【医学英文课件】-Understanding-Radiation-Therapy

UnderstandingRadiationTherapyForPatients,CareGiversandtheGeneralPublicUnderstandingRadiationTherap1IntroductiontoRadiationOncologyRadiationtherapy,orradiotherapy,istheuseofvariousformsofradiationtosafelyandeffectivelytreatcancerandotherdiseases.Radiationtherapyhasbeenaneffectivetoolfortreatingcancerformorethan100years.Abouttwo-thirdsofallcancerpatientswillreceiveradiationtherapyaspartoftheirtreatment.Radiationoncologistsaredoctorstrainedtouseradiationtotreatcancer.Patientbeingtreatedwithmodernradiationtherapyequipment.IntroductiontoRadiationOnco2BriefHistoryofRadiationTherapyThefirstpatientwastreatedwithradiationtherapyin1896,justtwomonthsafterthediscoveryoftheX-ray.Rapidtechnologyadvancesbeganintheearly1950s,withtheinventionofthelinearaccelerator.Planningandtreatmentdeliveryadvanceshaveenabledradiationtherapytobemoreeffectiveandprecise,whiledecreasingtheseverityofsideeffects.[AS–ShowapictureofamodernLinearaccelerator]Thelinearacceleratorisstillusedtodaytodeliverexternalbeamradiationtherapy.BriefHistoryofRadiationThe3【医学英文课件】-Understanding-Radiation-Therapy4【医学英文课件】-Understanding-Radiation-Therapy5IsRadiationTherapySafe?Newadvancesintechnologyandtreatmentdeliverycontinuetomakeradiationsafeandeffective.Ateamofmedicalprofessionalsdevelopandreviewthetreatmentplanforeachpatienttominimizesideeffectsandassurethattheareawherethecancerislocatedisreceivingthedoseofradiationneeded.Thetreatmentplanandequipmentareconstantlyreviewedtoensurethepropertreatmentisbeinggiven.IsRadiationTherapySafe?New6WhyUseRadiationTherapy?Tocurecancer:Destroytumorsthathavenotspreadtootherbodyparts.Reducetheriskthatcancerwillreturnaftersurgeryorchemotherapy.

Shrinkthecancerbeforesurgery.

Forpalliation(toreducesymptoms):Shrinktumorsaffectingqualityoflife,likealungtumorthatiscausingshortnessofbreath.Alleviatepainorneurologicsymptomsbyreducingthesizeofatumor.WhyUseRadiationTherapy?Toc7MeettheRadiationOncologyTeamAteamofhighlytrainedmedicalprofessionalsworktogethertomakesureyoureceivethebestpossiblecarewhileyouareundergoingradiationtherapy.RadiationOncologistOverseestheradiationtherapytreatments,includingworkingwithothermembersoftheradiationtherapyteamtodevelopthetreatmentplanandensurethateachtreatmentisgivensafelyandaccurately.MedicalRadiationPhysicistEnsuresthatcomplextreatmentplansareproperlytailoredforeachpatientanddirectsqualitycontrolprogramsforequipmentandprocedures.MeettheRadiationOncologyTe8MeettheRadiationOncologyTeam,cont.DosimetristWorkswiththeradiationoncologistandmedicalphysicisttocalculatetheproperdoseofradiationgiventothetumor.RadiationTherapistAdministersthedailyradiationundertheradiationoncologist’sprescriptionandsupervision.RadiationOncologyNurseCaresforthepatientandfamilybyprovidingeducation,emotionalsupportandtipsformanagingsideeffects.AdditionalMembersoftheTeamSocialworkers,nutritionists,dentists,physicaltherapistsandpatientnavigatorsmayalsoassistinapatient’scareduringtheirtreatment.MeettheRadiationOncologyTe9WhattoExpectReferralConsultationSimulationTreatmentPlanningTreatmentProcessWhattoExpectReferral10ReferralAcancerisdiagnosed.Thediagnosingorreferringphysicianreviewspotentialtreatmentoptionswithpatient.Treatmentoptionsmayincluderadiationtherapy,surgery,chemotherapyoracombination.ItisimportantforapatientstoasktheirreferringphysicianaboutallpossibletreatmentoptionsavailabletothemReferralAcancerisdiagnosed.11ConsultationRadiationoncologistdiscussestheradiationtherapytreatmentoptionswithpatient.Atreatmentplanisdeveloped.Careiscoordinatedwithothermembersofpatient’soncologyteam.TheradiationoncologistwilldiscusswiththepatientwhichtypeofradiationtherapytreatmentisbestfortheirtypeofcancerConsultationRadiationoncologi12SimulationPatientissetupintreatmentpositiononadedicatedCTscanner.Immobilizationdevicesmaybecreatedtoassurepatientcomfortanddailyreproducibility.Referencemarksor“tattoos”maybeplacedonpatient.CTsimulationimagesareoftenfusedwithotherscanssuchatMRIorPETscanstocreateatreatmentplan.ACTscanoftheareaofthebodytobetreatedwithradiation.TheCTimagesarereconstructedandusedtodesignthebestandmostprecisetreatmentplan.SimulationPatientissetupin13TreatmentPlanningTheradiationoncologistworkswiththemedicalphysicistanddosimetristtocreateanindividualizedtreatmentplanforthepatient.Thetreatmentismappedoutindetailincludingthetypeofmachinetobeused,theamountofradiationthatisneededandthenumberoftreatmentsthatwillbegiven.RadiationoncologistanddosimetristcreatingatreatmentplanTreatmentPlanningTheradiatio14TreatmentProcessEachdaythepatientwillcheckinatthecancercenterfortreatment.

Theywillthenbeverifiedasthecorrectpatientandbesetupfortheirtreatment.

Theradiationoncologistwillmonitorthetreatmentsandthepatientwillmeetingwiththemweeklytodiscusstheirtreatment.Duringtheircheckinatthecancercenter,apatient’sidentitywillbeverified.TreatmentProcessEachdaythe15HowisRadiationTherapyDelivered?Radiationtherapycanbedeliveredeitherexternallyorinternally.Externalbeamradiationtherapytypicallydeliversradiationusingalinearaccelerator.Internalradiationtherapy,calledbrachytherapy,involvesplacingradioactivesourcesintoornearthetumor.Thetypeoftreatmentusedwilldependonthelocation,sizeandtypeofcancer.HowisRadiationTherapyDeliv16TypesofExternalRadiationTherapyThree-dimensionalconformalradiationtherapy(3D-CRT)Atechniquewherebeamsofradiationusedintreatmentareshapedtomatchthetumorandaredeliveredaccuratelyfromseveraldirections.Intensitymodulatedradiationtherapy(IMRT)Aformof3-DCRTinwhichthephysiciandesignatesspecificdosesofradiationthatthetumorandnormalsurroundingtissuesreceive.Thetypeofequipmentusedwilldependonthelocation,sizeandtypeofcancer.Amultileafcollimatorisusedtoshapetheradiationbeamtomatchthetumor,sparingsurroundinghealthytissueTypesofExternalRadiationTh17TypesofExternalBeamRadiationTherapyProtonBeamTherapyAtypeofradiationtherapythatuseshigh-energybeams(protons)ratherthanX-raystotreatcertaintypesofcancer.Mostcommonlyusedinthetreatmentofpediatric,CNSandintraocularcancers.StereotacticBodyRadiotherapyorStereotacticRadiosurgeryAspecializedformofradiationtherapythatfocuseshigh-powerenergyonasmallareaofthebody.Despiteitsname,radiosurgeryisatreatment,notasurgicalprocedure.Radiosurgerygenerallyimpliesasinglehighdoseorjustafewhighdosetreatments.

[AS–maybeapictureofaprotongantry?]TypesofExternalBeamRadiati18InternalRadiationTherapyRadioactivematerialisplacedintotumororsurroundingtissue.Alsocalledbrachytherapy.Radiationsourcesareplacedclosetothetumorsolargedosescandamagethecancercells.Allowsminimalradiationexposuretonormaltissue.Radioactivesourcesusedarethinwires,ribbons,capsulesorseeds.ThesecanbeeitherpermanentlyortemporarilyplacedinthebodyRadioactiveseedsforapermanentprostateimplant,anexampleoflow-dose-ratebrachytherapy.InternalRadiationTherapyRadi19Permanentvs.TemporaryImplantsPermanentimplantsreleasesmallamountsofradiationoveraperiodofseveralmonthsExamplesincludelow-dose-rateprostateimplants(“seeds”),Patientsreceivingpermanentimplantsmaybeminimallyradioactiveandshouldtemporarilyavoidclosecontactwithchildrenorpregnantwomen.TemporaryimplantsareleftinthebodyforseveralhourstoseveraldaysPatientmayrequirehospitalizationduringtheimplantdependingonthetreatmentsite,Examplesincludelow-dose-rategynecologicimplantsandhigh-dose-rateprostateorbreastimplants,Permanentvs.TemporaryImplan20SideEffectsofRadiationTherapyMostsideeffectsbeginduringthesecondorthirdweekoftreatment.Doctorsandnursesmayprescribemedicationstohelpwiththesesideeffects.Sideeffects,likeskinredness,aregenerallylimitedtotheareareceivingradiation.Fatigueisacommonsideeffectforallcancerpatients.Sideeffectsmaylastforseveralweeksafterthefinaldayoftreatment.Sideeffectsvarybasedonapatient’smedicalprofileordiagnosisSideEffectsofRadiationTher21WhoistheCancerCareTeam?AllthoseinvolvedwithapatientduringandaftertheircareispartoftheCancerCareTeam.Thisincludes:TheTreatmentTeamincludingPhysiciansNursesRadiationtherapistsPhysicistsDosimetristsSocialworkersReceptionistsFamilyandFriendsWhoistheCancerCareTeam?Al22TheCancerCareTeam,cont.ItisimportantfortheCancerCareTeamtohaveanopendialoguethroughoutthetreatmentprocess.Alwaysaskquestionsifyouhavethem-therearenodumbquestions.Alwaysshareyourconcerns–whetheryouarethepatientorthecaregiver,discussyourconcernswiththemedicalteamduringthetreatmentconsultations.Doyourresearch–therearemanygoodresourcesouttheretohelppatientsbefore,duringandaftertheirtreatment.TheCancerCareTeam,cont.It23ForMoreInformation…VisitToviewinformationonhowradiationtherapyworkstotreatvariouscancersTofindaradiationoncologistinyourareaForsupportresourcesForMoreInformation…Visitwww24UnderstandingRadiationTherapyForPatients,CareGiversandtheGeneralPublicUnderstandingRadiationTherap25IntroductiontoRadiationOncologyRadiationtherapy,orradiotherapy,istheuseofvariousformsofradiationtosafelyandeffectivelytreatcancerandotherdiseases.Radiationtherapyhasbeenaneffectivetoolfortreatingcancerformorethan100years.Abouttwo-thirdsofallcancerpatientswillreceiveradiationtherapyaspartoftheirtreatment.Radiationoncologistsaredoctorstrainedtouseradiationtotreatcancer.Patientbeingtreatedwithmodernradiationtherapyequipment.IntroductiontoRadiationOnco26BriefHistoryofRadiationTherapyThefirstpatientwastreatedwithradiationtherapyin1896,justtwomonthsafterthediscoveryoftheX-ray.Rapidtechnologyadvancesbeganintheearly1950s,withtheinventionofthelinearaccelerator.Planningandtreatmentdeliveryadvanceshaveenabledradiationtherapytobemoreeffectiveandprecise,whiledecreasingtheseverityofsideeffects.[AS–ShowapictureofamodernLinearaccelerator]Thelinearacceleratorisstillusedtodaytodeliverexternalbeamradiationtherapy.BriefHistoryofRadiationThe27【医学英文课件】-Understanding-Radiation-Therapy28【医学英文课件】-Understanding-Radiation-Therapy29IsRadiationTherapySafe?Newadvancesintechnologyandtreatmentdeliverycontinuetomakeradiationsafeandeffective.Ateamofmedicalprofessionalsdevelopandreviewthetreatmentplanforeachpatienttominimizesideeffectsandassurethattheareawherethecancerislocatedisreceivingthedoseofradiationneeded.Thetreatmentplanandequipmentareconstantlyreviewedtoensurethepropertreatmentisbeinggiven.IsRadiationTherapySafe?New30WhyUseRadiationTherapy?Tocurecancer:Destroytumorsthathavenotspreadtootherbodyparts.Reducetheriskthatcancerwillreturnaftersurgeryorchemotherapy.

Shrinkthecancerbeforesurgery.

Forpalliation(toreducesymptoms):Shrinktumorsaffectingqualityoflife,likealungtumorthatiscausingshortnessofbreath.Alleviatepainorneurologicsymptomsbyreducingthesizeofatumor.WhyUseRadiationTherapy?Toc31MeettheRadiationOncologyTeamAteamofhighlytrainedmedicalprofessionalsworktogethertomakesureyoureceivethebestpossiblecarewhileyouareundergoingradiationtherapy.RadiationOncologistOverseestheradiationtherapytreatments,includingworkingwithothermembersoftheradiationtherapyteamtodevelopthetreatmentplanandensurethateachtreatmentisgivensafelyandaccurately.MedicalRadiationPhysicistEnsuresthatcomplextreatmentplansareproperlytailoredforeachpatientanddirectsqualitycontrolprogramsforequipmentandprocedures.MeettheRadiationOncologyTe32MeettheRadiationOncologyTeam,cont.DosimetristWorkswiththeradiationoncologistandmedicalphysicisttocalculatetheproperdoseofradiationgiventothetumor.RadiationTherapistAdministersthedailyradiationundertheradiationoncologist’sprescriptionandsupervision.RadiationOncologyNurseCaresforthepatientandfamilybyprovidingeducation,emotionalsupportandtipsformanagingsideeffects.AdditionalMembersoftheTeamSocialworkers,nutritionists,dentists,physicaltherapistsandpatientnavigatorsmayalsoassistinapatient’scareduringtheirtreatment.MeettheRadiationOncologyTe33WhattoExpectReferralConsultationSimulationTreatmentPlanningTreatmentProcessWhattoExpectReferral34ReferralAcancerisdiagnosed.Thediagnosingorreferringphysicianreviewspotentialtreatmentoptionswithpatient.Treatmentoptionsmayincluderadiationtherapy,surgery,chemotherapyoracombination.ItisimportantforapatientstoasktheirreferringphysicianaboutallpossibletreatmentoptionsavailabletothemReferralAcancerisdiagnosed.35ConsultationRadiationoncologistdiscussestheradiationtherapytreatmentoptionswithpatient.Atreatmentplanisdeveloped.Careiscoordinatedwithothermembersofpatient’soncologyteam.TheradiationoncologistwilldiscusswiththepatientwhichtypeofradiationtherapytreatmentisbestfortheirtypeofcancerConsultationRadiationoncologi36SimulationPatientissetupintreatmentpositiononadedicatedCTscanner.Immobilizationdevicesmaybecreatedtoassurepatientcomfortanddailyreproducibility.Referencemarksor“tattoos”maybeplacedonpatient.CTsimulationimagesareoftenfusedwithotherscanssuchatMRIorPETscanstocreateatreatmentplan.ACTscanoftheareaofthebodytobetreatedwithradiation.TheCTimagesarereconstructedandusedtodesignthebestandmostprecisetreatmentplan.SimulationPatientissetupin37TreatmentPlanningTheradiationoncologistworkswiththemedicalphysicistanddosimetristtocreateanindividualizedtreatmentplanforthepatient.Thetreatmentismappedoutindetailincludingthetypeofmachinetobeused,theamountofradiationthatisneededandthenumberoftreatmentsthatwillbegiven.RadiationoncologistanddosimetristcreatingatreatmentplanTreatmentPlanningTheradiatio38TreatmentProcessEachdaythepatientwillcheckinatthecancercenterfortreatment.

Theywillthenbeverifiedasthecorrectpatientandbesetupfortheirtreatment.

Theradiationoncologistwillmonitorthetreatmentsandthepatientwillmeetingwiththemweeklytodiscusstheirtreatment.Duringtheircheckinatthecancercenter,apatient’sidentitywillbeverified.TreatmentProcessEachdaythe39HowisRadiationTherapyDelivered?Radiationtherapycanbedeliveredeitherexternallyorinternally.Externalbeamradiationtherapytypicallydeliversradiationusingalinearaccelerator.Internalradiationtherapy,calledbrachytherapy,involvesplacingradioactivesourcesintoornearthetumor.Thetypeoftreatmentusedwilldependonthelocation,sizeandtypeofcancer.HowisRadiationTherapyDeliv40TypesofExternalRadiationTherapyThree-dimensionalconformalradiationtherapy(3D-CRT)Atechniquewherebeamsofradiationusedintreatmentareshapedtomatchthetumorandaredeliveredaccuratelyfromseveraldirections.Intensitymodulatedradiationtherapy(IMRT)Aformof3-DCRTinwhichthephysiciandesignatesspecificdosesofradiationthatthetumorandnormalsurroundingtissuesreceive.Thetypeofequipmentusedwilldependonthelocation,sizeandtypeofcancer.Amultileafcollimatorisusedtoshapetheradiationbeamtomatchthetumor,sparingsurroundinghealthytissueTypesofExternalRadiationTh41TypesofExternalBeamRadiationTherapyProtonBeamTherapyAtypeofradiationtherapythatuseshigh-energybeams(protons)ratherthanX-raystotreatcertaintypesofcancer.Mostcommonlyusedinthetreatmentofpediatric,CNSandintraocularcancers.StereotacticBodyRadiotherapyorStereotacticRadiosurgeryAspecializedformofradiationtherapythatfocuseshigh-powerenergyonasmallareaofthebody.Despiteitsname,radiosurgeryisatreatment,notasurgicalprocedure.Radiosurgerygenerallyimpliesasinglehighdoseorjustafewhighdosetreatments.

[AS–maybeapictureofaprotongantry?]TypesofExternalBeamRadiati42InternalRadiationTherapyRadioactivematerialisplacedintotumororsurroundingtissue.Alsocalledbrachytherapy.Radiationsourcesareplacedclosetothetumorsolargedosescandamagethecancercells.Allowsminimalradiationexposuretonormaltissue.Radioactivesourcesusedarethinwires,ribbons,capsulesorseeds.ThesecanbeeitherpermanentlyortemporarilyplacedinthebodyRadioactiveseedsforapermanentprostateimplant,anexampleoflow-dose-ratebrachytherapy.InternalRadiationTherapyRadi43Permanentvs.TemporaryImplantsPermanentimplantsreleasesmallamountsofradiationoveraperiodofseveralmonthsExamplesinclud