复旦2013年考博英语真题

年复旦大学博士入学考试英语试Directions:Thereare30 pletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,D,Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Theyartificially thevalueofthe-housesotheycould"reduce"itandmakepeoplethinkitwasabargain.A. B.underestimatedC. D.Iamafraidwehaveto asetofrulescalledetiquetteandpolitenesstomakeourfrequentmeetingstolerable.A.confide B.dedicate C.concur D.dispenseThisisafarfrom book--itisarichmixofpleasuresandinformation,andisfullofA. B. C. D.Suddenlythedailyfearanduncertainty intofull-scaleterror,andtheshipechoedwithscreams.A. B. C. D.Theproblemwith peopleisthattheyoftendon'tstayinthejobforA. B. C. D.Theboyhaslearnedfromfairystoriesthatwhatatfirstseemsa canmagicallychangeintoamosthelpfulfriend.A. B. C. D.ThepartsofthemachinewhichexperiencealotoffrictionhavetobemadefromA. B. C. D.We'reinanerawhencomputerhackersarestealingcredit-cardnumbersandothertechnologicallyadeptcriminalsare nationalborders.A. B. C. D.peoplewhofindmeaningintheirworkaregenerally-productive,supportivecoworkersandpromoteworkplaceharmony. B.Self- C.Self- D.Self-Theairportwho thegirlconcludedthatshewasinnocentandhadn'tknownaboutthedrugs.A. B. C. D.thebriberyallegations,Switzerland'ssportsministerhasannouncedhisowninquiryintohowtheseassociationsarerun.A.Inthehope B.Inthewake C.Inthelight D.InthesightShouldyoubreaktheruleagainststaringatastrangeronanelevator,youwillmaketheotherfortable,andyouarelikelytofeelabitstrangeyourself.A. B. C. D.IthinkImustbecomingdownwithflubecauseI'vebeen allA. B. C. D.Atthepressconference,thePrime theernment'srefusalA. B. C. D.Hemanagedtostayinpowerforoverfiveyears, allthecriticismandthepressureonhimtoresign.A. B. C. D.Thecontemporaryphenomenonofmotorcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseofindependenceandfreedomthatownership A. B. C. D.Thetraditionalbeliefthatbanksdonotlosecustomersoncetheyhavegotthemis,thestudy B.well- C.well- D.well-Likemostfathersandsons,wefought;itwasacoldwarlastingfromthe ofmyadolescenceuntilIwentofftocollegein1973.A. B. C. D.Hebelievesthatit'swrongthatsomepeopleshouldenjoywealth,privilege,influenceandpowersolely anaccidentofbirth.A.ontheground B.forthesakeC.inview D.byvirtueForeignbusinessmen hesitatetoinvestalargesumofmoneyinatime-consumingandhigh-costprojectifthecountryisunderpoliticaldisturbances.A. B. C. D.Inhiswill,themillionaire nearlyallhisfortunestothehousemaidwhotookcareofhiminhislastdays.A. B. C. D.Manycitizensappealedtothecity ernmentforenacting lawstoprotecttheA. B. C. D.Whileit'struethattechniquesofactivelisteningcan thevalueoflecture,fewstudentspossesssuchskillsatthebeginningoftheircollegecareers.A. B. C. D.Theaimofthe'sspeechwastoconvincestillreluctantcountriesofthegreatnecessityofimposingsanctionsagainstthecountriesthat A. B. C. D.ProfessorSmithhasalreadyretired.buthisteachingsstill A. B. C. D.Mostpublicplacesaresimply totheneedsofpeoplewithphysicalA. B. C. D. allhisstrength,pushedpasttheplayersblockinghim,andranforaA.called B.called C.called D.calledPartIIReadingComprehension(40Directions:Therearefourreadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA.B.CandD.choosethebestanswerandthenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Standinginlinehasneverbeenapopularactivity,buttodayitseemsthatAmericanarelikelytobemoreimpatientaboutwaitinginlinethantheyhavebeenin20years.AccordingtoarecentLouisHarrissurvey,Americans'leisuretimehasshrunkby37percentinthelasttwodecades.Withleisuretimemorevaluable,theopportunitycostofwaitinginlinesismuchhigher.Businessesrecognizethatpeoplechoosetheirproductsonthebasisofthefullopportunitycost,notjustthepriceofthegoodorservice.Bykeecustomerswaiting,businessesmaybelosingcustomers.Theyarefindingthatpeoplewillchooseoneestablishmentoveranotherbecauseshorterlines.Asaresult,businessesarefocusingontheirmarketingeffortsonwhatmarketerscalltimeutilityprovidingproductsandservicesinwaysthatdonotconsumevaluabletimeorprovidingvaluestooffsetthetimelosses.Whenthemultiple-linesapproachisusedinbanksandstores,peoplegetfrustratedbecausetheyoftenfindthemselvesintheslowestline.Singlelinesdonotmoveanyquicker,buttheyreducethevarianceofthewaitandthusreducefrustrationsCustomerscanlineupbehindthelerorclerkortheirchoice;orinonelinethatallowsthefirst inlinetogotothenextavailableservercalledasingle-serverline.Asaresult,mosttypesofbusinessesinwhichseveralservicepeoplehandlecustomershaveswitchedtothesingle-serverline.Firmshavetriedseveralotherapproachestodealingwithlines.ChemicalBankbeganaprogramwhereanycustomerwhohadtowaitinalerlineformorethansevenminuteswas$5.HospitalemergencyroomsinLosGatos,California,nowoffera“NoWaiting”guarantee:Ifyouwaitlongerthanfiveminutesforemergency-roomcare,thebillingdepartmentknocks25percentoffyoubill.TheManhattanSavingsBankoffersliveentertainmentduringnoontimebankinghours.Somehosandofficebuildingshavemirrorsontheirelevatordoorsinanattempttodistractpeoplewhilewaiting.Sometimesjustlingpeoplehowlongtheyhavetowaitcheersthemup.Disneylandhashadtolearntocomfortthoseinline,sinceapopularattractionlikeStarTourscanattractasmanyasl,800peopleinaline.Likemanyamusementparks.Disneylandprovidedentertainmentforthosestandinginline,butitalsogivespeopleupdates,intheformofsigns,noting"fromthispoint.onthewaitis30minutes."Distractionssuchasthesecanhelppeopleforgethowtheycouldbespendingtheirtimeiftheyweren'twaitinginline.WhichisthebesttitleforthisSingle-serverTheOpportunityCostofWhatisthemainideaoftheentirePeoplearemoreimpatienttheyusedtobebecausetheyhavelessleisureBusinessestrytoattractcustomersbydecreasingwaitingTimecanbeconsideredpartoftheopportunitycostofaproductorBanks,stores,andotherbusinesseshaveintroducedsingle-serverlinesandforcustomerswaninginPeopleprefersingle-serverlines theymovetheyoffermoretheyreducetheyaddWecaninferfromtheessay PeoplejudgeaproductonitsfullopportunitycostincludingmarketersdonotfindeffectiveapproachestodealingwithMostpeoplearepatientwhentheylineforanamusementMostpeopledonotcarefortheentertainmentprogramofferedbythebusinesseswhentheyarewaitinginlonglines.WhichofthefollowingstatementisAmericans'LeisureTimehasshrunken37percentinthelasttwoAtChemicalBank,customerswhohadtowaitmorethansevenminutesweregivenSomehospitalemergencyroomsoffera“nowaitingDisneylandmedtocheerupthepeoplewaitinginlonglinesforsomepopularattractions,butnottothecustomers'satisfaction.Toexplainthecurrenteconomiccrisis,theworldorfinancehasaparticularlexicon-including,forexample,creditdefaultswaps;mark-to-marketandsecuritizedsub-primemortgages.Psychologists,ontheotherhand,mightuseverydifferentterms:hope,greedandfear.Thelanguageofpsychologyhelpstoaddressthefactthatbehindeverycut-and-driedstatisticabout'fallinghomepricesandotherindicatorsofeconomicdecline,liesanever-shiftinghordeofhomeowners,bankers,businessowners,unwittinginvestors--inshort,people.Andpeopleoftenpaynoheedtofine-tunedeconomicmodelsby ngthingsthatarenotrational,arenotintheirbestinterest,andarejustifiednotbynumbers--butbyemotion.Emotion,itcanbeargued,notonlyhelpedtoleadAmericaintothecurrenteconomiccrisisbutmayalsobeheltokeepitthere.Atarecentconferencecalled“CrisisofConfidence:TheRecessionandtheEconomyofFear;'”sponsoredbytheUniversityofPennsylvania'sDepartmentofPsychiatryandthePsychoyticCenterofPhiladelphia,aninterdisciplinarypanelexploredthepsychologicalelementsbehindtoday'seconomy."Isthereasystematicwaytothinkaboutourfeelingswhenitcomespowers:thatbeareavoidingtheword'depression."'Marvinpointedout,"whichdescribesnotonlyastateofthemarketbutcertainlyaclinicalcondition."Psychologicalfactorsareatworkbehindthecrisis,thepanelagreed,althougheachfocusedonadifferentelement:maniaandover-optimismbehindthehousingbubble,alackofself-controlbyconsumershookedondebt,andtheshockandfeelingsofbetrayalofmanyAmericanswhothoughttheyweremakingsafeinvestments,butnowfindthemselvesfacingafrighteninganduncertainHowever,accordingtoDavidM.Sachs,atrainingandsupervisionystatthePsychoyticCenterofPhiladelphia,thecrisistodayisnotoneofconfidence.Butoneoftrust,“Abusivefinancialpracticeswereuncheckedbyalmoralcontrolsthatprohibitindividualcriminalbehavior,asinthecaseofBernardMadoff,,andbycomplexfinancialmanipulations.asinthecaseofAIG.”Thepublic,expectingtobeprotectedfromsuchabuse,hassufferedatraumaoflosssimilartothatafter“Normalexpectationsofwhatissafeanddependable,wereabruptlyShattered."Sachsnoted."Asistypicalofpost-traumaticstates,planningforthefuturecouldnotbebasedonoldassumptionsaboutwhatissafeandwhatisdangerous.Aradicalreversalofhowtobegratifiedoccurred.”“Oncea hasbeentraumatized,promisesareexperiencedasdangerous--notsafe--becausetheyrequiretrusttobelieve.”saidSachs.“Itisuptothevictimtodecidewhenshecantrustagain.Thistakestime.”40.WhichofthefollowingISNOTmentionedbythepassagetobeemotionalfactorbehindtheeconomiccrisis?A. B. C.ShockD.Lackofself-Whatistheimplicationof"depression"inthethirdparagraphofthisamentalstatecharacterizedbysadfeelingsofgloomandapessimisticsenseofaneconomicstatecharacterizedbyunemploymentandLowlevelsoftradeandC.aconinasurfaceproducedbyD.amentalstateofsadnessaswellasasluggishWhyisthepublicgoingthroughacrisisoftrust,accordingtoDavidAfterthesub-primecrisis,peoplecannolongergetloansaseasilyas B.PeoplehavelosttheirtrustafteralotofsensationalimmoralfinancialAfter9/11,peoplehavebeeninastateofpanic,traumatizedbyalThepresenteconomiccrisishasdrivenalotofpeopleHowcanemotionbeheltokeepAmericainthecurrenteconomiccrisis,accordingtothePeopleoftenoverreacttocrisis,witholdassumptionsshattered,whichmakesplanningforfutureverydifficult.Withalotofbanksandinvestmentagenciesgoingbankrupt,itisdifficulttorecoverthePeople'smaniahasproducedpropertybubblesandtheyaretransmittedtothewholeLackofselfcontrolhasdrivenmostAmericanstoliveonIfyouwanttoseearoomfulofpeoplerolltheireyes,justwalkintoagatheringof--orexpertsonancientMesoamericancivilizationsforthatmatter--andshout."Mayanapocalypse!"Foryearsnow,theideathattheearthwillbedestroyedinaterribleclysmorDec.21,2012,hasbeenbouncingaroundtheInternetandshowingupinarticles,booksandevenmovies.It’sbeentheinspirationforget-rich-quickschemes.It'slikeY2Kalloveragain,butatleastthatepisodeofend-of-worldhysteriawasreality-based.The2012apocalypse,bycontrast,isjustplainputty.Anasteroidisnotabouttohittheearth.NeitherisanimaginaryplanetcalledNibiru.Ourworldisn'tgoingtobeabruptlyflippedupsidedownlikeaburgeronagriddle.Theearthwon'tbeplungedintoathree-dayblackout.Andcontrarytowhatyou'vebeenhearing.Mayaastrologersneversaidanyofthatstuffwouldactuallyhappen.TheideaissopreposterousthataWebsearchfor"Mayanapocalypse"turnsupasmanyspoofsasitdoesseriousdiscussions.Thetruthisalotmoreprosaicthanwhatthetinfoil-hatcrowdwouldhave.youbelieve.Yes,theMayahadwhat'sknownasaLongCountcalendar,andyes,thatcalendarendsonDec.21,2012.Butthedelightfulthingaboutcalendars-includingtheonetheMayaused isthattheyalwaysstartoveragainfromzero.JustbecausewehavearecordoftheLongCountequivalentoflastyeardoesn'tmeantheMayaweren'tbusyworkingonnextyear's.AsforNibiru,well,nevermind.ThatonewasborrowedfromtheancientSumerians,andtheoriginalpredictionwasthatwe'dgetclobberedbythefree-rangeplanetin2003.Youmighthavenoticedthatthatdidn'thappen,soAllthesame,somefolksatNASAareseriouslyworried-notabouttheendoftheworldbutabouttherealharmtheloosetalkmaybengtosomepeople'smentalhealth."Igetatremendousnumberofe-mailsaboutit."saysDavidMorrisonaspacescientistattheNASAAmesResearchCenteratMoffettFieldinCalifornia,whohoststheagency'sAskanAstrobiologistwebsite."Alargefractionarefrompeopleaskingiftheworldwillendsayingthey'rescaredanddon'tknowwhattodo.Afeweventalkaboutsuicide.”Itmightseemimplausiblethatpeoplewouldkillthemselvesoveranimaginarycosmiceventbutithappenedbackin1997,when39membersoftheHeaven'sGatecultinSouthernCaliforniacommittedmasssuicideunderthedelusionthattheapproachofCometHale-Boppmeantitwastimetoleavetheirphysicalbodies.Fearingthatpeopleweretakingthe2012scaremongeringtooseriously,NASAconvenedahangoutonNov.28duringwhichpeoplecouldinteractwithsixastronomerswhowerepreparedtodebunkanymyththepubliccouldthrowatthem.Fornearlyanhour:theydidjustthat,patientlyexplaining,forexample,thatanyasteroidenroutetoobliteratingearthinjustafewshortweekswouldhavebeenspottedbyescopeslongagoandthatNibiruoneofwhoseleadingproponentsisawomanwhoinsistsshe'sintouchwithaliensfromtheZetaReticulistarsystem,wouldbethebrightestobjectintheskyafterthesunandmoon.ButNASAhasbeendebunkingtheapocalypseforyearsnow,inthesamepatientandrationalmanner,andithasn'thelpedawholelot.“I’mtoldthataboutl0%ofthepublicbelievesthisstuff."saysSethShostakascientistwiththeSETIInstituteinMountainView,Calif.,whowasn'tpartoftheonlinehangout."ThatisaboutthesamepercentagethatbelievesinSantaClausandthinksweneverwenttothemoon."Tryingtoreducethatpercentagebyprovidingfactsisn'tnecessarilygoingtowork,sinceproponentsofthenonsenseprovideplentyoftheirown"facts.""Ihavetoadmit,"saysMorrison,"thatthere'ssomethingofaninherentcontradictionwhenwescientistslpeoplenottotrustthingstheyreadontheInternet,andthenputinformationontheInternet."Therealproblem,saidAndrewFraknoi,anastronomer'atFoothillCollegeinLosAltos.Calif,duringtheNASAweb-cast,"isthatourschoolshavenottaughtskepticalthinking,havenottaughtchildrentodistinguishbetweenfantasyandreality.Therealthreatin2012isthepublic'slowlevelofscienceunderstanding."Whetherthatcouldleadtopanicorsuicidesthistimearoundisunclear.Onlyatinyhandfulofthethousandsofworriede-mailsMorrisonhasgottenraisethedisturbingpossibilityofpeopletakingtheirownlives,andthosehaveallbeenfromadults.Butevenifkidsarenotsuicidal,plentyofthemarefrightened.andhavebeenforalong"Twoyearsago,Lmetwithagroupofmiddle-schoolscienceteachers,"Morrisonsays,"andIaskedthemhowmanyofthemwereseeingkidswhowereworriedabout2012.Nearlyeveryhandshotup."WhenDec.21comesandgoeswithoutincident,thosefearsshouldfinallyevaporate-thatis,untilthenextdoomsdaypronouncementcomesalong.Thebesttitleforthispassagecan Fictionvs.NASAvs.theMayaPossibilityvs.HalfAccordingtoAndrewFraknoi,anastronomer,whatistherealmenaceinanunjustifiedpublicfearofapossiblethree-dayawaveofsuicidesfollowingtheMayanversionofadoomsdayinanasteroidabouttohittheearthaninsufficientpublicawarenessofWhichorthefollowingwordsisclosestinmeaningtothewordspoofinthesecondA. B. C. D.Basedonwhatismentionedinthispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTMayaastrologersneversaidthattheearthwouldexperienceathree-daySomeNASAguysareextremelyworriedabouttheimminentendoftheNASAhasmadesomeeffortstodiscouragethepublicfrombelievingthe2012ThereisnoreasontoworryaboutWhichyearsawacaseofmasssuicideinthecontextofanimplausiblecosmicA. B. C. D.Paper(注意:以下的答案必须写在AnswerSheetII上PartIIIClozeDirections:FillineachofthefollowingblankswithONEwordtocompletethemeaningofthepassage.WriteyouransweronAnswerSheetII.RachelCarsonwasabiologistwhosewordsshooktheworld.Shewroteseveralpopularbooksaboutthecreatureslivinginandaroundthesea.Butsheisbestknownforonebook,SilentCarsonknewhowchemicalpoisonsdamagedordestroyedorganisms51additiontotheinsectsorplantstheyweremeantfor.Shebelievedthatthepublicshouldbeinformed_—52theseeffects,sothattheycould53wisedecisionsabouttheuseofpesticidesandotherdangerouschemicals.SilentSpring,publishedin1962,describedtheeffectsofchemicalpoisonsontheenvironment.Almostallthebirdsinonetownwerekilledbythepesticidesmeant54_killinsectsthatweredamagingtrees.Afteranothersprayingproject,cowsandsheepbecamesick,chemicalsshowedupinthemilkfarmerssoldandpigsstopped55birthorprod