2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

--PAGE13-SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(lOpoints)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras"abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitsthewalkingorjoggingdoes.6insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterys_.sgbacktothe1930selaughter_8_muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalAnyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesothertypesof10an11oneclassicalofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedm1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWilrzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto___lQ_apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile-orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatmayjusttheway20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.[A]among[A]reflect[A]stabilizing[A]transmit[A]measurable[A]Inturn[A]opposite[A]hardens[A]aggravate[A]physical[A]Exceptfor[A]with[A]unless[A]exhausts[A]into[A]fetch[A]disappointed[A]adapted[A]suggesting[A]Eventually

[B]except [C]despite [D]like[B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce[B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining[B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe[B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable[B]Infact [C]Inaddition [D]Inbrief[B]impossible [C]average [D]expected[B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes[B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance[B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal[B]Accordingto [C]Dueto [D]Asfor[B]on [C]in [D]at[B]until [C]if [D]because[B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses[B]from [C]towards [D]beyond[B]bite [C]pick [D]hold[B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent[B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted[B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing[B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!"wroteAnthonyasober­sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim"anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart­lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe"consumed"atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.WelearnfromParagraph1thatGilbert'sappointmenthasincurredcriticism.raisedsuspicion.receivedacclaim.arousedcuriosity.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisinfluential.modest.respectable.talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoersignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.mostkindsofrecordedperformances.exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeelsdoubtful.enthusiastic.confident.puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalofrunningacompany."Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision,"McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeago,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatafinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong."McGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbeasbeingarrogant.frank.self-centered.impulsive.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives'quittingmaybespurredbytheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.Theword"poached"(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeansapprovedof.attendedto.huntedfor.guardedagainst.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattopperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.safertosticktothetraditionalrules.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?CEOs:WheretoGo?CEOs:AlltheWayUp?ManagersJumpwithoutaNetTheOnlyOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayarole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"earned"mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemgivescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial­mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Consumersmaycreate"earned"mediawhentheyareobsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainsites.inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureasafebusinessenvironment.randomcompetition.strongusertraffic.flexibilityinorganization.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.ToyotaMotor'eratingwithsupportiveconsumers.takingadvantageofmedia.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.Conflictbetweenandearnedmedia.Dominanceofmedia.Popularityofownedmedia.Text4nosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,"IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,"isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to­dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat"theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight."ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-mornSandraBullock,aswellastheusual"JenniferAnistonispregnant"news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymorn,ormorn-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten­killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildless.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir"own"(read:withround-the­clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting"theRachel"mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringtemporarydelight.inprogress.happinessinretrospect.lastingreward.WelearnfromParagraph2thatcelebritymornsareapermanentsourceforgossip.singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolksareconstantlyexposedtocriticism.arelargelyignoredbythemedia.failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.AccordingtoParagraph4,pensatory.misleading.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymorns.Celebritymornshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,Menandpointsout,becomealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[BJHisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldpossess.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata"generaleducation"shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread"-theyformasortofsocialglue.[qEquallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.ButfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiesEnglishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequirefewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeofthesis-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinmedicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[EJBesidesprofessionalisingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMr.Menand,isthat"theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecialisationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable."Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich"theproducersofknowledgeareproduced".Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticise."Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."quitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddoesnot[GJTheandintelligentbookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformResistanceintheAmericanbereadbythinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanuniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardcaptureditG1.1-142.1E1-143.1-144.15PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat"Mindisthemasterweaver,"creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkethbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becaus