(完整word版)研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2

Unit6ThecultureofNewYorkCityisshapedbycenturiesofimmigration,thecity'ssizeandvariety,anditsstatusastheculturalcapitaloftheUnitedStates.Becauseofits1)_sheer_sizeandculturalinfluence,NewYorkhasbeenthe2)subject_ofmanydifferent,andoften3)_contradictory_,portrayalsinthemassmedia.Fromthesophisticatedand4)_worldly_metropolisseeninmanyWoodyAllenfilms,tothehellishand5)_chaotic_urbanjungledepictedinsuchmoviesasMartinScorsese'sTaxiDriver,NewYorkhasservedastheunwittingbackdropforeveryconceivableonbigcitylife.IntheearlyyearsoffilmNewYorkCitywascharacterizedasurbaneand6)_sophisticated_.Bythecity'speriodinthe1970s,however,filmslikeMidnightCowboy,TheFrenchConnection,MarathonMan,andDeathWishshowedNewYorkasfullofchaosand7)_violence_.Withthecity'sienaissanceinthe1980sand1990scamenewportrayalsontelevision;Friends,Seinfeld,andSexandtheCityshowedlifeinthecitytobe8)_glamorous_andinteresting.Nonethelessadisproportionatenumberof9)_crime_dramas,suchasLaw&Order,continuetomakecriminalityinthecityintheirsubject,evenasNewYorkhasbecomethe10)__safest___largecityintheUnitedStatesinthelasttwodecades.Unit7Riskcompensationistheideathatindividualstendtoadjusttheirbehaviorinresponsetowhattheyperceiveaschangesinthelevelofrisk.Imagine,whatwouldhappenifsafetyregulationsweretorequireallcarstobemadeofcardboard,fittedwithinefficientbrakesandwithasharpspikeinthecenterofthesteeringcolumn;ifallroadswerepavedwithasubstancehavingthesamefrictioncoefficientasice,andifalldriverswereobligedtochangeeveryothermonthor,betteryet,iftherewerenorulesaboutwhichsideoftheroadtodriveon.Theevidencesuggeststhattherewouldbenoincrease,andpossiblyadecrease,inroadaccidentfatalities,buttherewouldbeaSubstantialdecreaseintheefficiencyoftheroadtransportsystem.Itseemsthatthepotentialsafetybenefitofmostimprovementstoroadorvehiclesisconsideredasaperformancebenefit.Asaresultofsafetyimprovementsitisnowpossibletotravelfartherandfasterwithapproximatelythesameriskofbeingkilled.Unit8IntelligentTransportSystem(ITS)isthenamegiventotheapplicationofcomputerandcommunicationtechnologiestotransportproblems.Ina(n)rapidlychangingsocietytheemphasisonroadtechnologyimprovementstoassistinroadmanagementhasbeenidentified.TherapidadvancesinITStechnologieshaveenabledthecollectionofdataorintelligencewhichprovidesrelevantandtimelyinformationtoroadmanagersandusers.JapanseemstohaveinitiatedthewholemoderndaynotionofITSwithworkcarriedoutinthe1980s.TheUnitedStateswasalsoaddressingtheapplicationofITSatanearlystageinthecourseoftheElectronicRouteGuidanceproject(ERGS)inthe1970s.TheEuropeanUnionpickedupthetheme,andreferredtoitasRoadTransportInformatics.InthecourseoftimethenameofthistechnologywassubjectedtomanychangesuntiltheUSAgaveitthenameITS.IntelligentTransportsystemsincludewiderapplicationoftechnologytotransitsystemsaswellasprivatecarsandhighways.BenefitsgivenbyITStoanytransportationsystemthatintroduceitare:improvedsafety,improvedtrafficefficiency,reducedcongestion,improvedenvironmentalqualityandenergyefficiencyandimprovedeconomicproductivity.Unit9NorthernCanada,includingtheNorthwestTerritories,isanexpensiveplacetolive.Housingisatleast60%moreexpensiveinthenorththanitisinsouthernCanada.Foodpricesarealsohigher,byatleast20%.Sincebuildingmaterialsandfoodstuffsareimportedfromthesouth,thehigherpricesareprimarilyduetotransportationcosts.CommunitiesfarawayfromYellowknifehavehighercosts,andcommunitiesservedonlybyaircrafthavethehighestfoodandhousingcosts.Forexample,foodstuffsshippedbyairtoremotecommunitiessuchasSachsHarbouronBanksIslandare80%moreexpensivethantheyareinYellowknife.Tooffsetthesehighfoodandhousingcosts,wagesarehigherthanthoseinsouthernCanada.Inaddition,mostpeopleliveinpublicorstaffhousing,whererentsaresubsidized.Governmentemployeeslivinginremotecommunitiesreceiveanisolatedpostallowancepaymenttohelpoffsetthehighercostofliving.unit10Themoralimperativebeginsbyconsideringthevalueofeducationwhichismuchdeeperthanearningpotentialorbuildinghumancapital.Educationiswhatittakestoleadfullerlivesandtocontributetoournationandtheworld.Highereducationinparticularaffordsstudentstheopportunitiestoexplorehistory,debateimportantissues,anddiscovertheirpassionsandpotential.OurfoundersunderstoodhowimportanteducationistotheideaofAmericaasajust,equitable,andproductivesociety.Anationofeducatedindividualsismorelikelytostrengthentheinstitutions:ingovernment,inbusinessandintheschoolstheyrelyupon.Considergraduationrates.Fifteenpercentofourhighschoolsproducehalfofourdropouts,andtheseschoolsaredisproportionatelyinlow-incomeareaswithmostlyminoritystudents.Nationally,oneofeverytwoAfricanAmericanandHispanicstudentsdropsoutofhighschool.Ifweareanationdedicatedtoequality,wecannotbesatisfiedwiththestatusquo.Helpingmorestudentsmakeittocollegeandsucceedthereisamorallyurgentchallenge.Unit6ThecultureofNewYorkCityisshapedbycenturiesofimmigration,thecity'ssizeandvariety,anditsstatusastheculturalcapitaloftheUnitedStates.Becauseofits1)_sheer_sizeandculturalinfluence,NewYorkhasbeenthe2)subject_ofmanydifferent,andoften3)_contradictory_,portrayalsinthemassmedia.Fromthesophisticatedand4)_worldly_metropolisseeninmanyWoodyAllenfilms,tothehellishand5)_chaotic_urbanjungledepictedinsuchmoviesasMartinScorsese'sTaxiDriver,NewYorkhasservedastheunwittingbackdropforeveryconceivableonbigcitylife.IntheearlyyearsoffilmNewYorkCitywascharacterizedasurbaneand6)_sophisticated_.Bythecity'speriodinthe1970s,however,filmslikeMidnightCowboy,TheFrenchConnection,MarathonMan,andDeathWishshowedNewYorkasfullofchaosand7)_violence_.Withthecity'sienaissanceinthe1980sand1990scamenewportrayalsontelevision;Friends,Seinfeld,andSexandtheCityshowedlifeinthecitytobe8)_glamorous_andinteresting.Nonethelessadisproportionatenumberof9)_crime_dramas,suchasLaw&Order,continuetomakecriminalityinthecityintheirsubject,evenasNewYorkhasbecomethe10)__safest___largecityintheUnitedStatesinthelasttwodecades.Unit7Riskcompensationistheideathatindividualstendtoadjusttheirbehaviorinresponsetowhattheyperceiveaschangesinthelevelofrisk.Imagine,whatwouldhappenifsafetyregulationsweretorequireallcarstobemadeofcardboard,fittedwithinefficientbrakesandwithasharpspikeinthecenterofthesteeringcolumn;ifallroadswerepavedwithasubstancehavingthesamefrictioncoefficientasice,andifalldriverswereobligedtochangeeveryothermonthor,betteryet,iftherewerenorulesaboutwhichsideoftheroadtodriveon.Theevidencesuggeststhattherewouldbenoincrease,andpossiblyadecrease,inroadaccidentfatalities,buttherewouldbeaSubstantialdecreaseintheefficiencyoftheroadtransportsystem.Itseemsthatthepotentialsafetybenefitofmostimprovementstoroadorvehiclesisconsideredasaperformancebenefit.Asaresultofsafetyimprovementsitisnowpossibletotravelfartherandfasterwithapproximatelythesameriskofbeingkilled.Unit8IntelligentTransportSystem(ITS)isthenamegiventotheapplicationofcomputerandcommunicationtechnologiestotransportproblems.Ina(n)rapidlychangingsocietytheemphasisonroadtechnologyimprovementstoassistinroadmanagementhasbeenidentified.TherapidadvancesinITStechnologieshaveenabledthecollectionofdataorintelligencewhichprovidesrelevantandtimelyinformationtoroadmanagersandusers.JapanseemstohaveinitiatedthewholemoderndaynotionofITSwithworkcarriedoutinthe1980s.TheUnitedStateswasalsoaddressingtheapplicationofITSatanearlystageinthecourseoftheElectronicRouteGuidanceproject(ERGS)inthe1970s.TheEuropeanUnionpickedupthetheme,andreferredtoitasRoadTransportInformatics.InthecourseoftimethenameofthistechnologywassubjectedtomanychangesuntiltheUSAgaveitthenameITS.IntelligentTransportsystemsincludewiderapplicationoftechnologytotransitsystemsaswellasprivatecarsandhighways.BenefitsgivenbyITStoanytransportationsystemthatintroduceitare:improvedsafety,improvedtrafficefficiency,reducedcongestion,improvedenvironmentalqualityandenergyefficiencyandimprovedeconomicproductivity.Unit9NorthernCanada,includingtheNorthwestTerritories,isanexpensiveplacetolive.Housingisatleast60%moreexpensiveinthenorththanitisinsouthernCanada.Foodpricesarealsohigher,byatleast20%.Sincebuildingmaterialsandfoodstuffsareimportedfromthesouth,thehigherpricesareprimarilyduetotransportationcosts.CommunitiesfarawayfromYellowknifehavehighercosts,andcommunitiesservedonlybyaircrafthavethehighestfoodandhousingcosts.Forexample,foodstuffsshippedbyairtoremotecommunitiessuchasSachsHarbouronBanksIslandare80%moreexpensivethantheyareinYellowknife.Tooffsetthesehighfoodandhousingcosts,wagesarehigherthanthoseinsouthernCanada.Inaddition,mostpeopleliveinpublicorstaffhousing,whererentsaresubsidized.Governmentemployeeslivinginremotecommunitiesreceiveanisolatedpostallowancepaymenttohelpoffsetthehighercostofliving.unit10Themoralimperativebeginsbyconsideringthevalueofeducationwhichismuchdeeperthanearningpotentialorbuildinghumancapital.Educationiswhatittakestoleadfullerlivesandtocontributetoournationandtheworld.Highereducationinparticularaffordsstudentstheopportunitiestoexplorehistory,debateimportantissues,anddiscovertheirpassionsandpotential.OurfoundersunderstoodhowimportanteducationistotheideaofAmericaasajust,equitable,andproductivesociety.Anationofeducatedindividualsismorelikelytostrengthentheinstitutions:ingovernment,inbusinessandintheschoolstheyrelyupon.Considergraduationrates.Fifteenpercentofourhighschoolsproducehalfofourdropouts,andtheseschoolsaredisproportionatelyinlow-incomeareaswithmostlyminoritystudents.Nationally,oneofeverytwoAfricanAmericanandHispanicstudentsdropsoutofhighschool.Ifweareanationdedicatedtoequality,wecannotbesatisfiedwiththestatusquo.Helpingmorestudentsmakeittocollegeandsucceedthereisamorallyurgentchallenge.Unit6ThecultureofNewYorkCityisshapedbycenturiesofimmigration,thecity'ssizeandvariety,anditsstatusastheculturalcapitaloftheUnitedStates.Becauseofits1)_sheer_sizeandculturalinfluence,NewYorkhasbeenthe2)subject_ofmanydifferent,andoften3)_contradictory_,portrayalsinthemassmedia.Fromthesophisticatedand4)_worldly_metropolisseeninmanyWoodyAllenfilms,tothehellishand5)_chaotic_urbanjungledepictedinsuchmoviesasMartinScorsese'sTaxiDriver,NewYorkhasservedastheunwittingbackdropforeveryconceivableonbigcitylife.IntheearlyyearsoffilmNewYorkCitywascharacterizedasurbaneand6)_sophisticated_.Bythecity'speriodinthe1970s,however,filmslikeMidnightCowboy,TheFrenchConnection,MarathonMan,andDeathWishshowedNewYorkasfullofchaosand7)_violence_.Withthecity'sienaissanceinthe1980sand1990scamenewportrayalsontelevision;Friends,Seinfeld,andSexandtheCityshowedlifeinthecitytobe8)_glamorous_andinteresting.Nonethelessadisproportionatenumberof9)_crime_dramas,suchasLaw&Order,continuetomakecriminalityinthecityintheirsubject,evenasNewYorkhasbecomethe10)__safest___largecityintheUnitedStatesinthelasttwodecades.Unit7Riskcompensationistheideathatindividualstendtoadjusttheirbehaviorinresponsetowhattheyperceiveaschangesinthelevelofrisk.Imagine,whatwouldhappenifsafetyregulationsweretorequireallcarstobemadeofcardboard,fittedwithinefficientbrakesandwithasharpspikeinthecenterofthesteeringcolumn;ifallroadswerepavedwithasubstancehavingthesamefrictioncoefficientasice,andifalldriverswereobligedtochangeeveryothermonthor,betteryet,iftherewerenorulesaboutwhichsideoftheroadtodriveon.Theevidencesuggeststhattherewouldbenoincrease,andpossiblyadecrease,inroadaccidentfatalities,buttherewouldbeaSubstantialdecreaseintheefficiencyoftheroadtransportsystem.Itseemsthatthepotentialsafetybenefitofmostimprovementstoroadorvehiclesisconsideredasaperformancebenefit.Asaresultofsafetyimprovementsitisnowpossibletotravelfartherandfasterwithapproximatelythesameriskofbeingkilled.Unit8IntelligentTransportSystem(ITS)isthenamegiventotheapplicationofcomputerandcommunicationtechnologiestotransportproblems.Ina(n)rapidlychangingsocietytheemphasisonroadtechnologyimprovementstoassistinroadmanagementhasbeenidentified.TherapidadvancesinITStechnologieshaveenabledthecollectionofdataorintelligencewhichprovidesrelevantandtimelyinformationtoroadmanagersandusers.JapanseemstohaveinitiatedthewholemoderndaynotionofITSwithworkcarriedoutinthe1980s.TheUnitedStateswasalsoaddressingtheapplicationofITSatanearlystageinthecourseoftheElectronicRouteGuidanceproject(ERGS)inthe1970s.TheEuropeanUnionpickedupthetheme,andreferredtoitasRoadTransportInformatics.InthecourseoftimethenameofthistechnologywassubjectedtomanychangesuntiltheUSAgaveitthenameITS.IntelligentTransportsystemsincludewiderapplicationoftechnologytotransitsystemsaswellasprivatecarsandhighways.BenefitsgivenbyITStoanytransportationsystemthatintroduceitare:improvedsafety,improvedtrafficefficiency,reducedcongestion,improvedenvironmentalqualityandenergyefficiencyandimprovedeconomicproductivity.Unit9NorthernCanada,includingtheNorthwestTerritories,isanexpensiveplacetolive.Housingisatleast60%moreexpensiveinthenorththanitisinsouthernCanada.Foodpricesarealsohigher,byatleast20%.Sincebuildingmaterialsandfoodstuffsareimportedfromthesouth,thehigherpricesareprimarilyduetotransportationcosts.CommunitiesfarawayfromYellowknifehavehighercosts,andcommunitiesservedonlybyaircrafthavethehighestfoodandhousingcosts.Forexample,foodstuffsshippedbyairtoremotecommunitiessuchasSachsHarbouronBanksIslandare80%moreexpensivethantheyareinYellowknife.Tooffsetthesehighfoodandhousingcosts,wagesarehigherthanthoseinsouthernCanada.Inaddition,mostpeopleliveinpublicorstaffhousing,whererentsaresubsidized.Governmentemployeeslivinginremotecommunitiesreceiveanisolatedpostallowancepaymenttohelpoffsetthehighercostofliving.unit10Themoralimperativebeginsbyconsideringthevalueofeducationwhichismuchdeeperthanearningpotentialorbuildinghumancapital.Educationiswhatittakestoleadfullerlivesandtocontributetoournationandtheworld.Highereducationinparticularaffordsstudentstheopportunitiestoexplorehistory,debateimportantissues,anddiscovertheirpassionsandpotential.OurfoundersunderstoodhowimportanteducationistotheideaofAmericaasajust,equitable,andproductivesociety.Anationofeducatedindividualsismorelikelytostrengthentheinstitutions:ingovernment,inbusinessandintheschoolstheyrelyupon.Considergraduationrates.Fifteenpercentofourhighschoolsproducehalfofourdropouts,andtheseschoolsaredisproportionatelyinlow-incomeareaswithmostlyminoritystudents.Nationally,oneofeverytwoAfricanAmericanandHispanicstudentsdropsoutofhighschool.Ifweareanationdedicatedtoequality,wecannotbesatisfiedwiththestatusquo.Helpingmorestudentsmakeittocollegeandsucceedthereisamorallyurgentchallenge.Unit6ThecultureofNewYorkCityisshapedbycenturiesofimmigration,thecity'ssizeandvariety,anditsstatusastheculturalcapitaloftheUnitedStates.Becauseofits1)_sheer_sizeandculturalinfluence,NewYorkhasbeenthe2)subject_ofmanydifferent,andoften3)_contradictory_,portrayalsinthemassmedia.Fromthesophisticatedand4)_worldly_metropolisseeninmanyWoodyAllenfilms,tothehellishand5)_chaotic_urbanjungledepictedinsuchmoviesasMartinScorsese'sTaxiDriver,NewYorkhasservedastheunwittingbackdropforeveryconceivableonbigcitylife.IntheearlyyearsoffilmNewYorkCitywascharacterizedasurbaneand6)_sophisticated_.Bythecity'speriodinthe1970s,however,filmslikeMidnightCowboy,TheFrenchConnection,MarathonMan,andDeathWishshowedNewYorkasfullofchaosand7)_violence_.Withthecity'sienaissanceinthe1980sand1990scamenewportrayalsontelevision;Friends,Seinfeld,andSexandtheCityshowedlifeinthecitytobe8)_glamorous_andinteresting.Nonethelessadisproportionatenumberof9)_crime_dramas,suchasLaw&Order,continuetomakecriminalityinthecityintheirsubject,evenasNewYorkhasbecomethe10)__safest___largecityintheUnitedStatesinthelasttwodecades.Unit7Riskcompensationistheideathatindividualstendtoadjusttheirbehaviorinresponsetowhattheyperceiveaschangesinthelevelofrisk.Imagine,whatwouldhappenifsafetyregulationsweretorequireallcarstobemadeofcardboard,fittedwithinefficientbrakesandwithasharpspikeinthecenterofthesteeringcolumn;ifallroadswerepavedwithasubstancehavingthesamefrictioncoefficientasice,andifalldriverswereobligedtochangeeveryothermonthor,betteryet,iftherewerenorulesaboutwhichsideoftheroadtodriveon.Theevidencesuggeststhattherewouldbenoincrease,andpossiblyadecrease,inroadaccidentfatalities,buttherewouldbeaSubstantialdecreaseintheefficiencyoftheroadtransportsystem.Itseemsthatthepotentialsafetybenefitofmostimprovementstoroadorvehiclesisconsideredasaperformancebenefit.Asaresultofsafetyimprovementsitisnowpossibletotravelfartherandfasterwithapproximatelythesameriskofbeingkilled.Unit8IntelligentTransportSystem(ITS)isthenamegiventotheapplicationofcomputerandcommunicationtechnologiestotransportproblems.Ina(n)rapidlychangingsocietytheemphasisonroadtechnologyimprovementstoassistinroadmanagementhasbeenidentified.TherapidadvancesinITStechnologieshaveenabledthecollectionofdataorintelligencewhichprovidesrelevantandtimelyinformationtoroadmanagersandusers.JapanseemstohaveinitiatedthewholemoderndaynotionofITSwithworkcarriedoutinthe1980s.TheUnitedStateswasalsoaddressingtheapplicationofITSatanearlystageinthecourseoftheElectronicRouteGuidanceproject(ERGS)inthe1970s.TheEuropeanUnionpickedupthetheme,andreferredtoitasRoadTransportInformatics.InthecourseoftimethenameofthistechnologywassubjectedtomanychangesuntiltheUSAgaveitthenameITS.IntelligentTransportsystemsincludewiderapplicationoftechnologytotransitsystemsaswellasprivatecarsandhighways.BenefitsgivenbyITStoanytransportationsystemthat