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Unit2

Grammarandusage(1)

1.Wheredoesapersoncomefrom?Thiswillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.

=Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffect

theirstyleofspeech.wh-questionsubject2.WhydoesEnglishhavesuchstrangerules?Youcanbegintoseeit!=Youcanbegintosee

whyEnglishhassuchstrange

rules!wh-questionobject3.WhyisEnglishalanguewithsomanyconfusingrules?

Thisisthereason=ThisiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.wh-questionpredicativeAttention:Wechangethewordorderinaclauseafteraquestionwordintothatofastatement.2.Wecannotleaveoutthequestionwordsinnounclausesinanycases.1、引导词what与that的用法区别。引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。例如（NMET’96）：____wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan____wehave.A.What;what B.what;that C.That;that D.That;what ThattheformerIraqpresidentSaddamwascapturedhasbeenproved.2、引导词whether和if的用法区别。通常，引导主语从句、表语从句和引导同位语从句时，要用连词whether，不用if；习惯上也只能说whetherornot，而不说if…ornot。例如（MET92）：____the2000OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisnotknownyet.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That名词性从句的语序。与别的从句一样，名词性从句必须用自然语序，即使在疑问句中，从句也不倒装（而在主句上倒装）。例如（MET91）:Noonecanbesure____inamillionyears.A.whatmanwilllooklike B.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhat D.whatlookwillmanlike 4、Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法区别。一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。例如（NMET97）：Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild____heorshewants.A.however B.whateverC.whichever D.whenever Where,when,why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。Where,when,why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑要求。例如（NMET’99）：—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthat____youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.thatD.where IV.Exercises:AonPage28BonPage28Answers:4.O5.O6.PB.1.why2.what3.whichV.ChoosethebestanswerDoyouremember______hecame?Yes,Ido.Hecamebycar.a.howb.whenc.thatd.if2._____we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.a.Ifb.Whetherc.Thatd.Whereab3.Wordhascame__________someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisit.4.______knowsthetruthwilltellyouaboutit.WhothatB.WhoeverC.WhomthatD.Thatwho3.Askher_____comewithus.a.Ifshewillb.ifwillshec.whethershed.whetherwillshe4._____wecan’’tunderstandis_____hedidn’’tjoinusinourdiscussion.a.That;whyb.Which;howc.What;whatd.What;whydaVI.主主语从句句在复合句句中作主主句的主主语.引引导词有有连词that(that不可省),whether;代代词有who,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等.如:1.Thatheisafamoussingerisknowntous.(Itisknowntousthatheisafamoussinger.)2.WhenhewillgotoAmericaisnotyetfixed.(ItisnotyetfixedwhenhewillgotoAmerica.)3.Whethershe’scomingornotdoesn’tmattertoomuch.(notif)(Itdoesn’’tmattertoomuchwhethershe’’scomingornot.)VII.宾语从从句在复合句句中作主主句的宾宾语.引引导词有有连词that(that常可省略略),whether,if;代词有who,whose,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等.如:1.Webelieve(that)heishonest.2.Iaskedif(=whether)theyhadacheapsuit.3.Canyoutellwhichdictionaryishers?4.Ireallydon’’tknowwhatheisdoing.VIII.表语语从句在复合句句中作主主句的表表语.引引导词有有连词that(that不可省),whether;代代词有who,what,which;副词when,where,how,why等.如:Theproblemisthatwedidn’’tgetintouchwithhim.ThisishowHenrysolvedtheproblem.Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)finishtheworkatonce.如果句子子的主语语是suggestion,advice.order等名词词时,后面面引导导的表表语从从句用用should+动词词原形形,should可可省略略.IX.同位位语从从句在句中中起同同位语语的作作用.一般放放在名名词fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后后,用用以说说明或或解释释前面面的名名词.引导导词有有连词词that;少少数情情况下下也可可用连连接副副词等等.如如:1.Thethoughtthatwemightsuccessexcitedus.2.Theideathattheyshouldtryasecondtimeisworthconsidering.3.Thesuggestionthattheplan(should)bedelayedwillbediscussedtomorrow.4.YouhavenoideahowworriedIwas.名词suggestion,advice.order等词后后的同同位语语从句句的谓谓语动动词要要用should+动词词原形形,should可可省略略.WrittenexercisesforNounclausesX.Homework:C1onpage94Unit2Grammarandusage(2)EmptyItNanjingUniversityAttachedHighSchoolZhuYunhuiRevisionIt’’sabook.(指代代)It’’seighto’’clock.(时时间)It’’scoldoutside.(天气气)It’’salongwaytothemuseum.(距离离)II.EmptysubjectitWecanuseitasanemptysubjectA.whenweuseanounclauseasthesubjectofasentence.(correct)ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.b.(correct)WhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.c.(correct)Whenweusecertainwordsdependsonthestyleofwriting.(preferable)ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.=(preferable)ItiseasytoanswerwhetherEnglishwillcontinuechanginginthefuture.=(preferable)Itdependsonthestyleofwritingwhenweusecertainwords.=It作作形形式主主语的的句型型:It+be+adj.(true,certain,possible,obvious,likely…)that……2.It+be+nounphrase(nowonder,anhonour,apity,…)that……3.It+be+pastparticiple(said,reported,expected,announced…)that…4.It+seems/appearsthat….5.Itdoesn’’tmatterthat……B.Whenthesubjectisato-infinitive:a.(correct)Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.b.(correct)Toknowhowtouseacomputerisimportant.(preferable)Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.=(preferable)Itisimportanttoknowhowtouseacomputer.=C.Whenthesubjectisav-ingforma.(correct)Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.b.(correct)IttakesalotofmytimetravellingtoBeijing.Weusuallyusetheemptysubjectitwithaclauseorto-infinitive(preferable),butwiththev-ingformweprefertherealsubjectatthebeginning.Tip(preferable)Smokingisdifficulttostop.=(preferable)TravellingtoBeijingtakesupalotofmytime.=2.Itcanalsobeusedbeforeseem,appear,happen,chance,turnoutandproveastheemptysubjectofasentence.:a.Heseemstospeaktwolanguages.b.Mynewneighbourhappenstocomefrommyhometown.Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=Ithappensthatmynewneighbourcomesfrommyhometown.=3.Wecanemphasizethesubject,object,oradverbialinasentencebyusingit+be+theword/phraseyouemphasize+aclauseintroducedbythatorwho.a.Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.Ifwedonotemphasizeanything,thesentencecanbe:IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.强调句:1.ItisProf.LiwhoteachesusEnglish.强调主语2.ItisEnglishthatProf.Liteachesus.强调宾语3.ItwasinShanghaithatIsawthefilm.强调状语III.Exercises:AonPage31Bonpage31Answers:2.Itdependsuponwhatyouseeandheartodecidewhattheyare.3.Italwayspuzzlesmewhymydogbarksincertainways.4.Itwon’tbedifficultbuyingamachinelikethis.B.2.Itisbecausethereareseveralracialgroupslivin