考研考博-英语-塔里木大学考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-塔里木大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Iwasdeeplyimpressedbythehostess'（

）andenjoyedthedinnerpartyverymuch.

问题1选项

A.hostility

B.indignation

C.hospitality

D.humanity

【答案】C

【解析】句意:女主人的热情好客给我留下了深刻印象，我在这次晚宴中很开心。

考查名词辨析。Hostility敌意,战争行动;indignation愤慨,义愤;hospitality好客,殷勤;humanity人道,仁慈。故C符合句意。

2.翻译题

Stanfordopeneditsdoorsin1891,andmorethanacenturylater,itremainsdedicatedtofindingsolutionstothegreatchallengesofthedayandtopreparingourstudentsforleadershipintoday’scomplexworld.

Stanfordstudentsstandoutfortheiracademicexcellence.TheycomefromthroughouttheUnitedStatesandtheworld,representingdemographic,economicandculturaldiversity.Studentsareadmittedonaneed-blindbasis,andtheuniversityensuresthatnoadmittedstudentisunabletoattend.Oncehere,studentsdiscoverthatexploration,challengeandcuriosityarelimitedonlybytheirdesires.

Stanfordisunusualamonggreatuniversitiesinhavingsevenschoolsononecampus:HumanitiesandSciences,Law,Medicine,Business,EarthSciences,EngineeringandEducation.Thisbreadthprovidesstudentswithunparalleledfreedomtocrossdepartmentalboundariesanddiscoverintellectualandpersonalpassions.Creativethinking,problem-solving,andresearcharecentraltotheacademicprogramsatStanfordandlearningtakesplaceinanenvironmentofintimatecollaboration.

FromNobelPrizewinnerstoundergraduates,allmembersofStanfordareengagedincreatingnewknowledge,whetherinsciences,business,artsorwherevertheirinterestslie.Stanfordisparticularlynotedforitsopennesstomultidisciplinaryresearchnotonlywithinitsschoolsanddepartments,butalsoinitslaboratories,institutes,librariesandresearchcenters.

LivingandlearningareintimatelyintertwinedatStanford.Extra-curricularprograms,organizations,performances,forumsandathleticsbeckonstudents,facultyandstaff,aswellasneighborsfromthecommunitiesaroundus.

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChineseandwritetheansweronyourANSWERSHEET.

【答案】【参考译文】斯坦福大学成立于1891年，在之后的一个多世纪，一直致力于寻求应对如今巨大挑战的方法并且为学生在当今复杂世界中成为领导阶层而做准备。

斯坦福大学的学生因其优异的学业而引人注目。他们来自于美国及世界各地，体现着人口、经济和文化的多样性。该校招生不考虑学生支付能力，并确保所有被录取学生都能上学。只要进入这里，学生们发现探索、挑战和好奇的唯一制约因素就是自身的渴望。

和其他著名大学的不同在于，斯坦福大学一个校区有七所学院：人文科学院、法律学院、医学院、商学院、地球科学院、工程学院和教育学研究院。这使得学生可以自由跨越不同的学院界限，发掘个人的求知欲。在斯坦福大学的课程体系中，创造性思维、问题解决和研究能力是非常重要的，而学习也是在一种密切协作的环境中进行的。

斯坦福大学的所有成员，从诺贝尔奖得主到在校本科生，都致力于创造新知识，不论是在科学、经济还是艺术领域，还是在任何其兴趣所在的领域。斯坦福大学因其公开性的多领域研究而著名。研究既可以在院校范围之内进行，也可以在实验室、研究所、图书馆或者研究中心进行。

在斯坦福大学，生活和学习是互为一体的。课外活动、组织机构、表演、论坛以及体育运动不仅吸引着学生和教职员工，也吸引着附近社区的邻居。

3.单选题

TheelderlyRussiansfindithardtoliveontheirstate（）.

问题1选项

A.pensions

B.earnings

C.salaries

D.donations

【答案】A

【解析】句意:老年俄罗斯公民发现，依靠国家的养老金生活很艰难。

考查名词辨析。pension养老金；earning收益；工资；salary薪水；donation捐赠；捐款。因此A项正确。

4.单选题

CampaigningontheIndianfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscrawlthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalitiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvesttime，whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsunbakedclay，butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes，drawbridges,etc.Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan，itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposesofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonourhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanwhoknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however，befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.

Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:therifleandtheBritishGovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.TheconvenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag，andathithertounheardofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.RiflethievesscouredallIndiatoreinforcetheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.

TheactionoftheBritishGovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing，advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheplains,notonlyweretheydrivenback(whichafterallwasnomorethanfair)，butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookplace,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightandthengoneawayagain.Inmanycasesthiswastheirpracticeunderwhatwascalledthe“butcherandboltpolicy”towhichtheGovernmentofIndialongadhered.Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys,andinparticularthegreatroadtoChitral.Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.Therewasnoobjectiontothelastmethodsofarasitwent.Butthewholeofthistendencytoroad-makingwasregardedbythePathanswithprofounddistaste.Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,andaboveallnottoshootattravellersalongtheroad.Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.

1.Theworddebtsin“veryfewdebtsareleftunpaid”inthefirstparagraphmeans_______.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthegeographicalfactsabouttheIndianfrontier?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thePathanswelcomed_________.

4.BuildingroadsbytheBritish__________.

5.Asuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbe________.

问题1选项

A.loans

B.accounts

C.killings

D.bargains

问题2选项

A.Meltingsnows.

B.Largepopulation.

C.Steephillsides.

D.Fertilevalleys.

问题3选项

A.theintroductionoftherifle

B.thespreadofBritishrule

C.theextensionofluxuries

D.thespreadoftrade

问题4选项

A.putanendtoawholeseriesofquarrels

B.preventedthePathansfromcarryingonfeuds

C.lessenedthesubsidiespaidtothePathans

D.gavethePathansamuchquieterlife

问题5选项

A.CampaigningontheIndianFrontier

B.WhythePathansResentedtheBritishRule

C.ThePopularityofRiflesamongthePathans

D.ThePathansatWar

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan，itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.”，可知每座村庄都设有自己的防卫。每个家族都有自己的仇恨，每个部落都有宿仇。无数部落和部落联合体都有自己的理由与其他部落清算。人们不会忘记任何事情，并且有仇必报。所以这里的债务是指宿仇和仇杀。选项C符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句，“…arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation…”，可知土地丰饶，只要些许劳作就足以供养稀少人口的物质需求。所以人口并不多。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“…convenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.”，可知步枪的便捷受到了前所未有的欢迎。这个在1500码远的地方可精确杀死对手的武器给每一个能拥有它的家庭或家族带来了新的希望。所以帕坦人是欢迎步枪这种武器的引入的。选项A符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.”，他们通过威胁恐吓、堡垒、补助等方式来确保这些道路的安全。所以没有减少补贴，可排除选项C。根据文章第三段，“Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,”可知英国政府要求沿路周围的人们保持安静，不许相互射杀，所以帕坦部落并没有过着安静的生活，可排除选项D。根据文章第三段最后一句，“Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.”，可知一切斗争都源于这些道路的修建，一系列的争吵并没有结束，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。

5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了印度边境的环境和活动，第二段提到了步枪引入到帕坦部落，并且受到了欢迎，第三段提到了帕坦部落人对英国政府的不满，并且讲到了帕坦部落对英国政府的修路意图尤其憎恨，这也是一切斗争的根源。由此可见，本文主要介绍了帕坦部落的生活环境，对步枪的喜爱以及对英国政府的憎恶等各方面的内容。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesarcathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.

“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual”,sayseducationwriterDianeRavitcli.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”

“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandProfessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanlife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.

RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren;“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized—goingtoschoolandlearningtoread,sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecriticalcreativeandcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseeksgrasp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.

Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewhojoyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”

1.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?

2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof（

）.

3.TheviewsofRavitcliandEmersononschoolingare

（

）.

4.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably（

）.

问题1选项

A.Thehabitofthinkingindependently.

B.Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.

C.Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.

D.Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.

问题2选项

A.undervaluingintellect

B.favoringintellectualism

C.supportingschoolreform

D.suppressingnativeintelligence

问题3选项

A.identical

B.similar

C.complementary

D.opposite

问题4选项

A.apioneerofeducationreform

B.anopponentofintellectualism

C.ascholarinfavorofintellect

D.anadvocateofregularschooling

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“美国家长期望他们的孩子在学校学到什么”。文章第一段第二句提到“甚至我们送孩子去学习知识的学校也不是为了求知”（Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation—nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge），可知美国家长送孩子去学校的目的是培养实践能力，选项C符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“从文章中我们可以知美国有过一段怎样的历史”。文章第二段第一句话提到“教育作家提出，学校一直处于一个重视实际而轻视才智的社会中”（“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual”,sayseducationwriterDianeRavitcli），选项A“轻视才智”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。题目问的是“Ravitch和Emerson关于学校的观点……”。文章第五段第一句话提到爱默生和其他一些超经验主义者认为学校和严格的书本学习禁锢了学生（RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren），由此可见爱默生是不认可所谓的才智主义；文章第二段提到了Ravitcli关于教育的观点，他认为学校应该平衡“实践能力与才智教育”，不能一味重视实践能力，由此可以看书Ravitcli是重视才智的。由此可以看出，这两位的观点是相反的，选项D符合题意。

4.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章可以得知，爱默生可能……”。文章第五段第一句话提到爱默生和其他一些超经验主义者认为学校和严格的书本学习禁锢了学生（RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren），由此可知爱默生是反对才智主义的，选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Thousandsofanti-capitalistprotesterstook（）thestreetsinscoresofcitiesaroundtheworld.

问题1选项

A.in

B.into

C.to

D.off

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项takein“吸收，领会，欺骗，接待，接受，理解，拘留，欺骗，让……进入，改短”；B选项takeinto“考虑到，说服”；C选项taketo“喜欢，走向，开始从事”；D选项takeoff“起飞，脱下，离开，突然成功”。句意：成千上万的反资本主义抗议者在世界各地的城市街头上走着。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Hebelievedinconventionalbehaviorswhich______tothehigheststandards.

问题1选项

A.confirmed

B.confronted

C.conformed

D.affirmed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项confirmed“确认；确定；证实；批准；使巩固”；B选项confronted“面对；遭遇；比较”；C选项conformed“符合；遵照；适应环境；使遵守；使一致；使顺从”；D选项affirmed“肯定；断言；确认”。句意：他相信符合最高标准的传统行为。因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookstore,willgiveyou（）youneed.

问题1选项

A.alltheinformation

B.alltheinformations

C.allofinformation

D.alloftheinformations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词复数形式。information是不可数名词，复数形式后面不能加s，所以B、D错误。allof后面接不可数名词时，名词前必须要有定冠词the，所以C错误。因此A选项alltheinformation正确。

9.单选题

ThemostthoroughlystudiedintellectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits.”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritan(清教徒)traditioninAmericanintellectuallife.

TomakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch—importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture,adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.

TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialofthecrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.

Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmersletalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoimmigratedinthelate1630s:leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope—allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbymypeople.”OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurches.

Meanwhile,manysettlershadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”

26.Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland________.

27.ItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewEnglanders________.

28.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay________.

29.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften________.

30.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland________.

问题1选项

A.puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife

B.intellectualinterestwereencouraged

C.politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors

D.intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment

问题2选项

A.experiencedacomparativelyearlyhistory

B.broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld

C.paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife

D.wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations

问题3选项

A.werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings

B.gainedincreasingimportanceinreligionsaffairs

C.abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld

D.createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland

问题4选项

A.influencedbysuperstitions

B.troubledwithreligiousbeliefs

C.puzzledbychurchsermons

D.frustratedwithfamilyearnings

问题5选项

A.weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities

B.weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect

C.camefromdifferentintellectualbackground

D.leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreference

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】26.事实细节题。根据第一段第二句nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits”（在新英格兰，没有任何其他地方比殖民地美国“对知识追求”有如此高的重视），可知作者认为新英格兰重视知识，所以B选项“鼓励知识分子的兴趣”正确。A选项“清教传统主导了政治生活”和D选项“享有追求知识自由的环境”：根据第一段第三句NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritan（清教徒）traditioninAmericanintellectuallife.（新英格兰的领导人将逐渐发展起来的占主导地位的清教传统文化作为美洲文化生活的基本主题和当务之急。），可知没有说到清教和政治的紧密联系，故A选项错误，领导人把清教作为文化基底，没有让人充分自由追求文化，故D选项错误。C选项“政治从知识的努力中获益良多”：文章没有提到知识在政治方面带来的好处，故错误。因此选B项正确。

27.推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture,adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances.（但是，为了与我们对南方知识分子生活的考察相一致，我们可以把最初的清教徒看作是欧洲文化的载体，他们在适应新大陆的环境。），可知新英格兰人把原本就有的清教带到新大陆，所以B选项“带来了旧世界的文化”正确。A选项“经历了比较早的历史”：不是作者想要表达的意思，属于过度推测，故错误。C选项“对南方的知识分子生活没有多少关注”：这里指的是以读者的角度看南方知识分子而非新英格兰人，故错误。D选项“痴迷于宗教创新”：根据第二段第一句Puritans’theologicalinnovations（清教徒的神学创新），并没有说他们痴迷于宗教改革，属于过度推测，故错误。因此B选项正确。

28.事实细节题。根据第三段最后一句Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.（这些人著书立说，在新旧世界都有读者，给新英格兰带来了一种学术热情的气氛。），可知D选项“在新英格兰创造了一种新的学术氛围”正确；没有表达他们很出名，故A选项“在新大陆，他们因为作品很出名”错误；没有提到他们在宗教事务中的地位，故B选项“在宗教事务中越来越重要”错误。C选项“在来到新大陆之前放弃了高级职位”：根据第三段第一句TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.（马萨诸塞湾的早期定居者包括在英国受过良好教育和有影响力的人。），这并不代表他们之前位高权重，故错误。因此D选项正确。

29.语义推测题。根据第四段第一句mostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.（大多数新英格兰人受教育程度较低。）和第三句Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.（他们的思想往往带有一种传统的迷信性质。），接着引出戴恩的例子，所以A选项“受迷信的影响”正确。B选项“受宗教信仰困扰”，C选项“被教会的布道所迷惑”和D选项“对家庭收入感到沮丧”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

30.推理判断题。本文讲述新英格兰殖民地的早期定居者，他们有的是受过良好教育和有影响力的人，有的受教育程度较低，所以C选项“来自不同的知识背景”正确。A选项“主要从事政治活动”：他们的生活方方面面，政治是其中一项，故错误。B选项“被虚幻的前景所激励”：文中没有这样的意思，故错误。D选项“没有留下多少正式记录供后人参考”：根据第一段第三句Accordingtomanybooksandarticles（根据许多书籍和文章），可知有不少可参考的资料，故错误。因此C选项正确。

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.

Manybelievethatscienceismerelyacollectionoffacts,thatitdevelopsbythegatheringofthesefactsandslowlyapproachesthetruthaboutnature.Accordingtothisview,theso-calledscientificmethodisthebasisforscientificdevelopment.Thescientificmethodissaidtohavethreesteps.

Thefirststepisthatofcarefulobservation—ofteninvolveslookingforrelationshipsamongdifferentkindsofevents.Ifaspecificrelationshipseemstobetrueinanumberofcases,withoutanyexceptions,thenitmaybehypothesizedthattherelationshipholdsingeneral.Thesecondstepofthescientificmethodmaybetheformulationofsuchageneralhypothesis.Oritmaybeanattempttoexplainphenomenabytheorizingtheexistenceofadeeperreality.Thethirdstep,thetestingofthetheory,mayinvolvefurtherexperimentaltestingofhypothesizedrelationships.Oritmaybeexperimentalverificationofnewphenomenapredictedbyanewtheory.

【答案】很多人认为，科学只是事实的积累，科学通过收集这些事实而获得发展，并慢慢地接近自然真理。根据这一观点，所谓科学的研究方法正是科学发展的基础。科学的研究方法可以包括三个阶段。

第一阶段——仔细观察阶段，常常需要寻找各种事件之间的关系。如果某一特定关系在很多情况下看来都正确而无一例外，则可以假设这种关系是普遍存在的。科学研究方法的第二阶段可能是将这种一般的假设公式化，也可能是试图通过对更深刻的现实存在进行推理来解释各种现象。第三阶段，即检验真理阶段，可能需要对所假设的关系通过实验进一步加以检验，也可能通过实验来证明新理论所预言的新现象。

11.问答题

Ashumankindmovesintothethird(A)millennium,itcan(B)rightfullyclaimtohavebrokennewgroundin(C)theirage-old(D)questtomastertheenvironment.

【答案】C;“their”改为“its”。

【解析】考查代词。句意：随着人类进入第三个千年，人类可以正当地声称其在自古以来对环境的掌控中开辟了新的道路。It代指上文的“humankind”表示人类，为单数形式，所以下文也应该用相应的单数形式“its”。故将C项的“their”改为“its”。

12.单选题

Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisignoredwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan“Monkeysee,monkeydo.”

Lookatitfromthechild’spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.

Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacketisunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreaffectionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.

Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers;whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.

Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituation,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.

1.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis________.

2.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto________.

3.Childrentendtoimitatetheirmodels________.

4.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Para.5)referstoaperson________.

问题1选项

A.theneedtofindanauthority

B.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresult

C.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparents

D.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup

问题2选项

A.behaveproperly

B.attainhisgoalassoonaspossible

C.showhisaffectionforhisparents

D.talkquietly

问题3选项

A.whodonotcriticizethem

B.whobringthemunexpectedrewards

C.whomtheywanttobelike

D.whosesocialstatusishigh

问题4选项

A.whoservesasamodelforothers

B.whoisalwayssuccessful

C.whocanbedependedupon

D.whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis________.对孩子来说，模仿式学习的第一个因素是________。

A.theneedtofindanauthorityA.需要找到权威

B.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultB.需要找到达到预期结果的方法

C.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsC.需要从父母那里得到更多的爱

D.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroupD.希望达到所在的社会群体的标准

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词firstelement定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“还有第二个因素在起作用（secondelement）”，推测第一因素在第二段，结合第二段第三、四句，该处讲到“他在寻求（seeking）一种能达到特定目的的反应（gaincertainends）……他观察到（observes）一个似乎能够得到正确结果（rightresult）的模型。”，可知模仿式学习的第一个因素是需要达到自己想要的结果，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“需要找到权威”：对应第二段最后一句，该处讲到“孩子们会寻找一个权威人士（authority）或专家来告诉他们该做什么（whattodo）”，可知寻求权威的建议是是方法，而不是原因，属于偷换概念；

C选项“需要从父母那里得到更多的爱”：对应第三段倒数第三句，该处讲到“当父母喜欢他的反应时（whenhisparentslikehisresponse），他会得到更多的爱（affection）和认可。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴；

D选项“希望达到所在的社会群体的标准”：对应第三段最后一句，该处讲到“如果一个人想得到他人的持续支持和维持自己的自尊（supportofothersandhisownself-respect），他必须以社会群体认可的方式回应（responseshissocialgroupapproves）。”，这是属于第二因素的内容，而非第一因素，属于张冠李戴。

第2题:【选项释义】

Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto________.除了达到他想要的结果