2020年同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语水平全国统一考试试题

2020年同等学力人员申请硕士学位

英语水平全国统一考试试题PartIOralCommiinication(10points)SectionADirections:InthissectiontherearetwoincompletedialoguesandeachdialoguehasthreeblanksandthreechoicesA,BandC,takenfromthedialogue.FillineachoftheblankswithoneofthechoicestocompletethedialogueandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.DialogueoneAreyoukidding?I'llgoovertothegymtoo.Iwanttodosomerunning.Steve：I'mgoingovertothegym,1Joseph：Whydon'tyourunoutside?Steve：2Doyouknowhowcolditistoday?Joseph：Yeah,Isuppose.Iguessitisn'thealthytoruninthisweather.Steve：No,it'snot.NotatalLTdprobablyfreezemylungs.Joseph：Wailaminute.3Steve：You?Joseph：Yes,whynot?Justletmegetmygymclothestogether.DialogueTwoA.Well,I'mnotreallyinterestedingoingthere.B.HowaboutgoingtoanIndianrestaurant?C.Uh,here'ssomethinginteresting.Man：So,whatdoyouwanttodotomorrow?Woman：Well,let'slookatthiscityguidehere4Whydon'twefirstvisittheartmuseuminthemorning?Man：Okay,Ilikethatidea,andwheredoyouwanttoeatlunch?Woman：5Theguiderecommendsonedowntownafewblocksfromthemuseum.Man：Thatsoundsgreat.Afterthat,whatdoyouthinkaboutvisitingthezoo?Well,itsaysherethattherearesomeveryuniqueanimalsnotfoundanywhereelse.Woman：6Whydon'twetakethesubwaydowntotheseashoreandwalkalongthebeach.slightlydifferentfromhowfacialrecognitionworksoniPhones,forexample,whichusedepthsensorsforextrasecurity»ensuringthatthealgorithmscan'tbefooledbyshowingthecameraapicture(adangerthatisnotpresentinthescenariosNISTisconcernedwith).Comment1Well,that'sonegoodthingtocomeoutofthepandemic.Masssurveillanceisnonsense.Timetopairmasksupwithsunglassestodeliverthedecisivestroke.Comment2“Wearingfacemasksthatadequatelycoverthemouthandnosecausestheerrorrateofsomeofthemostwidelyusedfacialrecognitionalgorithmstorisesharply“Rubbishtechnology!!would'veneverguessed.Comment3There'sareasonwhysomecountryisalreadyusinggail(步态)analysis.Facialrecognitionistooeasytoblockortofool.Comment4Prettysoontheyaregoingtodo...analysis.WiththedevelopmentofAI,therewillbeawayout.Comment5TheAI'sgettingbetter,though,sosoonitwon'tmatter.JustlikehowyoucanpickoutarelativeorclosefriendeveninbadCCTVfootage,sotoocanAI.Yourheight,walkinggait,mannerisms,voice,ears,clothing,etc,alladduptoYOU.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?ThebestwaytodefendagainstCOVID-19.Effortstoimprovefacialrecognitiontechnology.Methodstofoolthefacialrecognitionsystem.Theimpactofmasksonfacialrecognitionaccuracy.TheNISTstudyfoundthatcomparedwithbluemasks,blackmasksweremorewidelyusedbythepubliccausedmoreerrorsinfacialrecognitionprovidedbetterprotectionagainstthevirusrequiredlesscomplexalgorithmsComment1seemstobeinfavoroftherulesforwearingfacemasksinfavorofthefacialrecognitiontechnologyagainstthewideuseoffacialrecognitionagainsttherequirementsforwearingfacemasksWhichcommentviewsthecuiTentfacialrecognitiontechnologywithcontempt?A.Comment2.Comment3.Comment4.Comment5.Whichofthefollowingispositiveaboutthefuturetechnologicaladvance?A.Comment2andComment3.Comment1andComment4.Comment3andComment5.Comment4andComment5.Cloze(10points)Directions：Inthispart,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerforeachblankandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetTheEnglishcountrysidehasaclassicimage.Peopleimaginethatlifeinthecountryisslowandcalm;thattherearenotrafficjams,nopollution,andnocrime.Insomeplaces,thisistrue;butin46itisnot.Smalltownsandvillagesarebecomingmoreandmore47;peoplehavemorespaceandmosthouseshavegardens.Butproblemsare48Lotsofpeoplewanttoliveinthecountryandworkinthecity;somoreandmorepeopletravel49distanceseachday,togotowork.Ofcoursetheydon'tusebusesortrains;theyusecars.Littlevillagesnowhavetrafficproblemsinthemorning,just50bigcities!Theproblemsarcverycomplicated!Ifeveryonemovesintothecountry,thepeaceofthecountrysidewill51!Peopleleavecitiesandbigtowns,toescapefromurbanproblems;butmoreandmore,theyare52theirproblemswiththem.Onwarmsummerdays,andcoldwinterdays,airpollutioncanbeabigprobleminlarge53ofthesouthofEngland,notjustinLondon.Perhapsthereis54forthefuture.SoonBritain'spopulationwillstoprisingFromabouttheyear2030,itwillperhapsstarttofall.In100yearstime,therewillbelesspeopleinBritainthantoday-perhapstwomillionless.Nodoubttherewillbe55pollutiontoo;oilandpetrolwillprobablyberarebythen46.A.otherB.theothersC.othersD.another47.A.famousB.beautifulC.secureD.popular48.A.decliningB.growingC.solvedD.involved49.A.farB.shortC.remoteD.long50.A.likeB.asC.forD.to51.A.ariseB.emergeC.continueD.disappear52.A.developingB.bringingC.causingD.creating53.A.partsB.placesC.citiesD.blocks54.A.fearB.planC.hopeD.vision55.A.moreB.lessC.muchD.fewTextCompletion(20points)Directions：Inthispart,therearethreeincompletetextswith20questions(Rangingfrom56to75).Aboveeachtexttherearethreeorfourphrasestobecompleted.First,usethechoicesprovidedintheboxtocompletethephrases.Second,usethecompletedphrasestofillintheblanksofthetext.Noteyoushouldblackenthe1entersthatindicateyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.TextOneA.connectedB.healthyC.immuneA.cating56mealsatregulartimesB.canalsoimpairour57systemfunctionC.are58tothebodyclockAlackofqualitysleepnotonlyaffectshowwefeelduringthedaytime,but59,whichisvitalinprotectingusfromcommonviralillnesses.Effortsneededtosleepwellthatincludefollowingasleeproutine,60andnotdrinkingtoomuchcoffce.Allofthesethingsarcreallyinterconnectedintermsoftheirfunction.Allofthem61Thebodyislikeanorchestrawherethere'sanorchestraleaderthat'ssortofthemaintimer,buteverybodyelseisplayingittogetherandthey'reoptimizingwhattheyaredoing.TextTwoA.ShareB.demandsC.forceA.truehappiness62thatwchaveitinourlivesB.theyfreely63theirupsanddownsC.asitisadriving64inournatureOneofthebasicneedswehaveashumansistoconnectwithothers.Wehavedonethissincethebeginningoftime65.Closeintimatefriendshipsfillthatneed.Thereissimplynoreplacementforthisinourlives.Youcan'tbuyit,borrowitorstealit,but66.Expertsfoundthatpeoplewhocannameseveralclose,supportivefriends——friendswithwhom67-livewithgreaterhealthandhappiness.TextThreeA.FutureB.shapeC.formD.safetyA.willadjustthemselvesforyour68andcomfortB.will69thewayweliveinastonishingwaysC.mimickedhuman70andthinkingD.gainsatruerglimpseofourrobotic71Tinytechnologiesareakeytothefutureofrobots.Theoldscience-fictionnotionofarobotpicturedalargemachinethat72ButavisitortotheArtificialIntelligenceLaboratoryatCambridge73.Inthismicroworld,scientistsandengineersarebuildingnewmachinesinotherfieldssuchasmedicineandaerospace.Soon,you'llbedrivingsmartcarandlivinginsmarthomethat74Itisalreadyclearthatourtinynewtools75.Bvuthinkingsmall,^scientistsanddreamersareenlargingandenrichingthefutureforallofus.PartVITranslation(10points)Directions：TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.WriteyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.Personalityisthepatternofthoughts,feelingsandbehaviorsuniquetoaperson.Peopletendtothinkofpersonalityasfixed.Butaccordingtopsychologists,that'snothowitworks.Personalityisadevelopmentalphenomenon.It'snotjustastaticthingthatyou'restuckwithandcan'tgetover.That'snottosaythatyou'readifferentpersoneachdayyouwakeup.Intheshortterm,changecanbenearlyimperceptible.Longitudinalstudies,inwhichresearcherssurveythepersonalitiesofparticipantsregularlyovermanyyears,suggestthatourpersonalityisactuallystableonshortertimescales.参考译文：性格是一个人独一无二的思维、情感和行为模式。人们通常认为性格是固定的。但是心理学家们认为其实性格并不是这样的。一个人的性格是一种不断发展的现象。它不是一成不变的，无法改变的。当然这并不是说，每天早上醒来，你都是一个不同的人。短期来看，性格的改变几乎无法被察觉到的。而在长期研究中，当研究者长时间定期观测研究对象的性格特征后，表明性格稳定这一观点只在短期维度上成立。附1:翻译评分标准评分标准:（内部）核心词汇fij译（5分）personality,pattern,behavior,unique,fixed,phenomenon,static,stuckwith,getover,perceive错译或漏译I个，扣0.5分句子翻译（5分）：按照以下考点译对一句就得相应的分数。1分（定语从句）It'snotjustastaticthingthatyou'restuckwithandcan'tgetover.I分（宾语从句+状语从句）That'snottosaythatyou'readifferentpersoneachdayyouwakeup.3分（定语从句+宾语从句）:Long-termstudies.,inwhichresearcherssurveythepersonalitiesofparticipantsregularlyovermanyyears,suggestthatourpersonalityisstableonlyonshortertimescalesPartVIWriting（15points）Directions:Writeanessayinnolessthan150wordsonthetopic:Whatarethebenefisanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Youcouldwriteaccordingtothehintsgivenbelow.WriteyouressayontheAnswerSheet.Asthecoronavirus（COVID-19）pandemicseemstobeheretostay,weperhapshavetochooseonlineinstructionsometimes.Themodeofinstructionandlearningmayhaveitsadvantages,but...写作思路作文标题是"Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?n给出的英文提纲的中文意思是“新冠肺炎疫情依然会长时间内存在，我们某些时候也许需要选择在线学习。网络教学可能有其优点，但是……”从提纲可以看出，作文要求考生对“在线/网络学习的利弊”进行分析。段落展开第一段：现象/现状说明段：--网络在线学习非常普及与必要。对此，人们有两种不同的观点。第二段：分别描述利弊-一优点与缺点，可分别列举两到三点原因。第三段：归纳结论段---权衡利弊，我们应该提倡网络学习。注意：不要应为提纲出现COVID-19就通篇写新冠对人们/世界的影响，因为新冠只是一个引子、背景，作文的关键词是“网络教育”，论述应该紧扣教育、学习，而不是网络诊疗或者网络会议等其他领域。此外，题目明确要求利弊分析,如果考生只写了利，没写弊是片面不完整的。评分标准:13-1510-127-94-60-3切题与否切题切题基本切题基本切题思路紊乱内容表述清楚清楚不够清楚不清楚条理不清文字表达通顺，连贯性较好连贯勉强连贯连贯性差谈不上连贯语言表达能力表达灵活多样；基本上无语言错误，仅有个别错误表达灵活：有少量语法错误无法错误相当多，其中有些事严重错误严重语法错误较多语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，切多为严重错误整体印象切题，内容丰富，语言流畅连贯，表达能力较强切题，内容较丰富，语言流畅可山基本切题，内容能说明主题，语言基本可读基本切题，表达能力差，文章勉强可读思路紊乱，基本上不具备书面表达能力，文章不可读参考范文1:Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Whenitcomestoonlinelearning,somepeoplebelievethatitisnotagoodidea,whileotherpeoplearguethatonlinelearningbringsalotofbenefitstous,Thereisprobablysometruthinbothstatements.Generallyspeaking,theadvantagesofonlinelearningcanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingaspects.Tobeginwith,onlinelearningmakesususeourlimeefficiently.Therearemuchmoreknowledgeonlinewhichwecannotlearnintheclassroom.Secondly,withtheonlinelearningpatten,wedon'tneedtoworryaboutourhealthproblemcausedbyCOVID-19orotherinfectiousviruses.Becausewedon'tneedtostayclosewithotherpeople.However,)ustastheproverbgoes,everycoinhastwosides.Thereisnoexceptiontotheabovediscussedissueofonlinelearning.Ontheonehand,spendingmoretimeonlinemaymakepeople'seyesightrapidlydecline,andthismaycauselifelonghurtforourbody;ontheotherhand,1kindsofnews,TVseries,movies,videogamesandonlinechattingwilleasilygetpeopledistractedfromstudy,whichmakeuscannotlearnefficiently.Weighingtheprosandconsofbothsides,wemayreasonablyreachtheconclusionthattheadvantagesoflearningonlinecarryfarmoreweightthanitsdisadvantages.Therefore,weshouldmanagetomakethemostofitsbenefits,whiletryingtoavoiditsharmfuleffects.参考范文2:Whatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning?Inthepastfewdecades,theworldhaswitnessedgreattechnologicaladvances.Onlinelearning,oneofthebenefitsofsuchdevelopmenthasbecomeindispensabletoourlife.Thereisnodenyingthatitalsohassomedrawbacks.!willdiscussbothsidesofthisissueasfollows.Ontheonehand,onlinelearningplaysanessentialroleinourlifebecauseitisafantasticwaytoacquireknowledgeandinformation.Tobeginwith,witheasyaccesstonetwork,learnersareenabledtostudyatanytimeandanywhere,whetherathomeorintheoffice.ThisisespeciallyhelpfulunderthespecialcircumstancesofCOVID-19pandemicin2020.Inaddition,thankstotheabundantresourcesontheInternet,learnerscanstudywhatevertheyareinterestedin.Ontheotherhand,wemustadmitthattherearesomenegativesidesofonlinelearning.Firstly,onlinelearningmayleadtolessefficientmonitoringoflearners'progressduetolessinteractionbetweenlearnersandinstructors.Secondly,onlinelearningmaycreateasenseofisolationamongindividualswhoenjoygroupsstudy.Intermsofbenefitsanddisadvantagesofonlinelearning,frommyknowledge,weshouldconsiderourspecificsituationsandlearninghabitswhentakingadvantageofthisadvancedtechnologytostudyonline.Man：Thatsoundslikeawonderfulplan.Directions：InthissectionthereisincompletedialoguewhichhasfourblanksandfourchoicesA,B,CandD,takenfromthedialogue.FillineachoftheblankswithoneofthechoicestocompletethedialogueandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.A.Anyway,theremustbesomesolution.B.Buttheydon'thaveanythingnow.C.Haveyoutriedsomepart-timejoboncampus?D.Youdon'thavetotellmethat.Natasha：Ineedtogetajob,orIwon'tbeabletostayherenextsemester.Idon'tknowwhattodo.Eric：7Natasha：Whatdoyoumean?Eric：Imeaninthelibrary,orinsomeinformationcenter.Oftentheuniversityhaspart-timepositionsforforeignstudents.Natasha：Yes,Iknow.Itriedthat.8Erie：Well,itsreallyhardsinceyou'reaforeignstudent.ItsactuallyillegalforyoutoworkinAmerica.Natasha：9IknowIhavetherighttoworkfortheuniversity.That'slegal.Buttheydon'thaveajob.Anditsillegalformetoworkelsewhere.Erie：10YouknowtherearemanypeopleworkingillegallyinNewYork.Natasha：ButIneedaprettydecentjob.Ineedtomakeenoughtopaymyrentaleast.PartIIVocabulary(10points)Directions：Inthisparttherearetensentences,eachwithonewordorphraseunderlined.ChoosetheonefromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandDthatbestkeepsthemeaningofthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet..Therewillbeaten-minuteintervalhalfwaythroughtheperformance.A.periodB.timeC.lengtD.break.MostofEgyptsinhabitantsliveintheNilevalleyanddelta,withtherestofthecountrysparselypopulated.A.randomlyB.thinlyC.denselyD.evenly.Thehotelownerwasaulhorizedtosellalcoholicdrinksinhishotel.A.inclinedB.preparedC.requireD.licensed.Yourlawyer'spresenceinthecourtroomiscriticalsincehemaypreventyoufrombeingmisdirected.A.impressiveB.wonderfulC.favorableD.crucial.Somebooksarenotforyoutoleafthrough,butfbryoutothinkthrough.A.browseB.appreciateC.recommendD.debate1wasdeniedaccesstomyaccountafterItypedinthewrongpasswordtheretimesinarow.A.abandonedB.delayedC.warnedD.refused.Lotsofpeoplemakelong-distancecommulingtoworkdailyinbigcitiesA.contactB.discussionC.travelD.call.GuestsatFourSeasonsHotelscanenjoydeliciousmealsservedonfinechina.A.delicateB.specialC.shiningD.desirable.Theenergyvalueofdriedfruitsisconsiderablyinexcessofthatoffreshitems.A.shortofB.equaltoC.morethanD.differentfrom.Whendisasterslikethishappen,wesetasidewhateverprettydisagreementswemayhave.A.discussB.retainC.revealD.dismissPartIIIReadingComprehension(25points)SectionADirections：Inthissection,therearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetPassageOneItsoundslikesomethingstraightoutofasciencefictionmovieorasillycartoon：afuturistictravelingtubethatcanquicklyshootpeoplewherevertheywanttogo,insideatinypod.Butthismaybeiustaroundthecorn。rforpeoplelookingforafaster,easier,andcheaper-than-everwaytotravel.SouthAfrican-AmericaninventorandbillionaireElonMusk,who,inthepast,hasworkedonbothprivatespaceflightandelectriccars,recentlyannouncedhehasbeenworkingonthedesignofthistravelingtube,whichcouldforeverchangethewaywetraveltheworld.Inaninterview,Muskdescribedthenewtubeasafifthkindoftransportation."Wehaveplanes,trains,automobiles,andboats,"heexplained/'Whatiftherewasafifthmode?Ihaveanameforit.It'scalledtheHyperloop.""ThissystemIhaveinmind...cannevercrash,isimmunetoweather,itgoesthreeorfourtimesfasterthanthebullettrain...itgoesatanaveragespeedoftwicewhatanaircraftwoulddo.YouwouldgofromdowntownL.A.todowntownSanFranciscoinunder30minutes.HPeopleusingtheHyperloopwouldshootaroundinpods,whichareeachjustoversix-and-a-halffeetacross,andthepodswouldtravelthroughtubeslocatedeitheraboveroundorunderwater.TheHyperloopcouldevenrun24/7,becheap,andallowpeopletotravelontheirownschedule.PeoplecouldshowupattheHyperloopstationwhenevertheywantandbequicklysentontheirway.AdditionallyMuskbelievestheHyperloopcouldbecompletelypoweredbythesun——makingitmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythancars,airplanes,ortrainsystems.SomedayitcouldpossiblymovepeoplebetweentheEastandWestCoastsoftheUnitedStatesinlessthananhour.EventuallytheHyperloopwouldbeabletomovepeoplearoundtheworld.Muskisnotthefirstpersonoutsideofsciencefictionnoveliststodreamupvacuumtubetechnologyformovingpeople.Theideahasbeenaroundforsometime,andinventorsinothercountries,includingChina,arereportedlyworkingonsimilartechnologyoThephrase'Justaroundthecorncr"(Para.l)mean"2preferableforthcomingreliableavailableThe^od^mentionedinthepassageisa(n)tube-shapedmusicplayerwirelessearphoneenginethatprovidesadrivingforcevehiclethatcarriespassengersWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofElonMusk?Hedrawsinsightsfromsciencefictions.Hehastriedhishandatspaceflight.Hehasmanufacturedelectriccars.Hecaresforenvironmentalprotection.WhatcanbelearnedabouttheHyperloop?Itcouldbedevelopedatalowcost.Itwouldremindpeopleoftheirschedule.Itcouldoperateroundtheclock.Itwouldrunatregularintervals.ChinaismentionedinthelastparagraphinordertodemonstratethatitisaninnovativecountrygiveanexampleofthoseworkingonsimilartechnologyshowasuccessfulmodelofvacuumtubetravelingindicateapotentialforinternationalcooperationPassageTwoHowareyoufeelingtoday?I'vegotafewachesandpains,butnothingserious.However,whenthingsbecomemorecritical,1wouldnormallybookmyselfanappointmentwithmydoctor-althoughbythetimeIgettoseehim,theproblemwillhaveprobablygoneaway.ThafsbecauseintheUKatleast,weusuallyhavetowaitafewdaysbeforethedoctorcanfitusin.Luckilytoday,technologyhascometoourrescue.Therearethousandsofappsavailableonoursmartphonesthatcanofferfirstaidadviceandallowustoself-diagnoseoursickness-rangingfromasimplecoldorflutosomeexoticdisease.Andtogetherwiththeinternet,wehaveanoceanofmedicalinformationatourfingertips.Butistoomuchknowledgeagoodthing?Byreadinguponanillness,wcdiscoveritsside-effectsandwhatcouldhappeninaworst-casesituation.Moreworryingisthatwegiveourselvesthewrongdiagnosis,andthenworryourselvessickthatwe'regoingtodie.Thishealthanxiety,fueledbytheinternet,iscalled"cyberchondriau.Itgivessufferersadeepfearofdiseasesand,accordingtoexperts,it'sontherise.ProfessorPeterTyrerfromImperialCollegeLondonsaid,"Wefindthatapproximatelyfouroutoffiveofourpatientswithhealthanxietyspendliterallyhoursontheinternet.Oneofthefirstthingswedointreatmentistotellthemtostopbrowsingtheinternet."Astudyafewyearsagoalsofoundmanydoctorsfeltintimidatedbytheincreasingnumbersofweb-wisepatientsarrivinginsurgeries.Oncdoctoradmittedtonotbeingveryhappyaboutpatientsusingtheinternet,saying："TheyallseemedtocometomewiththingsI'dneverheardofandveryoftenwiththingswhichseemratherbizarreorinappropriate.1'Ofcoursethereisnodoubt,theworldwidewebhasmostoftheinformationweneedtodiagnoseoursymptoms,butDoctorTyrerpointsout,“itdoesn'thaveanyjudgmentassociatedwithit."Thisiswhyhavingaconsultationwithadoctorface-to-facestillhasitsbenefits.Itwouldseemthenthatavirtualonlinedoctorcanprescribeadoseofusefuladvice,buttechnologyhasn'treplacedthehumanmedicalexpertjustyet.WhatdoestheauthortrytoemphasizeinParagraphI?Thelowefficiencyofthehealthcaresystem.Thetipsformakingappointmentswithdoctors.Thetreatmentforcommonhealthproblems.Thecriticalchallengesforgeneralhospitals.Cyberchondria(Para3)canbedefinedasoverdependenceontheinternetformedicaladvicetoomuchknowledgeabourhealthproblemshealthconcernscausedbyonlineinformationinconectdiagnosisbasedonwebknowledgeAccordingtothedoctors,cyberchondriacanbepreventedisnotunusualishardtopredictmaynotlastlongHowdodoctorsingeneralfeelaboutweb-wisepatients?Theyarcsurprisedatpatients'wiseuseofonlineinformation.Theyarefrightenedbypatients'blindtrustofinternetinformation.Theyaresatisfiedwithpatients'suficientknowledgeaboutdiseases.Theyaretroubledbypatients'excessivesearchforhealthinlormation.AccordingtoDoctorTyrer,whatistheproblemwithonlinemedicalinformation?A.Itisusuallynotsufficient.B.Itisnotalwaysaccurate.Itfailstogivejudgment.Itprovidestoomuchinformation.PassageThreeManyofthemajorsupermarketchainshavecomeunderfirewithaccusationsofvariousunethicalactsoverthepastdecade.They'vewastedtonsoffood,They*veunderpaidtheirsuppliersandthey'vecontributedtoexcessiveplasticwasteintheirpackaging,whichhashaditsimpactonourenvironment.Butsupermarketsandgrocersarestartingtositupandtakenotice.Inresponsetogrowingconsumerresentmentagainstthehugeamountsofplasticwastegeneratedbyplasticpackaging,someofthelargestUKsupermarketshavesigneduptoapactpromisingtotransformpackagingandcutplasticwastage.Inapledgetoreuse,recycleorconvertallplasticwastageby2025,supennarketsarenowbeginningtotakesomeresponsibilityfortheparttheyplayincontributingtothedamagetoourenvironment,withonemajorsupermarketannouncingtheirplantoeliminateallplasticpackagingintheircwm-brandproductsby2023.Inresponsetocriticismsoverfoodwaste,somesupermarketsaredonatingsomeoftheirfoodsurplus.However,charitiesestimatethattheyareonlyaccessingtwopercentofsupermarkets'totalfoodsurplus,sothishardlyseemstobesolvingtheproblem.Somesaythatsupermarketsaresimplynotdoingenough.Mostsupermarketsoperateunderaveilofsecrecywhenaskedforexactfiguresoffoodwastage,andwithoutmoretransparencyitishardtocomeupwithasystematicapproachtoavoidingwasteandtoredistributingsurplusfood.Somesmallercompaniesarenowtakingmattersintotheirownhandsandofferingconsumersagreeneroption.ShopslikeBerlin'sOriginalUnverpaktandLondon'sBulkMarketareplastic-freeshopsthathaveopenedinrecentyears,encouragingcustomerstousetheirowncontainersorconvertiblebags.OnlinegrocerFarmdropeliminatestheneedforlargewarehousesandtheriskofhugefoodsurplusbydeliveringfreshproducefromlocalfannerstoitscustomersonadailybasisviaelectriccars,offeringfarmersthelion'sshareoftheretailprice.Thereisnodoubtthatwestillhavealongwaytogoinreducingfoodwasteandplasticwastc.Butperhapsthemajorsupermarketsmighttakeinspirationfromthesesmallergrocersandgraduallymovetowardsamoresustainablefuturefbrusall.WhichisNOTmentionedasanunethicalactofmajorsupermarketchains?WastinglargeamountsoffoodProducingexcessiveplasticwaste.UnderpayingtheirsuppliersSellinggoodsofpoorquality.Theword"pact"(Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto""AgreementorganizationCampaignprogramAccordingtoParagraph3,supermarkets'donationoftheirfoodsurplusreceiveshighpraisesisconsideredasagoodcharityisregardedasnotdoingenougharousesmorecriticismsFarmdropismentionedasanexamplethatprovidesplastic-freebagsandcontainerseasieraccesstofreshproduceagreatvarietyofhealthyfoodsgoodsatmorecompetitivepricesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatsomebusinessesarereluctanttoreducetheirwastemajorsupermarketsrefusetodopublicgoodsomesmallcompaniesbetterprotecttheenvironmentamoresustainablefuturefbrallissoontocomePassageFourWeallknowpeoplewhosaytheyhave"nosenseofdirection.^Yetfbrsomepeoplethatdescriptionistrueinallcircumstances：Iftheytakeasinglewrongturnonanestablishedroutetheyoftenbecometotallylost.ThishappensevenwhentheyarejustafewmilesfromwheretheyliveThisconditioniscalleddevelopmentaltopographicdisorientation(DTD),theinabilitytoorientwithintheenvironment.ltdidn'tevenhaveaformalnameuntil2009,whenGiuseppelariareportedhisfirstcaseinthejournalNcuropsychologia.EllenRosehadbeenapatientofmineforyearsbeforeIrealizedthatshehadthislife-longlearningdisability.LikeotherpeoplewithDTD,shecanfollowarouteinpieces,butitneverbecomespartofalargerspatialunderstanding.That'sbecauseshedoesnothavealargerspatialunderstandingofherenvironment.Iaskedhertodrawadiagramofthesecondfloorofthehousesheshareswithherdaughterandson-in-law.Itwasadifficulttaskforher(shelivesonthefirstfloorbutisveryfamiliarwiththesecond).Shedescribedhereffortnotasabirdlookingdownfromabove,butasaspidercrawlingacrossthepapertracingaroutefromoneroomtotheEllenhasalwayswonderedwhatwaswrongwithher.Sheknewthatwhenothersascribedherproblemstosimplynotpa