果，均答案[B]析的ich引导个语句，词jobmart，格处填一个动从后的terarings构成动宾搭配。空格所在句的主句：新毕业生一个 的就业市场，而空格所在的从句描述了这样的市场对收入的影响，市场不景气会使工资有所降低，浏览各选项，[B]depess有“减少（资”的思，合意，此确。A]suppes[C]oppress和[D]epress“新业就市场，断//抑”，不符文意故排除。答案[A]解析空格处需要填入一个副词作状语，空格后面的句子意为“辍学的代价可能会更大”。空格前面：为了支付昂贵的大学学费，很多家庭支付学费，而现在就业市场不景气，新毕业生可能会并不乐观的收入。对比前后的内容可知空格前后存在转折的逻辑关系，因此[A]正确。[B]Therefore表结果，[C]Furthermore表递进，[D]Indeed表强调，这三个选项均不符合[C]空格所在的第二段加利福尼亚州的学生提出了一项建议，并介绍了这议的内容和可能产生的影响。空格所在句的后半句意为“他们想让该州的公立大学从他们毕业后的前20年薪水中扣除5%”，空格后面的短语意为“收取学费”，可见学生是想毕业之后交学费，而不是在上学期间交，[C]Ratherthan意为“而不是”，符合此处的语义逻辑关系，因此正确。[A]Soonerthan和[DBetterthan分别是在速度上和程度上作比较，均不符合此处语境，可排除；[B]Otherthan意为“除了”，相当except，代入后所在句意为“除了收取学费外，还要从毕业后的薪水中扣”，显然不符合及语境，可排除。[C]进一步解释说明，意为“学生们想出售他们以后薪水的而不是承担”，[C]Essentially意为“本质上”，符合上下文的语义衔接关系，因此正确。[A]Simultaneously表示两件事情同时发生，而此处指的是同一件事情，可排除；[B]Presumably指发生的几率，不符合此处的解释关系，可排除；[D]Particularly表强调，也不符合此处的语义衔接关系，可排除。空格所在句主要讲这项建议的一个潜在结果，即“收入高的毕业生将要7收入低的业生”，因为学生毕业后的工资有高有低，所以20年薪水5%也会有高有低，而收入高的本题可采用排除法解答。本句：这议能否为大学提供足够的8尚不明确将四个选项依次代入空格只有[Arevenue收益符合文意因此[A]正确。[B]compensation、[C]funds[D]benefits代入空格后，所在句分别意为“这议能否为大学提供足够的补偿//奖金尚不明确”，与文意不符，因此，均排除。空格前为两完整句子，此，空格应填词。前半意为“这也意着学将承担的风险”，后半句意为“大学最终能收到的学费不能确定”，根据句意可知前后，[B]，。[A]ntl，C]unless表条件]alhough，，，。空格所在句的主语degreesthat引导的定语从句修饰，空格处应填入一个动词作从句谓语，[D]command意为“应得，值得”，代入空格后意为“一些会在劳动力市场上值更高的价值”，换句话说，这样的含金量更高，语义衔接合理，正确。[A]demand、[B]动力市场中要求//牵涉更高价值的”，语义不通，因此，均排除。

[A]空格所在句的前一句，就业市场中含金量高 要比其 花费高，空格所句教含金量高的专业领域的老师11得到更高的收入，后一句又这些成本可能12学生身上，结合句意，此处是指教这些专业的老师的薪水往往会更高。浏览四个选项，只[A符合文意，正确。[B]attempt、[C]happen[D]intend代入空格后分别意为“教含金量高的专业领域的老师尝试/碰巧/计划得到更高的收入”，语义不通，因此，均排除。本题可结合上一题解答。上文提到教含金量高的专业领域的老师收入会更高，而空格所在句意为“这些费用的某些成本可能会12pass[]by、[C]down[Dup代入后符合语法要求，但语义不通，因此，均可排除本题可采用排除法解答。空格所在句意为“激励机制也会改变；大学里各系可能会加大投资13只有“，。[A]cretin、[C]cotrbuing和[]ditributig空格所在句的上一句说大学里各系会在培养成功的毕业生上加大投资，结合上下文可知此处“成功的毕业生”是指那些赚钱多的毕业生。空格所在句大学的使命是提供非常14，代入后是指损害大学的使命，符合文意，正确。[B]distort、[C]restore[Dsuspend代入文中，所在句分别意为“可能会曲解/恢复/暂停大学的使命”，均不符合文意，故排除。本题可采用排除法解答。空格处需要填入一个形容词作所在的条件状语从句的表语成分，浏览各选项，A]accutmed通以ecutmedto的形式出现，[B]inegae、[C]comlcted常在词前面不能与前面的 e搭配只有D]focued如果变更入心语意畅确其三代入中不合则且义通因此均排。答案[C]end解析空格所在句是一个一般疑问句，空格处需填入动词短语作谓语，空格后面的shortofresources是形容词性短语，表原因，该句意为“如果大学变得更以收入为中心，那么像哲学这样收益低但社会价值高的专业会因为而16吗？”从四个选项的意思及用法来看，只有[C]endup符合要求，endup后可以接形容词成分，如：Ifhecarriesondrivinglikethat,hewillendup