商务英语中级备考习题

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Inthispart,therearesomereadingpassagesfollowedby5questionsorunfinishedstatementseach.ForeachofthemtherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestoneaccordingtoyourunderstanding.

Presentpensionstructuresnolongerwork.Theywereestablishedinamoreyouthfulperiodwithrelativelyfewolderpeoplewhowereoftenpoorandill,andgenerallyspentonlyashorttimeinretirement.Inrichcountriestoday,olderpeopleareoftenwell-offandingoodhealth,andarespendingaround20yearsinretirement.Thereforethereistheneedforreform.

Thissurveyhaspresentedtheargumentsformoreprivatefundingandforfairerpensions.Suchchangeswillcreatemotivesforinpidualstotakechargeoftheirownretirementneedsratherthanleavingthetasktothestate.This,inturn,willmaketheprovisionofpublicpensionsmoreaffordable.

Evenso,thestatewillcontinuetoplayaleadingroleinpensions.Ataminimum,governmentsmustofferasafetynet,probablyintheformofadefinedbenefitfinancedthroughtaxation,forpeoplewhoforsomereasonhavenotbeenabletoprovideforthemselvesandwhowouldotherwisebemiserableinoldage.Morebroadly,thereisauseforthestatetoofferaslimmed-downpay-as-you-gopensionsystem,althoughasfaraspossiblethisshouldbeorganizedalongdefined-contributionslines.Suchprovisionwidenstherangeofassetstoincludehumancapitalbecausetheeffectivereturncomesfromtotalwages,andoffersasafeinlowreturn.

Governmentsalsohavetocreateasuitableframeworkforeffectiveprivatepensions.Administrative行政的expenseshavetobetightlycontrolled,andappropriatetaxmotiveshavetobeofferedtoencouragevoluntarypensionsaving.Wherethestateprovidesageneroussafetynet,private-pensionsavingmayhavetobemademandatory强制的,otherwisemanypeoplewillnotbother.

Somuchforthedevelopedcountries,butwhatofthemoreyouthfulpopulationsoftherestoftheworld?In1994,theWorldBankcamedownheavilyinfavorofmorefundinginprivateaccounts.Itthoughtthestatesroleshouldbetoprovideasmallishfirstpillarwiththelimitedtaskofprovidingprotectionagainstold-agepoverty,andtocommandaprivately-fundedsecondpillartoprovidethebulkofpensions.

21.Moreprivatefundingandfairerpensions_______.

A.canurgepeopletosavemoreprivatepensions

B.maybefinancedthroughtax

C.canlessentheburdenofthestate

D.canprovidemorepublicpensions

22.Tocreateaproperframeworkforeffectiveprivatepensions,thegovernmentshould_______.

A.increasetheincometoencouragevoluntarypensionsaving

B.encouragevoluntarypensionsaving

C.makegooduseofadministrativecosts

D.notcommandpeopletosaveprivate-pensions

23.AccordingtotheWorldBank,wecanlearnthat_______.

A.thestateshouldprovidethemajorityofpensions

B.thestateshouldprovidemoreprotectionagainstold-agepoverty

C.therolethatthestateplaysinpensionsissmall

D.privatefundingshouldprovidethemajorityofpensions

24.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Thestateshouldprovideprotectionforalltheoldpeople.

B.Thestatehastocreateasuitableframeworktorestricttheprivatepensions.

C.Thestateshouldprotectthosewhocantsupportthemselves.

D.Thestatewillplayasecondaryroleinpensionsduetomoreprivatepensions.

25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagetheauthorisprobably_______.

A.anofficialengagedinreformationofpensionstructures

B.asociologistdevo