大学英语四级语法汇编

大学英语四级语法汇编I动词（语态，用法，省略一致性等）语态1）可以有两种被动结构的类型，例如：Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit（你应该晓得速度限制）2）双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a）双宾语结构的被动语态：双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保存在谓语后面，但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.b）宾补结构的被动语态：ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.d）被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.2)功用：不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?Wehavecometolearnfromyou.不带to的不定式：在〃动词+宾语+不定式〃结构中，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watchzsmell,feel,notice等，或是表示〃致使〃意义的have,make,let等，其后的不定式结构不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to.rdrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letflyzletslip,letdrive,letgoofzlettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.rveheardtellofhim.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?e)在介词exceptbut之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.Therezsnochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出现在句中其他位置时，其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.g)用作补语的动词不定式，如果主语是由〃all+关系分句〃，"thing+关系分句〃，〃what分句〃或〃thing+不定式结构〃等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too...to结构通常表示否认意义：Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthatenough...to结构那么表示肯定意义：Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoozonlytoo等和不定式连用时，不定式一般不表示否认意义：He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so...as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语：Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时，不定式前可加一个of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况：It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.2.V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1)形式a)完成式：如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式.Hedidrftmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些动词后（或成语中），常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式，尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon'tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.另外，独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.b）被动式：当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn'tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Hermethodisworthtrying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立结构中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You'IIfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn7tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.c）完成被动式：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.Idon'trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多数情况下都防止使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.2）句法功用a)作主语：Walkingisgoodexercise.It'snicetalkingtoyou.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.b)作宾语：Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustnztdelaysendingthetractorsover.Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.c)作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见的有：insiston,persistin,thinkofdreamofzobjecttozsuspect...of,accuse...ofcharge...with,hearof,approveofprevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend…in,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableofbeafraidof,betiredofbesickofsucceedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudofbekeenon,beresponsiblefor.d)作表语：Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来，在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某词动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式.作宾语补足语：分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后，及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn7tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn7twanttogotothecinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相当于when引起的从句：Seeingthosepictures,hecouldnrthelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用when或while加分词这种结构.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.3）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词的所有格结构），来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词宾格），这比用所有格更自然一些.Idon'tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.只能用动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp；mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoffzrequire,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语的动词：love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can7tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can'tafford等.有时两种结构之间意义差异不大，有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差异是比较明显的.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregrettosayIhaven7tgivenyouenoughhelp.Shedoesnztwant(need)tocome.Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.Letzstrydoingtheworksomeotherway.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.3.短语动词Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep(有被动语态)She'slookingafterhersister'schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.Vt+O+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.Vt+adv+O(无被动语态)Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

6）悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking是we的动作，正确）Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（错误）Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.（正确）Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（错误）3.分词1）意义：过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；而现在分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravellerfrozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravelleraboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostcauseaboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostcausealostcausealosingbattleaconqueredarmyalostcausealosingbattleaconqueredarmyaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticleaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticleafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordthespokenwordaspeakingbirdthespokenwordaspeakingbirdaclosedshoptheclosinghourarecordedtalkarecordedtalkarecordedtalkarecordingmachinearecordedtalkarecordingmachine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词，仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在意义上相当于关系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.2）句法作用a）彳乍定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品，boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语：simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间，clear-cutanswer明确的答复,highly-developedindustry高度开展的工业，heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢，hand-madegoods手工制品，man-madesatellite人造卫星b）作补足语：可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示"致使〃意义的动词：Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意义的动词：Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon'tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.c)过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.间或也可表示一个假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个〃让步〃状语从句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.d）独立结构：在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一,致.但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立结构，一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.有时可以表示时间：Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.表示原因：Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.条件：Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.m虚拟语气that从居中：wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.IwishIrememberedtheaddress.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句：Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepostitisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等结构后的主语从句中.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句：Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.在某些句型中itistimethatItistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.asif(though)引起的从句：Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形)：Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.rIIkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时，谓语多用may加动词原形构成)：Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管发生什么情况，我们都要干下去.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.我成认他年老体衰，然而尽管如此，它仍是优秀的政治家.条件句1）虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a）表示现在及将来情况（表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况）：谓语主要形式如下（be多用were这个形式）：从句主句过去式would+动词原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.b）表示过去情况的虚拟条件句（与事实完全相反的假设情况），谓语主要形式如下：从句主句had+过去分词wouldhave+过去分词Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadnzttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn'thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.2）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）.这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadnztgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或couldz有时可把if省略掉，并把were,had,should或could放在主语前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.IV介词.合成介词和复杂介词合成介词：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without复杂介词:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansofinfrontofinspiteof,insteadofinaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等.介词在句末：Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?.名词加介词(n+prep)某些名词之后要求用某些介词:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor某些名词之前要求用某些介词：onone'sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight.动词加介词Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchuponVt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等Vi+adv+prep:Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You'renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Vt+O+adv+prep:Youshouldn'ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.Weshouldn'tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning..形容词加介词about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad/particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat—awkward,bad,clever;disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etcfor—convenienteligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom—evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficientexpert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof—apprehensive,characteristic,criticaldestructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon—dependentkeen,intent,etcto—acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deafdestructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith-awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etcV连词.并列连词表示意义的弓I申：and,both...and,notonly…but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,neither...nor4.省略1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一局部(特别是动词be)省略掉.Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.WhiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaprojectAlthoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Thisviewpointhoweverunderstandable,iswrong.Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.IfnecessaryFIIhavetheletterduplicated.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.表示选择:or,either...or表示转折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence.附属连词表示时间:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonaszonce表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat表示条件:ifunless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongaszoncondition(that),表示其他关系：(al)though,than,as/so...as,lest,inorderthat,so...thatVI定语从句.限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成局部，去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质，去掉了不会影响主要意义，通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my,his,etc)或形容词性指示代词(this,that,etc)作限定词，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的：MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人用which指物，通常不用that替代.Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.2.定语从句的引导词1）that,who,whom:非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用who,有时用that（作主语时用who较多）.如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom或that,但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Hereistheman(whom)you'vebeenlookingfor.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.但在介词后只能用whom:ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去，这时可用that,但省略时更多一些.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingaboutThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.2)限制性定语从句如果修饰〃物〃，用关系代词that的时候较多，也有时用which..当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时，在绝大多数情况下都是省略的，特别是口语中(尤其是当被修饰的词是all,everything等词时)：Haveyoueverythingyouneed?(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.在介词后只能用Which,在口语中一般都把介词放到从句后部去，这时可以用that,但省略的时候更多一止匕•Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwezvehadsomuchdiscussion.Thisisthequestion(that)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的，但间或也可以修饰整个句子a),或是句子的一局部b),引导词用which:Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewantedWhendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwaszhewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.whose:在表示"的〃这个概念时，可用所有格whose;whose用于指物，有时可与ofwhich交替使用，通常的词序是名词词组+ofwhich:Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear,(...thepurposeofwhichwas...)He'swrittenabookthenameofwhichrvecompletelyforgotten,(...whosenamerve...)ofwhich前的名词词组也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基数词担任；这些词也能用在ofwhom之前.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.It'safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.关系副词when,where,why:它们的含义相当于atwhich,inwhich,forwhichz因此它们之间有交替使用的可能.Thedaywhenhewasborn...onwhichhewasborn...whichhewasbornon...Theofficewhereheworks...atwhichheworks...whichheworksat...有时可用that替代关系副词，在口语中that可省略.Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss.Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口语中that也可省略.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.That'sthewayIlookatit..如果定语从句中谓语为thereis,作主语的关系代词也常可省掉：ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing..定语从句的简化：定语从句与不定式结构,-ing分词结构,-ed分词结构以及无动词分句等有着转换关系.Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger（=whorealizedthedanger）.Thewomandrivingthecar（=whowasdrivingthecar）indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.Themaninjuredbythebullet（=whowasinjuredbythebullet）wastakentohospital.Allthewomenpresent（=whowerepresent）lookedupinalarm.vn倒装.全部倒装和局部倒装：如果谓语在主语前面，就是倒装语序.倒装语序又分为全部倒装和局部倒装.在全部倒装的句子中，整个谓语都放在主语的前面：Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.Incameamanwithawhitebeard.在局部倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一局部（如助动词，情态动词，或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其余局部仍在主语后面：Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.Icouldn,tanswerthequestion.Norcouldanyoneelseinourclass.Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoaccomplishtheabove-mentionedglorioustask..以neither,nor,so等开始的句子：由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）的句子（肯定句），由neither,nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人（或东西）的句子（否认句），助动词或be置于主语前.〃Wemuststartforthework-sitenow"."Somustwe."Iamquitewillingtohelpandsoaretheothers.Hedidn/tdropanyhint.Nor(Neither)didhissecretary."1won,tdosuchathing/'/zNor(Neither)willI"如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管是用so开头，语序也不要颠倒./zItwascoldyesterday/1"Soitwas.”"TomorrowwillbeMonday."〃Soitwill.".当句首状语为never,little,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等否认词或有否认意义的词语时,一般引起局部倒装.Nolongeraretheystayingwithus.Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.UndernocircumstancescouldIagreetosuchaprinciple..表示位置或方向的副词提前，谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时，通常用全部倒装：Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.ThedoorburstopenandIrushedthecrowd.Therecomesthebus!Nowcomesyourturn.如果主语是代词，仍用正常语序:Therecomesyourturn.有here引起，谓语为be的句子，也要倒装：HereisChina'slargesttropicalforestHerearesomepicture-books.如果主语是代词，仍用正常语序：Hereweare.Thisisthenewrailwaystation.“Givemesomepaper.”"Hereyouare".表语和系动词提前：介词短语:OntheothersidewasnorthernXinjiang.Nearthesouthernendofthevillagewasalargepearorchard.形容词：Veryimportantinthefarmer7slifeistheradioweatherreportWorstofallwerethehumiliationshesuffered.副词：Belowisarestaurant.Southwestofthereservoirwere2z000acresofsandywasteland.分词：HousedintheCulturalPalacearealibrary,anauditoriumandrecreationrooms.Hiddenundergroundisawealthofgold,silver,copper,leadandzink.Lyingonthefloorwasaboyagedabout17.Standingbesidethetablewasaninterpreter.6)句首状语假设由only+副词，only+介词词组,only+状语从句构成，引起局部倒装：Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.有notonly开头的句子或分句，往往引起局部倒装：Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.Notonlydidthegarageoverchargemezbuttheyhadn'tdoneaverygoodrepairjobeither.vn比拟级和最高级.无比拟级和最高级的形容词及副词:complete,perfect,utter,etc.比拟从句as...as,almost/just/nearlyas...as,notso/as...as:We'IIgiveyouasmuchhelpaswecan.Ihaven'tmadeasmuchprogressasIshould.We'veproducedtwiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidtenyearsago.MycommandofEnglishisnothalfso(as)goodasyours.than,somuch/alotmorethan,nomore...than,notmore...than,lessthanmore...than,less...than可表示〃与其说…不如说…"：Heismoregoodthanbad.Hewaslesshurtthanfrightened.Thepresentcrisisincapitalistcountriesismuchmoreapoliticalthananeconomiccrisis.〃no+形容词或副词比拟级+than”所表示的可以是该形容词或副词的相反的含义：norichthan=aspoorasnobiggerthan=assmallasnolaterthan=asearlyasJohnisnobetterthanTom.Ihavetakennomorethansixcoursesthissemester.themore...themore(越是…就越…)Actually,thebusierheiszthehappierhefeels.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.2)在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略.Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.3)错误的省略HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchasznolessthan,morethan等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.Themoretheytalked,themoreencouragedtheyfelt.4）moreofa,asmuchofa,lessofa,etc:当asmuchofa...as,more/lessofa...than等结构与单数可数名词搭配时，名词只能置于比拟结构中间.Heismoreofasportsmanthanhisbrother.IX名词性从句：名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句.1.主语从句有三类：a）由what等代词引导的主语从句:what表示〃…所…的（东西）〃，在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句;whatever表示〃所…的一切〃；whoever表示〃一切…的人〃.WhatyouneedismorepracticeWhatishardistodogoodallonezslifeandneverdoanythingbad.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.WhateverIhaveisatyourservice.Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.Whoeverfailstoseethiswillmakeabig