欧盟的形成与发展讲义

THEEUROPEANUNION50YearsofPeace,ProsperityandPartnership欧洲联盟50年CelebratingtheEuropeanUnion:

AHalfCenturyofChangeandProgressSincethecreationoftheEUhalfacenturyago,Europehasenjoyedthelongestperiodofpeaceinitshistory.Europeanpoliticalintegrationisunprecedentedinhistory.EUenlargementhashelpedovercomethedivisionofEurope–contributingtopeace,prosperity,andstabilityacrossthecontinent.Asinglemarketandacommoncurrencyconditionsforcompaniesandconsumers.EUhasunitedthecitizensofEurope–whilepreservingEurope’sdiversity.EuropeanUnionUnitedindiversityWhatistheEuropeanUnion?Sharedvalues:liberty,democracy,respectforhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,andtheruleoflaw.Largesteconomicbodyintheworld.World’smostsuccessfulmodelforadvancingpeaceanddemocracy.Auniqueinstitution–MemberStatesvoluntarilycedenationalsovereigntyinmanyareastocarryoutcommonpoliciesandgovernance.Notasuper-statetoreplaceexistingstates,norjustanorganizationforinternationalcooperation.World’smostopenmarketforgoodsandcommoditiesfromdevelopingcountries.27730490millionMemberStatesCombinedpopulationofEUMemberStatesPercentofworld’spopulationPercentofglobalGDP55PercentofcombinedworldwideOfficialDevelopmentAssistanceEUInstitutionsEuropeanCommission27Commissioners,representingtheEuropeanperspective,eachresponsibleforaspecificpolicyarea.EU’sexecutivebranchproposeslegislation,managesUnion’sday-to-daybusinessandbudget,andenforcesrules.NegotiatestradeagreementsandmanagesEurope’smultilateraldevelopmentcooperation.CounciloftheEuropeanUnionEU’smaindecision-makingbody,comprisedofministersof27MemberStates,representingMemberState’spointofview.Decidesonforeignpolicyissues.CouncilpresidencyrotatesamongMemberStateseverysixmonths.EuropeanCommissionPresident

JoséManuelBarrosoEUInstitutionsEuropeanParliamentVoiceofEuropeancitizens–memberselectedfor

five-yearterms.WiththeCouncil,passesEUlawsandadoptsEUbudgets.ApprovesEUCommissioners.EuropeanCourtofJusticeHighestEUjudicialauthority.EnsuresallEUlawsareinterpretedandappliedcorrectlyanduniformly.CanactasanindependentpolicymakerbutunliketheU.S.SupremeCourt,theECJcanonlydealwithmatterscoveredbytheTreaties.EuropeanParliamentinsessionEuropeanCentralBank

TheEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)isthecentralbankforEurope'ssinglecurrency,theeuro.TheECB’smaintaskistomaintaintheeuro'spurchasingpowerandthuspricestabilityintheeuroarea.Theeuroareacomprisesthe15EuropeanUnioncountriesthathaveintroducedtheeurosince1999.TheECBoperatesindependentlyfromMemberStategovernments.Theeurowasintroducedin1999UnitedinDiversity-The€uroThe€uroIn1999,theeuroareawasestablishedasacurrencyinelevenofthethenfifteenEUMemberStates.Ofthe27EUMemberStatestoday,fifteenhaveadoptedtheeuro.OneofthestrikingbenefitsofasingleEuropeancurrencyarelowinterestratesduetoahighdegreeofpricestability.Theeuroisasstableandcredibleasthebest-performingcurrenciespreviouslyusedintheeuroareacountries.€€€€1951:IntheaftermathofWorldWarII,theaimwastosecurepeaceamongEurope’svictoriousandvanquishednationsandbringthemtogetherasequals,cooperatingwithinsharedinstitutions.BasedonaplanbyFrenchForeignMinister

RobertSchuman.Sixfoundingcountries–Belgium,theFederalRepublicofGermany,France,Italy,LuxembourgandtheNetherlands–signedatreatytorunheavyindustries(coalandsteel)undercommonmanagement.EuropeanCoaland

SteelCommunityJeanMonnetandotherleaderswiththefirst“European”ingotofsteelTreatyofRomeThesixfoundingcountriesexpandedcooperationtoothereconomicsectors,creatingtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)–or“commonmarket.”Asaresult,people,goods,services,andcapitaltodaymovefreelyacrosstheUnion.1957:SigningoftheTreatyofRome1951FoundingMembersBelgiumFranceGermanyItalyLuxembourgNetherlands1973DenmarkIrelandUnitedKingdom1981Greece1986PortugalSpainNovember1989FalloftheBerlinWallsetsthestageforunifyingEuropeandEUenlargement1995AustriaFinlandSweden2004CyprusCzechRepublicEstoniaHungaryLatviaLithuaniaMaltaPolandSlovakiaSlovenia2007BulgariaRomaniaCandidateCountriesCroatiaFormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaTurkeyPotentialCandidateCountriesAlbaniaBosnia&HerzegovinaMontenegroSerbiaincludingKosovounderUNSecurityCouncilResolution124450YearsofEUIntegrationEnlargementhas:Inspiredreformsandconsolidatedcommonprinciplesofliberty,democracy,respectforhumanrights,fundamentalfreedoms,theruleoflaw,andmarketeconomy.EnhancedtheEU’’sweightintheworldandmadeitastrongerandmoreattractiveinternationalpartner.“EnlargementhasbeenasuccessstoryfortheEuropeanUnionandEuropeasawhole.IthashelpedtoovercomethedivisionofEuropeandcontributedtopeaceandstabilitythroughoutthecontinent.”EuropeanCouncilDeclarationDec.15,2006

1957 2007MemberStates 6 27Population 174million 493millionLanguages 4 23TheEUisaglobalplayer.Itssoftpowerpromotesstability,prosperity,democracyandhumanrights,deliversconcreteresultsinthefighttoeradicatepoverty,andinachievingsustainabledevelopment.UNSecretaryGeneralBanKi-moon,HighRepresentativefortheCommonForeignandSecurityPolicyJavierSolana,andEUCommissionerBenitaFerrero-WaldnerTheEUintheWorldAddressingGlobalChallengesPeace&SecurityWorksforglobalpeaceandsecurityalongsidetheUnitedStatesandmultilateralorganizations––includingNATOandtheUnitedNations.Undertakeshumanitarianandpeacekeepingmissionsandhasprovidedmilitaryforcesforcrisismanagementaroundtheglobe.Counterterrorism&HomelandSecurityTakenstepstoimproveintelligencesharing,enhancelawenforcementandjudicialcooperation,curtailterroristfinancing.Booststradeandtransportsecuritytosupportthestruggleagainstterrorism.Democracy&HumanRightsWorksgloballyforfreeelectionsandopendemocraticprocesses.Fightsracismandintoleranceathomeandabroad.Campaignsgloballyagainstcapitalpunishment.DevelopmentAssistance&HumanitarianReliefTheEUanditsMemberStatesaretheworld’slargestaiddonor,providing55%oftotalofficialdevelopmentassistance.Providesbillionsofdollarsinhumanitarianaidtomorethan100countriesinresponsetocrisesandnaturaldisasters.AddressingGlobalChallengesTradeEuropeanCommissionrepresentsall27EUMemberStatesbeforetheWorldTradeOrganization.Supportsfreetradeandopenmarkets,withintherules-basedstructureoftheWTO,topromotegrowthandjobsinbothindustrializedanddevelopingcountries.Theworld'smostopenmarketforproductsandcommoditiesfromdevelopingcountries–40%ofallEUimportsarefromdevelopingcountries.AddressingGlobalChallengesEnvironmentalProtectionAleaderinglobaleffortstoprotecttheenvironment,maintainingrigorousandcomprehensivesystemsathome.Playsakeyroleindevelopingandimplementinginternationalagreements,suchastheKyotoProtocolonClimateChange.Executinga“capandtrade”systemtoreducegreenhousegasemissionsTakestheleadinthefightagainstglobalwarmingwiththeadoptionofbindingenergytargets(cutting20%oftheEU’sgreenhousegasemissionsby2020).AddressingGlobalChallengesSource:GermanInformationCenterUSATheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates“Ourstrongfriendshipisessentialtopeaceandprosperityaroundtheglobe.Notemporarydebate,topassingdisagreementamongnations,nopoweronearth,willeverdivideus.”PresidentGeorgeW.Bush“TherelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropeistheworld’sstrongest,mostcomprehensive,andstrategicallyimportantpartnership.TheUnitedStates,andaunitedEurope––thisisreallytheindispensablepartnership.””PresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionJoséManuelBarrosoPartnersinGlobalLeadershipEUandU.S.worktogethertodevelopinternationalstandards:FightingterrorismandtransnationalcrimeAdvancingglobaltradeliberalizationCombatingpiracyandintellectualpropertyviolationsSpreadingbenefitsofglobalizationEUanditsMemberStatesarehelpingrestorepeaceandstabilityinAfghanistan.EUandU.S.worktogetherintheMiddleEastQuartettoadvancethepeaceprocess.WhentheEUandU.S.agree,otherstendtofollow.EUCommissionerBenitaFerrero-Waldner&U.S.SecretaryofStateCondoleezzaRiceSharedValuesandResponsibilitiesFreedom&DemocracySupportfreeelections,goodgovernance,humanrights,andtheruleoflawaroundtheworld.SecurityCooperatetofightterrorism,limitthespreadofnuclearweapons,andworkforglobalpeace.DevelopmentTogether,EUandU.S.provide80%ofglobaldevelopmentassistanceandanevenlargershareofglobalhumanitarianaidintimesofdisasterandconflict.ADynamic

TransatlanticEconomyEUandU.S.togetheraccountfor40%oftotalglobaltrade(morethan$1.5billionintransatlantictradeeveryday).The$3trillionEU-U.S.transatlanticeconomyemploys14millionworkersonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.In2005,Europeaccountedforroughlytwo-thirdsoftotalglobalinvestmentflowsintotheU.S.––byfarthemostsignificantsourceofforeigninvestmentintheU.S.economy.EuropeancompaniesaretheleadingforeigninvestorsintheU.S.TheUK,Germany,France,andtheNetherlands––topfoursourcesofjobscreatedbyforeigninvestmentintheUnitedStates.AmericancompaniesinvestfarmoreinEUcountriesthaninAsia.U.S.businessesmake5timestheprofitintheNetherlands-alone-astheymakeinChina.In2005,EUinvestmentsinTexasalonesurpassedallU.S.investmentsinChinaandJapan,combined.BMW’sassemblyplantisSouthCarolina’slargestprivatesectoremployer.FutureofTransatlanticRelationsEUandU.S.facecommonchallengesthatareglobalinoriginandimpact.Withglobalchallenges,comeglobalresponsibilities.EUandU.S.,withoursharedvaluesandcommoninterests,arenaturalpartnerstogivealeadinfourkeyareas:Promotepeace,humanrightsanddemocracyworldwide.Confrontglobalchallenges,includingsecurityandnon-proliferation.Fosterprosperityandopportunity.Advancestrategiccooperationonenergysecurity,climatechangeandsustainabledevelopment.“Sincenosinglenationcanefficientlyandeffectivelydealwithglobalchallengessuchasclimatechange,counterterrorism,non-proliferation,pandemicsandnaturaldisastersonitsown,wecommitourselvestostrengtheningourcooperationtoaddressthesechallenges.”EU-U.S.SummitDeclarationVienna,July2006Education&ResearchEUandU.S.cooperateonscienceandtechnologyeducationthrough:ExchangeprogramsMorethan700institutionalpartnershipsVocationaltrainingScholarshipprogramsR&DcooperativesEUandU.S.providejointordualhighereducationaldegreeprograms.EUfundsCentersofExcellenceatleadingU.S.universities.EUsupportsR&DtoincreaseEurope’sgrowthandglobalcompetitiveness.9、静夜夜四无无邻，，荒居居旧业业贫。。。12月月-2212月月-22Sunday,December25,202210、雨中中黄叶叶树，，灯下下白头头人。。。01:24:4401:24:4401:2412/25/20221:24:44AM11、以以我我独独沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相见见频频。。。。12月月-2201:24:4401:24Dec-2225-Dec-2212、故故人人江江海海别别，，几几度度隔隔山山川川。。。。01:24:4401:24:4401:24Sunday,December25,202213、乍乍见见翻翻疑疑梦梦，，相相悲悲各各问问年年。。。。12月月-2212月月-2201:24:4401:24:44December25,202214、他乡生生白发，，旧国见见青山。。。25十十二月20221:24:44上午午01:24:4412月-2215、比不了了得就不不比，得得不到的的就不要要。。。十二月221:24上午午12月-2201:24December25,202216、行动出成成果，工作作出财富。。。2022/12/251:24:4401:24:4425December202217、做前，能能够环视四四周；做时时，你只能能或者最好好沿着以脚脚为起点的的射线向前前。。1:24:44上上午1:24上上午01:24:4412月-229、没有失败败，只有暂暂时停止成成功！。12月-2212月-22Sunday,December25,202210、很多事情情努力了未未必有结果果，但是不不努力却什什么改变也也没有。。。01:24:4401:24:4401:2412/25/20221:24:44AM11、成功就是是日复一日日那一点点点小小努力力的积累。。。12月-2201:24:4401:24Dec-2225-Dec-2212、世间成事事，不求其其绝对圆满满，留一份份不足，可可得无限完完美。。01:24:4401:24:4401:24Sunday,December25,202213、不知香积寺寺，数里入云云峰。。12月-2212月-2201:24:4401:24:44December25,202214、意志坚强的的人能把世界界放