2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

--PAGE14-2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(IOpoints)MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeG.I.JoeasamindlesswarthesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butnothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theG.I.wasthe2mangrownintohero,thepoorfarmkidtomawayfromhispaid,5anaverageuphome,theguywho3alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.Thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonepaid,5anaverageup6thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisn'tmuch.G.I.isjustamilitaryabbreviation_]_Government anditwasonallofthearticles 8 tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever 9 ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoePalooka,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas_lQhadapresidentorvice-presidentorsecretaryofstateJoe.G.I.Joehada11careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacter,ora12ofAmericanpersonalities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofG.I.Joe,basedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle13portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe14sideofthewar,writingaboutthedirt-snow-and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanymileswere15orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated.Hisreports16the"Willie"cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesartistBillMaulden.Bohmen17thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the18ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.19Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericansoldier,20themostimportantpersonintheirlives.[A]served [C]rebelled[A]actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal[A]loaded [B]eased [C]removed [D]bore[A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence7.[A]implying[A]for [B]into [C]from [D]against7.[A]implying[A]handedout [B]turnedover [C]broughtback [D]passeddown9.[A]pushedgot [C]made9.[A]pushed[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither[A]disguised [B]disturbed

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distinguished[A]employed [C]interviewed [D]questioned[A]human [B]military [C]political [D]ethical[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [D]contradicted[A]neglected [B]emphasized [C]avoided [D]admired[A]stages [B]illusions[A]With [B]To

[D]advances[A]onthecontrary[B]bythismeans [C]fromtheoutset [D]atthatpointSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Homeworkhasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonthiseducationalritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblepolicywhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses,homeworkmaynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent'sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheirhomework.Butthepolicyisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,nohomeworkshouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotcompleteontheirownorthatcannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirhomeworkbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythathomeworkwillstillbeapartofschooling;teachersareallowedtoassignasofitastheywant.Butwithhomeworkcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirhomeworkandseeverylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheirhomework,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheirhomework?Itisquitepossiblethatthehomeworkhelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirtheaflat,rule.Atthesametime,thepolicyaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabouthomework.Ifthedistrictfindshomeworktobeunimportanttoitsstudents'academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifhomeworkmatters,itshouldaccountforasignificantportionofthegrade.Meanwhile,thispolicydoesnothingtoensurethatthehomeworkstudentsreceiveismeaningfulorappropriatetotheirageandthesubject,orthatteachersarenotassigningmorethanarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Thehomeworkrulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducationalpolicy,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodohomeworkright.ItisimpliedinParagraph1thatnowadayshomework .isreceivingmorecriticismisgainingmorepreferencesisnolongeraneducationalritualisnotrequiredforadvancedcoursesL.A.UnifiedhasmadetheruleabouthomeworkmainlybecausepoorstudentstendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducationhaveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandardmayhaveproblemsfinishingtheirhomeworkhavevoicedtheircomplaintsabouthomeworkAccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththepolicyisthatitmay .resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcardsunderminetheauthorityofstatetestsrestrictteachers'powerineducationdiscouragestudentsfromdoinghomeworkAsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredabouthomeworkwhetheritshouldbeeliminateditcountsmuchinschoolingitplacesextraburdensonteachersitisimportantforgradesAsuitabletitleforthistextcouldbeAFaultyApproachtoHomeworkAWelcomedPolicyforPoorStudentsThornyQuestionsaboutHomeworkWrongInterpretationsofanEducationalPolicyText2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls'lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinvsliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneitalsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls'identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls'livesandinterests.Girls'attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirbutaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What'smore,bothandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren'smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren'sbehaviour:wrong.Tumsout,accordingtoCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids'clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becameacommonshoppers'termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences—orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.Bysaying"itis…therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink .cannotexplaingirls'lackofimaginationshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocenceshouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhoodcannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterestsAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?Coloursareencodedintoberegardedascolourforgirls.Whiteispreferredbybabies.Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.Thersuggeststrnofspsychologicalwasmuchinfluencedby .eobservationofsnaturethemarketingofproductsforchildrensintosstudiesofchildhoodconsumptionWemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedtoclassifyconsumersintosmallergroupsattachequalimportancetodifferentgendersfocusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothescreatesomecommonshoppers'termsItcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemstobe—·fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturersclearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendencymainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmenwellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsText3In2010,afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.Companieshadwonpatentsforisolatedfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswerepatented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholdpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastariskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherTheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasAgrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature…thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds."Despitetheappealsdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.Astheindustryadvances,however,othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.Companiesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanmolecules—mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteract,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictaefficacy.Companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor"connectingthedots,"explainsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1thatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike .genestobepatentabletheBIOtoissueawarningtheirexecutivestobeactivejudgestoruleoutgenepatentingThosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat .genetictestsarenotreliableonlyman-madeproductsarepatentablepatentsongenesdependmuchoninnovationcourtsshouldrestrictaccesstogenetictestsAccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor .discoveringgeneinteractionsestablishingdiseasecorrelationsdrawingpicturesofgenesidentifyinghumanBysaying"Eachmeetingwaspacked"(LinePara.6),theauthormeansthatthesupremecourtwasauthoritativetheBIOwasapowerfulorganisationgenepatentingwasagreatconcernlawyerswerekeentoattendconventionsGenerallyspeaking,thesetowardegs .criticalscornfulText4Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimately,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforyears.Noonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways:theyhadbecomelessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofrecklesspersonalspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideoutsideU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean­spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsandfreedoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesconflictbetweenracesandclasses.Incomeinequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinforceclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem—especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistatColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.IntheInternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwithinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety'scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialconflictsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Butcertainlywillreshapeit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.Bysaying"tofindsilverlinings"(Line1,Para.2)theauthorsuggeststhatthejoblesstryto .seeksubsidiesfromthegovernmentmakeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomyexplorereasonsfortheunemploymentlookonthebrightsideoftherecessionAccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople .struggleagainsteachotherrealizethenationaldreamchallengetheirprudencereconsidertheirlifestyleBenjaminFriedmanbelievesthateconomicrecessionsmay .imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrantsbringoutmoreevilsofhumannaturepromotetheadvanceofrightsandfreedomseaseconflictsbetweenracesandclassesTheresearchofWachtersuggeststhatintherecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendtolagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunitiescatchupquicklywithexperiencedemployeesseetheirlifechancesasdimmedastheothers'recovermorequicklythantheothersTheauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis .trivialpositivecertaindestructivePartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonSHEET1.(10points)"Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasaccomplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,"wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavoritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromourforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.wewantnotinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus—OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessofthepersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamuelSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurpose,resoluteworking,andsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformationoftrulynobleandmanlycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmiles,"whatitisinthepowerofeachtoaccomplishforhimself."HisbiographiesofJamesWatt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.Noteveryonewasconvincedbysuchbombast."Thehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietyisthehistoryofclassstruggles,"wroteMarxandEngelsinTheCommunistForthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle,Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistory,butdonotmakeitjustastheyplease;donotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromtheThiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionisedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittransformedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustasfascinatingasupstairs.PetrarchPetrarchNiccoloMachiavelliSamuelSmilesThomasCarlyleMarxandEngelsemphasizedthevirt