医学英语综合教程Unit1Anatomy课件

MedicalEnglish—AnIntegratedCourseMedicalEnglish—AnIntegratedUnit1AnatomyUnit1AnatomyUnit1Anatomy

Brain-storming1WordsandText2TranslationinMedicalLiterature(timepermitted)3Assignment:After-classListening,ReadingandWriting5OralPresentation4Unit1AnatomyBrain-storming1Brainstorming1.Whatisanatomy?Anatomyisthestudyofthestructureofanimalsandtheirparts,andisalsoreferredtoaszootomy(动物解剖学)toseparateitfromhumananatomy.Brainstorming1.WhatisanatomBrainstorming2.Subdivisionsofanatomy?1).Grossanatomy大体解剖学a.surfaceanatomy表面解剖学b.regionalanatomy局部解剖学c.systemicanatomy系统解剖学2).Microscopicanatomy显微解剖学a.cytology细胞学b.histology组织学3).Otheranatomya.developmentalanatomy发育解剖学embryology胚胎学parativeanatomy比较解剖学c.clinicalanatomyBrainstorming2.SubdivisionsoIV.WordFormationLead-in词根（root）&词缀（affix）International词根是英语语言中不能再分的最小单位,能代表一个完整的意思并独立存在,称为root.例如:nation,art,face,view等等词缀是指加在词根之前或之后的一个最小语素,它也有一定意义,但是不能独立存在,必须依附于词根.可分为前缀(加在词根之前)和后缀(加在词根之后).一般前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性.IV.WordFormationLead-inIV.WordFormationMoreexamples:前缀否定：dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,non-,mis-,de-,counter-,anti-“前”：pre-preview,preface,pre-existing“后”：post-post-war,post-graduate后缀-able形容词后缀：reliable,understandable-ics名词后缀表学科：economics,physics,acoustics-en动词后缀：sharpen,awaken,brighten,broadenIV.WordFormationMoreexampleIV.WordFormationRen-[拉]Renalhypertension肾性高血压Renalinsufficiency肾机能不全Renaldiabetes肾性糖尿病Renalfailure肾衰竭Renallobe肾叶Nephr(o)-[希]Nephroscope肾镜Nephroscopy

肾镜检查Nephrotomy[ne'frɒtəmɪ]肾切开术Nephrolith['nɛfrəlɪθ]肾结石IV.WordFormationRen-[拉]NephIV.WordFormationCardi-[希]Cardioaortic主心动脉的Cardiopulmonary心肺的Cardiovascular心血管的Cardiogram心电图Pulm-[拉]Pulmoaortic肺与主动脉的-ology……学问，科学Biology生物学Geology地质学Mycology真菌学IV.WordFormationCardi-[希]PuIV.WordFormation-tomy[希]

后缀切开术Nephrolithotomy

[,nefrəuli'θɔtəmi]肾结石切除术Arteriotomy[ɑ:,tiəri'ɔtəmi]动脉切开术Ventriculostomy[ven,trikju'lɔstəmi]脑室切开术IV.WordFormation-tomy[希]后缀Gercostaladj.7.arteriolen.8.bronchialadj.9.hilumn.10.alveolaradj.11.capillaryn.12.shuntv./n.13.ventriclen.A.血管的，脉管的B.小气泡C.肋间的D.心房E.外周，外围F.（使）分流G.（脑、心）室H.主动脉I.毛细血管J.支气管的K.心最小静脉L.门M.小动脉Glossary1.aortan.A.血管的，脉管的Glossary1.cortexn.2.apexn.3.papillan.4.vertebran.5.medullan.6.thoracicadj.7.coronaladj.8.calyxn.9.corticomedullaryjunctionA.胸的，胸廓的B.脊椎骨，椎骨C.盏D.乳突E.皮髓质结合F.顶尖G.皮质H.髓质I.冠状的Glossary1.cortexn.A.胸的，胸廓Glossary1.parenchyman.2.afferent

adj.3.efferentadj.4.renaladj.5.renalpelvis6.nephronn.7.glomerularadj.8.uretern.9.arcuateartery10.glomerulusn.A.肾的B.传出的C.肾盂D.传入的E.输尿管F.肾小球的G.肾单位H.（肾）小球I.实质J.弓状动脉Glossary1.parenchyman.A.肾的I.TextPleaseskimthefirstpartofthetextandthenanswerthefirst3questions.I.TextPleaseskimthefirstpI.Text1.Wheredothelungsgettheirbloodsupply?Answer：Thelungreceivesitsbloodsupplyfromtwovascularsystems—thebronchialandpulmonarycirculations.I.Text1.WheredothelungsgI.Text2.Doesthenutritivebloodflowtothealveolarstructures?Answer：No.Itflowstoallbutthealveolarstructures.I.Text2.DoesthenutritivebI.Text3.Whatis/areresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung?Answer：Smallmusculararteriesareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.I.Text3.Whatis/areresponsTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.1.flow的词性？2.which指代的是谁？3.句子主干？4.尝试翻译。名词ThebronchialcirculationThenutritivebloodflowcomesfromthebronchialcirculation.先译主干，再进行补充TextAnalysis:Part1ThenutriTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.参考译文：肺的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。TextAnalysis:Part1ThenutriTextAnalysis:Part1draininto流入，排入，注入e.g.Today’sslaverwilldrainintotomorrow’stear.今日垂涎，明日流泪。e.g.The

rivers

drain

into

the

Balkhash

lake,which

sustains

the

livelihood

of

more

thantwo

million

Kazakhs.

这些河流汇入巴尔喀什湖，维系着两百多万哈萨克人的生活。TextAnalysis:Part1drainintTextAnalysis:Part1Theremainder(ofwhat?)drainsintothepulmonaryveinsand,alongwiththecontributionfromthethebesianveinsintheheart,representsacomponentofthe1to2percentright-to-leftshuntfoundinnormalsubjects.参考译文：剩余的（2/3）输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。TextAnalysis:Part1TheremaiTextAnalysis:Part1Thearteriesdowntothelevelofthesubsegmentalairways(2-mmdiameter)arethin-walled,predominantlyelasticvessels.1.downto表示的位置关系？2.句子主干？3.尝试翻译参考译文：肺段支气管（直径2mm）以上的肺动脉血管壁薄，（主要是）且富弹性。TextAnalysis:Part1ThearterTextAnalysis:Part1Beyond

this,thearteriesbecomemuscularizeduntiltheyreachdiametersof30μm,atwhichpointthemuscularcoatdisappears.1.this指代什么？2.beyond如何与上文衔接？参考译文：由此下行，动脉成肌肉化发展，逐渐缩窄至仅30微米，（此时）肌肉层消失。TextAnalysis:Part1BeyondthTextAnalysis:Part1Mostofthearterialpressuredrop

takesplaceinthesesmallmusculararteries,whichareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.参考译文：大部分动脉压降产生在这些肌肉化的小动脉中，他们起着调节肺部血流分布的作用。TextAnalysis:Part1MostoftTextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmonaryarteriolesemptyintoanextensivecapillarynetworkanddrainintothin-walledpulmonaryveins,whicheventuallyjoinwiththearteriesandbronchiatthehilumandexitthelungtoentertheleftatrium.1.empty的词性？动词。排空；注入此句中，emptywhatinto……？2.which指代什么？参考译文：肺小动脉将血液排入广泛分布的毛细血管网，流入肺静脉。肺静脉的壁很薄，他们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合/并行，出肺进入左心房。TextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmo语法特点：非限制性关系分句关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构，这种分句结构又称为“定语从句”。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即“定语”）。关系分句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性关系分句（Restrictive

Relative

Clause）和非限制性关系分句（Non-restrictive

Relative

Clause）。语法特点：非限制性关系分句关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构，语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别：1.形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。2.功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：

Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别：3.翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。I’veinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。4.含义不同比较下面的两个句子：Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的语法特点：非限制性关系分句Translation:1.就是这本书，也可以说是小册子，推荐每位内科医生阅读。Thisisthebook,orpamphlet,whichhasbeenrecommendedtoeveryphysician.2.血流可因更快(morerapid)和更有力(morevigorous)的心脏活动(heartaction)而增加，这就使热量加速(accelerate)转移(movementof…to…)到皮肤。Thebloodflowmaybeincreasedbymorerapidandvigorousheartaction,whichacceleratesthemovementofheattotheskin.语法特点：非限制性关系分句Translation:TextAnalysis:Part2Pleasereadthesecondpartofthetextfromthebeginningtotheendandthenanswerthelasttwoquestions.TextAnalysis:Part2PleasereTextAnalysis:Part24.Wheredoafferentarteriolescomefrom?Answer:Afferentarteriolescomefromterminalinterlobulararteries.TextAnalysis:Part24.WhereTextAnalysis:Part25.Whatdotheinterlobulararteriesprovideatthecorticomedullaryjunction?Answer:Thesesmallerarteriesprovideperpendicularbranches,thearcuatearteries,atthecorticomedullaryjunction.TextAnalysis:Part25.Whatd医学英语综合教程Unit1Anatomy课件TextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表达“构成”：1.整体

+Comprise/

consist

of

/

be

composed

of

/

be

made

up

of+部分e.g.The

committee

comprises/

consists

of

two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

teacher.委员会由两名律师、两名记者和一名教师组成。2.部分

+constitute

/

compose/

make

up

+整体

e.g.Two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

head

teacher

constitute

/

compose

the

committee.两名律师、两名记者和一名校长组成该委员会。

TextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表达“构TextAnalysis:Part2现在分词短语做状语表结果：thesecalycescollectivelycommunicatewithmajorcalyces,formingtherenalpelvis.e.g.There

is

mud

and

water

everywhere,

making

it

difficult

to

travel

from

place

to

place.

现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性（自然结果）。（making

可以改为

which

makes，相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。）e.g.他每天回来得很晚，这使他的妻子很生气。Hecomeshomelateeveryevening,makinghiswifeveryangry.TextAnalysis:Part2现在分词短语做状语TextAnalysis:Part2练习：现在分词短语做状语表结果：e.g.她把玩具丢在地上，碎成很多片。Shethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.e.g.她的丈夫十年前去世了，丢下三个孩子需要她照顾。Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,leavingthreechildrenforhertolookafter.TextAnalysis:Part2练习：现在分词短语TextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.1.branching用来修饰什么？2.如何翻译？TextAnalysis:Part2BloodisTextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词，相当于一个定语从句Do

you

know

the

boy

standing

at

the

door?→Doyouknowtheboywhoisstandingatthedoor?Theylivedinahousefacingthesouth.→Theylivedinahousethatfacedthesouth.TextAnalysis:Part2BloodisTextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.branching=whichbranches参考译文：由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。TextAnalysis:Part2BloodisTextAnalysis:Part2Themainarteryusuallydividesintotwomainsegmentalbranches,whicharefurthersubdividedintolobararteriessupplyingtheupper,middle,andlowerregionsofthekidney.参考译文：肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。TextAnalysis:Part2ThemainTextAnalysis:Part2Theglomerularcapillariesreceivebloodthroughafferentarteriolesthatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries.分析：Theglomerularcapillaries(A)receivebloodthroughafferentarterioles(B)thatoriginatefromtheseterminalinterlobulararteries(C).主干：A通过B接收血液，B来源于C→源自C的B为A输送血液参考译文：这些末端叶间动脉伸展出的小动脉为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。TextAnalysis:Part2TheglomeTextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.TextAnalysis:Part2ThenephrTextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.TextAnalysis:Part2ThenephrTextAnalysis:Part2Thenephroniscomposedoftwomajorcomponents:afilteringelementcomposedofanenclosedcapillarynetwork(theglomerulus)andanattachedtubule.Thetubulecontainsseveraldistinctanatomicandfunctionalsegments.参考译文：“肾单位”包含两大部分：过滤部分—紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管。这个小管包含几个独特的解剖和功能划分。TextAnalysis:Part2Thenephr本文的语篇行文特点1.广泛使用定语从句，5个which引导的非限制性定语从句，2个that引导的限制性定语从句。详尽、严谨地对于概念化名词进行解释说明。wherearethey?2.现在分词短语的使用。作后置定语；作状语表结果。wherearethey?3.第一部分主要使用主动语态（activevoice）,对客观存在的真理式内容进行描述。第二部分频繁使用被动语态。描述客观，避免主观武断，突出文章的科学性和客观性。wherearethey?4.全文使用一般现在时态（simplepresenttense）。用于客观事实的描述。本文的语篇行文特点1.广泛使用定语从句，5个which引导MedicalEnglish—AnIntegratedCourseMedicalEnglish—AnIntegratedUnit1AnatomyUnit1AnatomyUnit1Anatomy

Brain-storming1WordsandText2TranslationinMedicalLiterature(timepermitted)3Assignment:After-classListening,ReadingandWriting5OralPresentation4Unit1AnatomyBrain-storming1Brainstorming1.Whatisanatomy?Anatomyisthestudyofthestructureofanimalsandtheirparts,andisalsoreferredtoaszootomy(动物解剖学)toseparateitfromhumananatomy.Brainstorming1.WhatisanatomBrainstorming2.Subdivisionsofanatomy?1).Grossanatomy大体解剖学a.surfaceanatomy表面解剖学b.regionalanatomy局部解剖学c.systemicanatomy系统解剖学2).Microscopicanatomy显微解剖学a.cytology细胞学b.histology组织学3).Otheranatomya.developmentalanatomy发育解剖学embryology胚胎学parativeanatomy比较解剖学c.clinicalanatomyBrainstorming2.SubdivisionsoIV.WordFormationLead-in词根（root）&词缀（affix）International词根是英语语言中不能再分的最小单位,能代表一个完整的意思并独立存在,称为root.例如:nation,art,face,view等等词缀是指加在词根之前或之后的一个最小语素,它也有一定意义,但是不能独立存在,必须依附于词根.可分为前缀(加在词根之前)和后缀(加在词根之后).一般前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性.IV.WordFormationLead-inIV.WordFormationMoreexamples:前缀否定：dis-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,un-,non-,mis-,de-,counter-,anti-“前”：pre-preview,preface,pre-existing“后”：post-post-war,post-graduate后缀-able形容词后缀：reliable,understandable-ics名词后缀表学科：economics,physics,acoustics-en动词后缀：sharpen,awaken,brighten,broadenIV.WordFormationMoreexampleIV.WordFormationRen-[拉]Renalhypertension肾性高血压Renalinsufficiency肾机能不全Renaldiabetes肾性糖尿病Renalfailure肾衰竭Renallobe肾叶Nephr(o)-[希]Nephroscope肾镜Nephroscopy

肾镜检查Nephrotomy[ne'frɒtəmɪ]肾切开术Nephrolith['nɛfrəlɪθ]肾结石IV.WordFormationRen-[拉]NephIV.WordFormationCardi-[希]Cardioaortic主心动脉的Cardiopulmonary心肺的Cardiovascular心血管的Cardiogram心电图Pulm-[拉]Pulmoaortic肺与主动脉的-ology……学问，科学Biology生物学Geology地质学Mycology真菌学IV.WordFormationCardi-[希]PuIV.WordFormation-tomy[希]

后缀切开术Nephrolithotomy

[,nefrəuli'θɔtəmi]肾结石切除术Arteriotomy[ɑ:,tiəri'ɔtəmi]动脉切开术Ventriculostomy[ven,trikju'lɔstəmi]脑室切开术IV.WordFormation-tomy[希]后缀Gercostaladj.7.arteriolen.8.bronchialadj.9.hilumn.10.alveolaradj.11.capillaryn.12.shuntv./n.13.ventriclen.A.血管的，脉管的B.小气泡C.肋间的D.心房E.外周，外围F.（使）分流G.（脑、心）室H.主动脉I.毛细血管J.支气管的K.心最小静脉L.门M.小动脉Glossary1.aortan.A.血管的，脉管的Glossary1.cortexn.2.apexn.3.papillan.4.vertebran.5.medullan.6.thoracicadj.7.coronaladj.8.calyxn.9.corticomedullaryjunctionA.胸的，胸廓的B.脊椎骨，椎骨C.盏D.乳突E.皮髓质结合F.顶尖G.皮质H.髓质I.冠状的Glossary1.cortexn.A.胸的，胸廓Glossary1.parenchyman.2.afferent

adj.3.efferentadj.4.renaladj.5.renalpelvis6.nephronn.7.glomerularadj.8.uretern.9.arcuateartery10.glomerulusn.A.肾的B.传出的C.肾盂D.传入的E.输尿管F.肾小球的G.肾单位H.（肾）小球I.实质J.弓状动脉Glossary1.parenchyman.A.肾的I.TextPleaseskimthefirstpartofthetextandthenanswerthefirst3questions.I.TextPleaseskimthefirstpI.Text1.Wheredothelungsgettheirbloodsupply?Answer：Thelungreceivesitsbloodsupplyfromtwovascularsystems—thebronchialandpulmonarycirculations.I.Text1.WheredothelungsgI.Text2.Doesthenutritivebloodflowtothealveolarstructures?Answer：No.Itflowstoallbutthealveolarstructures.I.Text2.DoesthenutritivebI.Text3.Whatis/areresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung?Answer：Smallmusculararteriesareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.I.Text3.Whatis/areresponsTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.1.flow的词性？2.which指代的是谁？3.句子主干？4.尝试翻译。名词ThebronchialcirculationThenutritivebloodflowcomesfromthebronchialcirculation.先译主干，再进行补充TextAnalysis:Part1ThenutriTextAnalysis:Part1Thenutritivebloodflowtoallbut(except)thealveolarstructurescomesfromthebronchialcirculation,whichoriginatesfromtheaortaandupperintercostalarteriesandreceivesabout1percentofthecardiacoutput.参考译文：肺的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。TextAnalysis:Part1ThenutriTextAnalysis:Part1draininto流入，排入，注入e.g.Today’sslaverwilldrainintotomorrow’stear.今日垂涎，明日流泪。e.g.The

rivers

drain

into

the

Balkhash

lake,which

sustains

the

livelihood

of

more

thantwo

million

Kazakhs.

这些河流汇入巴尔喀什湖，维系着两百多万哈萨克人的生活。TextAnalysis:Part1drainintTextAnalysis:Part1Theremainder(ofwhat?)drainsintothepulmonaryveinsand,alongwiththecontributionfromthethebesianveinsintheheart,representsacomponentofthe1to2percentright-to-leftshuntfoundinnormalsubjects.参考译文：剩余的（2/3）输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。TextAnalysis:Part1TheremaiTextAnalysis:Part1Thearteriesdowntothelevelofthesubsegmentalairways(2-mmdiameter)arethin-walled,predominantlyelasticvessels.1.downto表示的位置关系？2.句子主干？3.尝试翻译参考译文：肺段支气管（直径2mm）以上的肺动脉血管壁薄，（主要是）且富弹性。TextAnalysis:Part1ThearterTextAnalysis:Part1Beyond

this,thearteriesbecomemuscularizeduntiltheyreachdiametersof30μm,atwhichpointthemuscularcoatdisappears.1.this指代什么？2.beyond如何与上文衔接？参考译文：由此下行，动脉成肌肉化发展，逐渐缩窄至仅30微米，（此时）肌肉层消失。TextAnalysis:Part1BeyondthTextAnalysis:Part1Mostofthearterialpressuredrop

takesplaceinthesesmallmusculararteries,whichareresponsiblefortheactivecontrolofbloodflowdistributioninthelung.参考译文：大部分动脉压降产生在这些肌肉化的小动脉中，他们起着调节肺部血流分布的作用。TextAnalysis:Part1MostoftTextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmonaryarteriolesemptyintoanextensivecapillarynetworkanddrainintothin-walledpulmonaryveins,whicheventuallyjoinwiththearteriesandbronchiatthehilumandexitthelungtoentertheleftatrium.1.empty的词性？动词。排空；注入此句中，emptywhatinto……？2.which指代什么？参考译文：肺小动脉将血液排入广泛分布的毛细血管网，流入肺静脉。肺静脉的壁很薄，他们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合/并行，出肺进入左心房。TextAnalysis:Part1Thepulmo语法特点：非限制性关系分句关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构，这种分句结构又称为“定语从句”。这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰语（即“定语”）。关系分句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性关系分句（Restrictive

Relative

Clause）和非限制性关系分句（Non-restrictive

Relative

Clause）。语法特点：非限制性关系分句关系分句是由关系词引导的关系结构，语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别：1.形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。2.功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：

Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的区别：3.翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。I’veinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。4.含义不同比较下面的两个句子：Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)语法特点：非限制性关系分句限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句的语法特点：非限制性关系分句Translation:1.就是这本书，也可以说是小册子，推荐每位内科医生阅读。Thisisthebook,orpamphlet,whichhasbeenrecommendedtoeveryphysician.2.血流可因更快(morerapid)和更有力(morevigorous)的心脏活动(heartaction)而增加，这就使热量加速(accelerate)转移(movementof…to…)到皮肤。Thebloodflowmaybeincreasedbymorerapidandvigorousheartaction,whichacceleratesthemovementofheattotheskin.语法特点：非限制性关系分句Translation:TextAnalysis:Part2Pleasereadthesecondpartofthetextfromthebeginningtotheendandthenanswerthelasttwoquestions.TextAnalysis:Part2PleasereTextAnalysis:Part24.Wheredoafferentarteriolescomefrom?Answer:Afferentarteriolescomefromterminalinterlobulararteries.TextAnalysis:Part24.WhereTextAnalysis:Part25.Whatdotheinterlobulararteriesprovideatthecorticomedullaryjunction?Answer:Thesesmallerarteriesprovideperpendicularbranches,thearcuatearteries,atthecorticomedullaryjunction.TextAnalysis:Part25.Whatd医学英语综合教程Unit1Anatomy课件TextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表达“构成”：1.整体

+Comprise/

consist

of

/

be

composed

of

/

be

made

up

of+部分e.g.The

committee

comprises/

consists

of

two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

teacher.委员会由两名律师、两名记者和一名教师组成。2.部分

+constitute

/

compose/

make

up

+整体

e.g.Two

lawyers,

two

journalists

and

a

head

teacher

constitute

/

compose

the

committee.两名律师、两名记者和一名校长组成该委员会。

TextAnalysis:Part2如何用英文表达“构TextAnalysis:Part2现在分词短语做状语表结果：thesecalycescollectivelycommunicatewithmajorcalyces,formingtherenalpelvis.e.g.There

is

mud

and

water

everywhere,

making

it

difficult

to

travel

from

place

to

place.

现在分词作结果状语表示一种必然性（自然结果）。（making

可以改为

which

makes，相当于一个前因后果的非限制性定语从句。）e.g.他每天回来得很晚，这使他的妻子很生气。Hecomeshomelateeveryevening,makinghiswifeveryangry.TextAnalysis:Part2现在分词短语做状语TextAnalysis:Part2练习：现在分词短语做状语表结果：e.g.她把玩具丢在地上，碎成很多片。Shethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.e.g.她的丈夫十年前去世了，丢下三个孩子需要她照顾。Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,leavingthreechildrenforhertolookafter.TextAnalysis:Part2练习：现在分词短语TextAnalysis:Part2Bloodisdeliveredtoeachkidneyfromamainrenalarterybranchingfromtheaorta.1.branching用来修饰什么？2.如何翻译？TextAnalysis:Part2BloodisTextAnalysis:Part