四川省成都市蒲阳镇中学2023年高三英语下学期期末试题含解析

四川省成都市蒲阳镇中学2023年高三英语下学期期末试题含解析一、选择题1.－Haveyoufinishedyourexperimentreport,Jane?－Oh,myGod.I’ve_______forgottenallaboutthat. A.strongly B.extremely C.entirely D.freely参考答案：C2.Sheisoptimisticabouteverything,butshe______beveryfrustratedaswell.【原创】A.

couldB.

willC.

shouldD.

can（出题意图：考察学生对情态动词的理解和正确使用。）参考答案：d略3.It’ssignificantforgraduatestofindaproperjob,

inwhichtheycanbringtheirpotentialintofullplaynotjustaconsiderableincome.A.one

B.what

C.that

D.it参考答案：A4.Thesereferencebooksdonatedbyanon-profitableorganizationareavailablefor_______wantstohaveit.

A.anyone

B.someone

C.who

D.whoever参考答案：D略5.Why!Ihavenothingtoconfess._______youwantmetosay?A.Whatisitthat

B.WhatitisthatC.Howisitthat

D.Howitisthat参考答案：A6.I_____watchforeignmoviesinmysparetime，butIappreciateChineseonesoccasionallyathome.A.nearly B.mostly C.almost D.Partly参考答案：B11.Abeachhousecaughtfirelastnight,______fivestudentslivinginit.

A.killing

B.tokill

C.havingkilled

D.killed参考答案：A略8.Shedidn’tmentionhertroublestoMr.Li，whomighthavehelpedher______.A.instead

B.either

C.otherwise

D.anyhow参考答案：C9.Thereisnodenyingthatitisextremelyhardforgraduatestofindtheiridealjobs,whereinadditionto_______necessaryknowledge,theyarerequiredtohavesomerelatedexperience.A.beequippedwith

B.beingequippedwith

C.equippingwith

D.equipwith参考答案：B10.

TheBeijingOlympicGamesandShanghaiEXPO2010aregreat________inourcountry.

A.incidents

B.situations

C.accidents

D.events参考答案：D11.Theywereabroadduringthemonthswhenwewerecarryingouttheinvestigation,orthey__________toourhelp.A.wouldhavecome

B.couldcomeC.havecome

D.hadcome参考答案：A试题分析：本句考查的是一个含蓄的虚拟条件句，句中的or相当于iftheyhadnotgoneabroad.因为前面句中使用的是were，说明这个虚拟语气是与过去事实相反，所以主句中使用的是“情态动词+havedone”的形式。句意：当我们在做调查的那几个月里，他们一直在国外，否则的话他们早就来帮助我们了。故A正确。【此处有视频，请去附件查看】12.Hedoesn’tthinkthequestionof______theyareboysorgirlsisimportant．

A．if

B．whether

C．which

D．that参考答案：B13.Fortunately,whatthewitnessreportedtothepoliceonthephoneledto___________.A.thesuspect'sbeingcaptured

B.capturethesuspectC.thesuspecthavingcaptured

D.becapturedbythesuspect参考答案：A14.Wewentthroughaperiod________communicationswereverydifficultintheruralareas.A.which

B.whose

C.in

which

D.withwhich参考答案：C15.______yourownneedsisasimportantaslearningtoexpressyouremotions.A.Understand

B.Understanding

C.Understood

D.Havingunderstood参考答案：B【考点】动名词【试题解析】分析句子，可知空格处应该充当本句的主语。又由于本句的意思是表主动，是一般的情况，根据句意，可知选B。句意：理解你自己的需要和学会表达自己的情感同样的重要。16.Allchildrenshouldgetaccesstoahigh-qualityeducation_______theirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.A.dueto

B.regardlessofC.apartfrom

D.dependingon参考答案：B【详解】考查介词短语辨析。A.dueto由于；B.regardlessof不管；C.apartfrom且不说；D.dependingon根据。句意：所有的孩子都应该获得高质量的教育，无论他们的种族、居住地区和家庭收入如何。根据句意可知此处表示“无论、不管”，故B项正确。17.I’msorrytotellyouyourplansoundsgoodbuthisplanis____worthconsidering.A.better

B.well

C.good

D.worse参考答案：A试题分析：考查比较级。形容词短语sthbewellworthdoing某事很值得做；本句中把“yourplan”和“hisplan”进行比较，所以要使用well的比较级形式better。句意：很难过地告诉你，你的计划听起来很好，但是他的计划更值得考虑。故A正确。【名师点睛】形容词比较级的用法1最基本句型“主语+be(is,am,are)+形容词比较级+than+比较对象”，than后接人称代词时可以是主格或者是宾格。Than前后比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物时间的比较。Sheisalittlemoreoutgoingthanme/I.她性格比我外向点。2.比较级前可以用much,alittle,alot,even,rather,still,any,abit,far等词修饰，起强调作用。不可用very,so,quite,too（只能修饰原级）等修饰。It’scoldtoday,butitisgoingtobeevencoldertomorrow.今天很冷，但是明天会更冷。3.在含有or的选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。Whodoyouthinkismorebeautiful,LucyorLily?你认为谁更漂亮，露西还是莉莉？4.当两者比较只出现一方，含有ofthetwo/ofthetwins结构时，比较级前要加the，意为“两个中比较。。。。的一个”。

Heisthetallerofthetwoboys.他是两个男孩中个子较高的一个。5.“get/become+形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级”表示“变得越来越.....”的意思。Itgetswarmerandwarmerwhenspringcomes.春天来了，天气变得越来越暖和了。6.“the+形容词比较级....，the+形容词比较级.....”意为“越...就越...”两个比较级不要求一定词性相同，它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定。Theharderyouworkatyourstudy,thebettergradesyouwillhave.你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。7.表示“比....大（长、多、宽.....）几倍”用“....times+形容词比较级+than...”结构。Oursclassroomistwicelargerthanyours.我们的教室比你们的大两倍。8.表示“重几斤，高几厘米，大几岁”等，可用“表示数量的词+形容词比较级+than...”Tomissixyearsolderthanyou.汤姆比你大六岁。9.当表达“....之一，第几大/小/高/矮......”时，往往是用最高级，而不用比较级。TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.黄河是中国第二长河。10.“形容词比较级+thananyother+单数可数名词”表示“...比其他的任何....都.....”，此句型可以换成最高级。LiLeiisclevererthananyotherstudentintheclass.=LiLeiistheclevereststudentintheclass.

李磊是班上最聪明的学生。11.“more+形容词”与“less+形容词”及“notso/as.....as”的互换。要注意前后比较对象要倒换位置。ChineseismoreimportantthanEnglish.汉语比英语重要。=EnglishislessimportantthanChinese.=EnglishisnotsoimportantasChinese.12.两者的同级比较用as....as结构（否定notas/so....as)，表示“与....一样（不如）”，其间应接形容词原级，不能用比较级。Heisastallashisfather.他与他父亲一样高。Heisnotas/sotallashisfather.他不如他父亲高。13.比较级的替代。使用比较级时，前后两个比较项要保持一致，若前一个比较项是不可数名词，则后一个比较项可为替代词that；若前一个比较项是可数名词复数，则后一个比较项可为替代词those.TheweatherinNanjingiswarmerthanthatinBeijinginwinter.在冬天南京的天气比北京暖和。ThestudentsofClassOnestudyharderthanthoseofClassTwo.一班同学比二班用功。18.—Mom.I’mstillcoughingbadly.—Blameyourself.Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyou________myadvice.A.didtake B.hadtaken C.shouldtake D.took参考答案：B19.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthemuseum.It’snolonger

itwastwentyyearsago,

itwaspoorlyequipped.A.what;which

B.that;which

C.what;when

D.which;that参考答案：C略二、完型填空20.Ihadnoideashewouldbethere.Myapologiesforher___41___hadbeenprepared.Whenmyteacherannouncedwewouldbehavinga(n)___42___mother-daughtertea,Ifelt___43___Iwouldnotbeservingmymotheratthisspecialevent.SoIwillneverforget___44___thebeautifullydecoratedgym-andthereshewas,sittingcalmly,and___45___!AsIlookedather,Iimaginedallthearrangementsthis___46___womanmusthavehadtomaketobeabletobewithmeforthatonehour.Whowas___47___Granny?Shewasillinbed,andMomhadtodoeverythingforher.Howdidshegethere?Wedidn’townacar,andshecouldn’t___48___ataxi.Itwasalongwalktogetthebus,plusatleastfivemoreblockstothe___49___.Andtheprettydressshewas___50___,redwithtinywhiteflowers,wasjustrightforthetea.Therewasnomoneyforextraclothes,andIknewshehadgoneinto__51___againtohaveit.Iwassoproud!Iservedherteawitha___52___,thankfulheart,andintroducedhertothegroupwhenour___53___came.Isatwithmymotherthatday,justliketherestofthe___54___,andthatwasvery__55___tome.Thelookofloveinhereyestoldmeshe___56___.Ihaveneverforgotten.Oneofthe___57___ImadetomyselfandtomychildrenwasthatIwouldalwaysbethereforthem.Thatpromiseis___58___tokeepintoday’sbusyworldButIhavea(n)__59___beforemethatputsany___60___excusestorest.Ijustrecallagainwhenmothercametotea.41.A.absence B.error C.lateness D.rudeness42.A.urgent B.formal C.private D.frequent43.A.proud B.angry C.certain D.embarrassed44.A.stayingat B.returningto C.walkinginto D.droppinginto45.A.sobbing B.smiling C.singing D.suffering46.A.educated B.lonely C.strange D.great47.A.attendingon B.laughingat C.cheeringfor D.chattingwith48.A.advance B.afford C.admit D.arrange49.A.home B.station C.school D.market50.A.wearing B.making C.designing D.holding51.A.detail B.business C.action D.debt52.A.strong B.brave C.happy D.broken53.A.turn B.chance C.message D.decision54.A.team B.company C.family D.class55.A.annoying B.important C.interesting D.surprising56.A.understood B.accepted C.agreed D.remembered57.A.choices B.mistakes C.efforts D.promise58.A.unfair B.difficult C.false D.wise59.A.role B.rule C.lesson D.example60.A.awkward B.polite C.poor D.meaningful参考答案：41.A

42.B

43.C

44.C

45.B

46.D

47.A

48.B

49.C

50.A51.D

52.C

53.A

54.D

55.B

56.A

57.D

58.B

59.D

60.C41.考查名词。根据上下文可知，“我”原以为妈妈会缺席茶会。A.absence缺席；B.error错误；C.lateness迟到；D.rudeness粗鲁。故选A。42.考查形容词。根据下文中的beautifullydecoratedgym和Andtheprettydressshewas…wasjustrightforthetea可知，这次茶会很正式。A.urgent紧急的；B.formal正式的；C.private私人的；D.frequent频繁的。故选B。43.考查形容词。联系上文中的Myapologiesforthatonehour可知，“我”确信妈妈一定不会来参加这一活动。A.proud骄傲的；B.angry生气；C.certain确信；D.embarrassed困窘的。故选C。44.考查动词短语。根据下文中的thereshewas,sittingcalmly可知,“我”走进装饰华美的体育馆时看到妈妈坐在那里。A.stayingat住在；B.returningto回到；C.walkinginto走入；D.droppinginto偶然进入。故选C。45.考查动词。联系上文中的sittingcalmly和下文中的Thelookofloveinhereyes可知，妈妈当时安静地坐在那里，微笑着。A.sobbing啜泣；B.smiling微笑；C.singing唱歌；D.suffering受苦。故选B。46.考查形容词。妈妈排除万难来参加女儿的茶会，因此在女儿眼中，妈妈是“伟大的”。A.educated受过教育的；B.lonely孤独的；C.strange奇怪的；D.great伟大的。故选D。47.考查动词短语。根据下文中的Shewasillinbed,andMomhadtodoeverythingforher.可知，“我”担心妈妈走后谁来照顾奶奶。A.attendingon照料；B.laughingat嘲笑；C.cheeringfor加油；D.chattingwith闲谈。故选A。48.考查动词。根据上文中的Wedidn’townacar和下文中的Itwasalongwalktogetthebus可知，妈妈没有能力支付打车费。A.advance前进；B.afford支付；C.admit承认；D.arrange安排。故选B。49.考查名词。根据上文中的myteacherannouncedthatwewouldbehavingaformalmother-daughtertea可知，妈妈来学校参加茶会。A.home家；B.station车站；C.school学校；D.market市场。故选C。50.考查动词。根据下文中的wasjustrightforthetea可知，妈妈穿着的这件漂亮的礼服很适合茶会。A.wearing穿；B.making制作；C.designing设计；D.holding拿着。故选A。51.考查名词。根据上文中的Therewasnomoneyforextraclothes可知，为了买这件衣服，妈妈又负债了。A.detail细节；B.business生意；C.action行动；D.debt债务。故选D。52考查形容词。妈妈穿着得体地来参加茶会，这让女儿感到很幸福。A.strong强壮的；B.brave勇敢的；C.happy幸福的；D.broken破碎的。故选C。53.考查名词。在茶会上应该是轮流作介绍，所以当“轮到”我们的时候，“我”怀着一颗感恩的心把妈妈介绍给大家。A.turn轮次；B.chance改变；C.message信息；D.decision决定。故选A。54.考查名词。根据上文中的myteacherannouncedthatwewouldbehavingaformalmotherdaughtertea可知，参加茶会的都是“班上（class）”的女同学和她们的妈妈。A.team团队；B.company公司；C.family家；D.class班级。故选D。55.考查形容词。根据上文中的Iwassoproud!Iservedherteawithahappy,thankfulheart可知，能像其他同学一样和妈妈坐在一起参加茶会，这对于“我”来说“很重要（important）”。A.annoying讨厌的；B.important重要的；C.interesting有趣的；D.surprising奇怪的。故选B。56.考查动词。根据上文中的Thelookofloveinhereyes可知，妈妈理解我的心思。A.understood理解；B.accepted接受；C.agreed同意；D.remembered记住。故选A。57.考查名词。下文中的Iwouldalwaysbethereforthem是“我”对自己和孩子们许下的“诺言（promises）”。后文的“promise”亦是提示。A.choices选择；B.mistakes错误；C.efforts努力；D.promise允诺。故选D。58.考查形容词。根据下文中的intoday’sbusyworld可知，在如今这个忙碌的世界，遵守这样的诺言很“难（difficult）”。A.unfair不公平的；B.difficult困难的；C.false错误的；D.wise聪明的。故选B。59.考查名词。根据下文中的IjustrecallagainwhenMothercametotea可知，妈妈给“我”树立了一个“榜样（example）”。A.role角色；B.rule规则；C.lesson课程；D.example例子。故选D。60.考查形容词。根据下文中的excusestorest可知，这些借口是“没有说服力的（poor）”。A.awkward尴尬的；B.polite礼貌的；C.poor贫乏的，没有说服力的；D.meaningful有意义的。故选C。21.完形填空(共20小题；每小题l分，满分20分)

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A，B，C，D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。JunewaslyingbytheOlympicsizeswimmingpoolinhernewswimsuit.Shewasreallyhotanddivedintothewater.

36

elsewasinthepool.Therefreshingwatercooledherbodyimmediately,which

37

hertocontinuedoingsomelapsthere.Nothavingswuminthepastseveralyearsandbeingabitoutof___38__,Junebegantotire__39__.“Ah,nopains,nogains,”Junethoughttoherself.June__40__toswim,realizingherheadwas__41__.Breathingbecame__42___.Hersightwasn’tso__43__.Shesawthelifeguardandacoupleothersaroundthepool.Shedidnotwanttobotheranyone.Shecontinued.Shefound__44__inthemiddleofthepool.Decidingnottoaskforhelp,shecontinuedtoswim.__45__,shemadeittotheothersideofthepool.Sickness,weaknessandexhaustion（精疲力竭）__46__itdifficultforJunetogetoutofthepool.__47__shestood,herbodyslowlyshookbackandforth,losingher__48__.Realizingsheneededhelpbut

49

toevensayanything,she__50__thepoolsideandstoodthere.Severalminuteslatershehadenoughenergytoonlypullherbodyupoutofthepool.__51__

atthesideofthepoolwithherfeetinthewatershefeltthatsomeonewas__52__ather.Itwasthe

53

.Junewasjustableto__54__herhand,tellinghimshewasokay.Haveyoueverfoundyourselfina(n)__55__whereyou’reintroubleandyoudon’taskforhelp?Thereisnothingwronginaskingforhelp.Junecouldhavedrowned.However,weallhavethetendency,asJunedid.36.A.Someone

B.Noone

C.Anyone

D.Everyone37.A.encouraged

B.advised

C.allowed

D.forced38.A.mind

B.time

C.shape

D.fashion39.A.hardly

B.easily

C.falsely

D.unexpectedly40.A.remained

B.stopped

C.happened

D.continued41.A.hurting

B.hurt

C.suffering

D.suffered42.A.difficult

B.loose

C.easy

D.tight43.A.sure

B.clean

C.clear

D.poor44.A.one

B.it

C.her

D.herself45.A.Lastly

B.Finally

C.Suddenly

D.Surprisingly46.A.found

B.let

C.made

D.felt47.A.Since

B.As

C.Until

D.Unless48.A.life

B.courage

C.chance

D.balance49.A.unable

B.ready

C.proud

D.afraid50.A.cameacross

B.layon

C.leanedagainst

D.foughtwith51.A.Sitting

B.Standing

C.Jumping

D.Walking52.A.laughing

B.staring

C.glimpsing

D.shrugging53.A.policeman

B.nurse

C.doctor

D.lifeguard54.A.hold

B.lend

C.move

D.wave55.A.atmosphere

B.condition

C.situation

D.environment参考答案：36--40BACBD

41--45AACDB

46--50CBDAC

51--55ABDDC三、阅读理解22.NolongerinthepinkCoralsarecomebackcreatures.Astheworldfrozeandmeltedandsealevelsroseandfellover30,000years,Australia’sGreatBarrierReef,whichisroughlythesizeofItaly,diedandrevivedfivetimes.Butnow,thankstohumanactivity,coralsfacethemostcomplexconditiontheyhaveyethadtodealwith.AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimatechange,ariseinglobaltemperaturesof1.5oCcouldcausecoralreefstodecline70-90%.Theplanetisabout1oChotterthaninthe19thcenturyanditsseasarebecomingwarmer,stormierandmoreacidic.Thisisalreadyaffectingrelationsbetweencoralsandthesingle-celledalgae（海藻）,whichgivethemtheircolor11.Whenwatersbecomeunusuallywarm,algaefloataway,leavingreefsaghostlywhite.This“bleaching”ishappeningfivetimesasoftenasitdidinthe1970s.Meanwhilethechangingchemistryoftheoceansmakesitharderforcoralstoformtheirstructures.Ifcoralsgo,diversandmarinebiologistsarenottheonlypeoplewhowillmissthem.Reefstakeuponlyapercentoftheseafloor,butsupportaquarteroftheplanet’sfishdiversity.Thefishthatreefsshelterareespeciallyvaluabletotheirpooresthumanneighbors,manyofwhomdependonthemasasourceofprotein.Roughlyaneighthoftheworld’spopulationliveswithin100kmofareef.Coralsalsoprotect150,000kmofshorelineinmorethan100countriesandterritoriesfromtheoceansbuffeting,aswellasgeneratingbillionsofdollarsintourismrevenue.Coralsystemsmustadaptiftheyaretosurvive.Theyneedprotectionfromlocalsourcesofharm.Theireco-systemssufferfromwastefromfarms,buildingsitesandblastfishing.Governmentsneedtoimposetighterrulesontheseindustrials,suchastougherlocalbuildingcodes,andtoputmoreeffortintoenforcingrulesagainstoverfishing.Settingupmarineprotectedareascouldalsohelpreefs.Localswhofearfortheirlivelihoodscouldbegivenworkasrangerswiththejoboflookingafterthereserves.Visitorstomarineparkscanberequiredtopayaspecialtax,likewhathasbeendoneintheCaribbean.Manyreefsthathavebeendamagedcouldbenefitfromrestoration.Coral’sbiodiversityoffershope,becausethesamecoralwillgrowdifferentlyunderdifferentconditions.CoralsofthewesternPacific,forexample,canwithstandhighertemperaturesthanthesamespeciesintheeasternPacific,whichprovesawayforwardtoencouragecoralstogrowinnewspots.38.Accordingtothepassage,whatmayhappentocoralswhenwatersbecomewarm?A.TurningwhiteB.GettingpinkC.BeingactiveD.Becomingcolor11ful39.Accordingtothepassage,coralscan_______thechanginginthenature.A.livewithB.escapefromC.dieinD.recoveryfrom40.AccordingtoParagraph4,thegovernmentsshould__________.A.carryoutstricterrulesonindustriesaroundthecoastB.callonvolunteerstolookafterthemarinereservesC.reducethenumberofvisitorstothemarineparksD.banpeoplefromfishinginthecoralreefareas41.What’sthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Topresenttheimportanceofcoralreeftotheworld.B.Tointroducethesevereeffectoncoralreefbroughtbyclimatechange.C.Toproposegovernmentstotakeactionimmediatelytosavecoralreef.D.Toattractmoreattentiontocoralreefprotection.参考答案：38.A

39.A

40.A

41.D这是一篇说明文。文章主要描述了珊瑚礁面临的复杂环境，它对人类的帮助，针对政府及人类对其保护措施的建议。珊瑚对人类有很多帮助，如保护了100多个国家和地区的15万公里海岸线免受海洋冲击，并创造了数十亿美元的旅游收入。全球变暖及海水变暖使得珊瑚出现“漂白”现象，人们必须要做出保护珊瑚的举措，如建立海洋保护区，加大力度执行禁止过度捕捞的规定等等。【38题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Whenwatersbecomeunusuallywarm,algaefloataway,leavingreefsaghostlywhite.（当海水变得异常温暖时，藻类就会漂走，让珊瑚礁变成一片幽灵般的白色。）”可知当海水变暖之后，珊瑚会变成白色，故选A项。【39题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Astheworldfrozeandmeltedandsealevelsroseandfellover30,000years,Australia’sGreatBarrierReef,whichisroughlythesizeofItaly,diedandrevivedfivetimes.（随着世界冰冻、融化，海平面在3万多年间起起落落，澳大利亚的大堡礁，这个和意大利差不多大的地方，经历了五次死亡和复活。）”及“Coralsystemsmustadaptiftheyaretosurvive.（珊瑚系统如果要生存就必须适应）”可知珊瑚可以适应自然界的变化。livewith意为“适应”，故选A项。【40题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Governmentsneedtoimposetighterrulesontheseindustrials,suchastougherlocalbuildingcodes,andtoputmoreeffortintoenforcingrulesagainstoverfishing.（政府需要对这些行业实施更严格的规定，比如更严格的地方建筑法规，并投入更多的精力来执行禁止过度捕捞的规定。）”可知A项（政府应该对沿海地区的工业实行更严格的规定）符合文中对政府做法的描述。故选A项。【41题详解】推理判断题。第一段最后一句“Butnow,thankstohumanactivity,coralsfacethemostcomplexconditiontheyhaveyethadtodealwith.（但现在，由于人类的活动，珊瑚面临着迄今为止最复杂的环境条件。）”引出本文的话题，文章接着描述了珊瑚礁面临的复杂环境，它对人类的帮助，针对政府及人类对其保护措施的建议，从全文可以看出文章的主要意图是想提高人们对珊瑚礁的保护意识，故选D项。23.Feelingblueabouttheworld?“Cheerup.”sayssciencewriterMattRidley.“Theworldhasneverbeenabetterplacetolivein,anditwillkeepongettingbetterbothforhumansandfornature.”Ridleycallshimselfarationaloptimist—rational,becausehe'scarefullyweighedtheevidence;optimistic,becausethatevidenceshowshumanprogresstobebothunavoidableandgood.Andthisiswhathe'ssetouttoprovefromauniquepointofviewinhismostrecentbook,TheRationalOptimist.Heviewsmankindasagrandenterprisethat,onthewhole,hasdonelittlebutprogressfor100,000years.Hebackshisfindingswithhardfactsgatheredthroughyearsofresearch.Here'showheexplainshisviews.1)ShoppingfuelsinventionItisreportedthattherearemorethantenbilliondifferentproductsforsaleinLondonalone.Evenallowingforthemanypeoplewhostillliveinpoverty,ourowngenerationh