考研考博-英语-哈尔滨应用职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-哈尔滨应用职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Stressfulenvironmentleadstounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which（

）,increasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.

问题1选项

A.bychance

B.inturn

C.byfortune

D.incase

【答案】B

【解析】句意:有压力的环境导致如不好的饮食习惯这样的不健康的行为，依次增加高血压和心脏病的风险。

短语辨析。Bychance偶然，意外;inturn轮流,依次;byfortune幸运;incase万一,假如.。故B符合句意。

2.单选题

I’mmuchobligedtoyourkindness.

问题1选项

A.delightful

B.vital

C.grateful

D.respectful

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项delightful“可爱的，讨人喜欢的”；B选项vital“至关重要的，生死攸关的”；C选项grateful“感谢的，令人愉快的”；D选项respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”。句意：我非常感谢你的好意。句中的obligedto是“感激”的意思，因此C选项符合题意。

3.单选题

FlatswerealmostunknowninBritainuntilthe1850swhentheyweredeveloped,alongwithotherindustrialdwellings,forthelaboringclasses.Thesevastblockswereplainlya（1）meansof（2）socialconsciencebyhousinglargenumbersoftheever-presentpooron（3）citysites.Duringthe1880s,however,theideaoflivingincomfortableresidentialchamberscaughtonwiththe（4）upperanduppermiddle-classes,and（5）astotheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofflatlifewasatopicofconversation（6）manya（7）dinnertable.InParisandothermajorEuropeancities,thecustomwherebythebetter-offlivedinapartments,orflats,waswell（8）.Uptothelate19thcenturyinEnglandonlybachelorbarristershadestablishedthe（9）oflivinginroomsneartheLawCourt:anyself-respectingheadofhouseholdwouldinsist（10）aWestEndtownhouseashisLondonhome,thebestthathis（11）couldprovide.

The（12）offlatsforthebetter-offseemstohavedevelopedforanumberofreasons.First,perhaps,throughthe（13）oftherailways,whichhadenabledawide（14）ofpeopletoenjoyaholidaystayinginasuiteatoneoftheluxuryhotelswhichhadbeguntospringupduringthepreviousdecade.（15）,nodoubt,thefactthatmanyoftheearlyluxuryflatsweresimilar（16）hotelsuites,evenbeingprovidedwith（17）diningroomsandcentralboilersforhotwaterandheating.Rentstendedtobehightocoveroverheads,butsavingsweremade（18）bythesecommunalamenitiesand（19）tenantsbeingableto（20）thenumberoffamilyservants.

问题1选项

A.conservative

B.conventional

C.convenient

D.communicative

问题2选项

A.easing

B.decreasing

C.diminishing

D.enhancing

问题3选项

A.compact

B.condensed

C.compressed

D.compatible

问题4选项

A.flourishing

B.affluent

C.humble

D.impoverished

问题5选项

A.ambiguity

B.controversy

C.prediction

D.compromise

问题6选项

A.around

B.through

C.over

D.above

问题7选项

A.respective

B.respectful

C.respectable

D.respecting

问题8选项

A.launched

B.imposed

C.established

D.enacted

问题9选项

A.tradition

B.anticipation

C.conviction

D.qualification

问题10选项

A.in

B.to

C.upon

D.for

问题11选项

A.sense

B.method

C.means

D.duty

问题12选项

A.superiority

B.popularity

C.priority

D.adversity

问题13选项

A.production

B.destruction

C.consumption

D.introduction

问题14选项

A.category

B.ratio

C.proportion

D.range

问题15选项

A.Nevertheless

B.Notwithstanding

C.Hence

D.Hitherto

问题16选项

A.with

B.to

C.for

D.as

问题17选项

A.communal

B.mutual

C.concentrated

D.domestic

问题18选项

A.vulnerable

B.available

C.accessible

D.possible

问题19选项

A.with

B.from

C.at

D.by

问题20选项

A.shorten

B.reduce

C.shrink

D.increase

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:C

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:D

第15题:C

第16题:B

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:D

第20题:B

【解析】1.考查形容词辨析。conservative“保守的”；conventional“传统的，常见的，符合习俗的”；convenient“方便的”；communicative“爱说话的，健谈的”。句意：这些公寓在那时是用来缓解社会良知的方便方法，这些房子里当时住着许多穷人。通过把大多数穷人安置在小公寓里是一种方便的方法。故C项正确。

2.考查动词辨析。ease“减轻，缓解，缓和”；decrease“减少”；diminish“减少，使变小”；enhance“增加”。此处指缓和社会良知，故A项正确。

3.考查形容词辨析。compact“袖珍的，紧凑的”；condensed“浓缩的，扼要的”；compressed“被压缩的”；compatible“兼容的，能共处的”。由citysites可知城市街区里的公寓是很紧凑的。故A项正确。

4.考查形容词辨析。flourishing“繁荣的，繁盛的”；affluent“富裕的，丰盛的”；humble“谦虚的，简陋的，”；impoverished“穷困的，用尽了的”。由“upperanduppermiddle-classes”可知上层阶级是富裕的，故B项正确。

5.考查名词辨析。ambiguity“含糊，模棱两可”；controversy“争议，争论”；prediction“预报，语言”；compromise“妥协，和解”。由下文可知此空指的是有关公布公寓生活的优点和缺点的争论。故B项正确。

6.考查固定搭配。aroundthetable围坐在餐桌周围。

7.考查形近词辨析。respective“各自的”；respectful“恭敬的，有礼貌的”；respectable“体面的，值得尊敬的，人格高尚的”；respecting“关于”。富人的餐桌应该是体面的，故C项符合题意。

8.考查动词辨析。launch“发射，发起，发动”；impose“强加，征税，以…欺骗”;establish“建立，确立”；enact“颁布，制定法律”。在巴黎和欧洲其他主要城市，富人住在公寓里的习俗已经建立。C项符合题意。

9.考查名词辨析。tradition“传统，习惯”；anticipation“预料，预想，预期”；conviction“定罪，确信，证明有罪”；qualification“资格，条件”。句意：到19世纪末，在英国只有单身律师建立了住在法院附近房子里的习惯。故A项符合题意。

10.考查固定搭配。insistupon“坚持”。句意：任何有自尊心的户主会坚持希望在西部小镇的房子安家。

11.考查名词辨析。sense“感觉，官能”；method“方法”；means“财产，方法”；duty“责任，职务”。这里指代这些有自尊心的户主希望能在西部小镇安家，并且最好他的财产能够负担这些费用。故C项正确。

12.考查名词辨析。superiority“优越，优势，优先性”；popularity“普及，流行，受欢迎”；adversity“逆境，不幸，灾难”。富人公寓很受欢迎似乎有许多理由。B项符合题意。

13.考查名词辨析。production“成品，成果”；destruction“毁灭”；consumption“消费，消耗”；introduction“介绍，引进，采用”。此处指由于火车的引进，许多人度假能够住在豪华酒店的套房里。

14.考查名词辨析。category“种类，分类”；ratio“比率，比例”；proportion“比例，占比”；range“范围，幅度”。awiderangeof“大范围的，许多不同的”。

15.考查连词。nevertheless“然而，不过”；notwithstanding“虽然，尽管”；hence“因此”；hitherto“迄今，至今”。句意：因此，不足为奇的是许多早期豪华公寓与酒店套房相似。联系上下文可知此处表示因果关系，前为因，此处表示结果。故C项正确。

16.考查固定搭配。besimilarto“与…相似的”。

17.考查形容词辨析。communal“公共的，公社的”；mutual“共同的，相互的”；concentrated“集中的，浓缩的，全神贯注的”；domestic“国内的”。由centralboilers中心锅炉可推知豪华公寓里的餐厅也是公共的，故A项正确。

18.考查形容词辨析。vulnerable“易受攻击的，脆弱的”；available“可获得的，可得到的”；accessible“可进入的，易接近的”；possible“可能的”。由thesecommunalamenties可推知这些公共设施可以帮助租客节省开支。故D项正确。

19.考查介词。由and前面的bythesecommunal…可知此空应填by。句意：这些公共设施以及房客通过减少家庭仆人的数量使得节省开支成为可能。

20.考查动词辨析。shorten“缩短，减少”；reduce“减少”；shrink“缩小，退缩”；increase“增加”。由savings可推知房客是减少雇佣仆人的数量。故B项项正确。

4.单选题

Predictingthefutureisalwaysrisky.Butit’sprobablysafetosaythatatleastafewhistorianswillonedayspeakofthe20th-centuryasAmerica’s“DisneyEra.”Today,it’scertainlydifficulttothinkofanyothersinglethingthatrepresentsmodemAmericaaspowerfullyasthecompanythatcreatedMickeyMouse.Globally,brandslikeCoca-ColaandMcDonaldsmaybemorewidely-known,butneitherencapsulates20th-centuryAmericainquitethesamewayasDisney.

ThereasonsforDisney’ssuccessarevariedandnumerous,butultimatelythecreditbelongs

tooneperson—themanwhocreatedthecartoonandbuiltthecompanyfromnothing,WaltDisney.Ironicallyhecouldnotdrawparticularlywell.Buthewasageniusinplentyofotherrespects.Inbusiness,hisgreatestskillswerehisinsightandhismanagementability.AftersettinghimselfupinHollywood,hesingle-handedlypioneeredtheconceptsofbrandingandmerchandising—somethinghiscompanystilldoesbrilliantlytoday.

ButwhatreallydistinguishedDisneywashisabilitytoidentifywithhisaudiences.Disneyalwaysmadesurehisfilmschampionedthe“littleguy,”andmadehimfeelproudtobeAmerican.Thisheachievedbycreatingcharactersthatreflectedthehopesandfearsoftheordinarypeople.SomecelebratedAmericanachievements—Disney’sveryfirstcartoonPlaneCrazy,featuringasilentMickeyhouse,wasinspiredbyCharlesLindbergh’sflightacrosstheAtlantic.Others,likethethreelittlePigsandSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarves,showedhow,throughhardworkandhelpingone’sfellowman,ordinaryAmericanscouldsurvivesocialandeconomiccrisesliketheGreatDepression.

Disney’sothergreatvirtuewasthefactthathiscompany—unlikeotherbigcorporations—hadahumanface.HisHollywoodstudio—thepublicheard—operatedjustlikeademocracy,whereeveryonewasonfirst-nametermsandhadasayinhowthingsshouldberun.HewasalsoregardedasagreatpatriotbecausenotonlydidhiscartoonscelebrateAmerica,but,duringWorldWarII,hisstudiosmadetrainingfilmsforAmericansoldiers.

Thereality,ofcourse,waslessidyllic.Asthepublicwouldlaterlearn,Disney’spatriotismhadanunpleasantside.Afterastrikebycartoonistsin1941,hebecameconvincedthatHollywoodhadbeeninfiltratedbyCommunists.HeagreedtoworkfortheFBIasamole（间谍）,identifyingandspyingoncolleagueswhomhesuspectedweresubversives.

But,apartfromhisaffiliationswiththeFBI,Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle.Anewbook,TheMagicKingdom:WaltDisneyandtheAmericanWayofLife,byStevenWatts,confirmsthathewasverydefinitelyonthesideofordinaryAmericans―inthe30sand40shevotedforFranklinRoosevelt,believinghewasachampionoftheworkers.Also,DisneywasnotanapologistfortheFBI,assomehavesuggested.Infact,hewasalwayssuspiciousoflarge,bureaucraticorganizations,asisevidencedinfilmslikeThatDarnedCat,inwhichheportrayedFBIagentsasbunglingincompetents.

Bythetimehediedin1966,WaltDisneywasaniconlikeThomasEdisonandtheWrightBrothers.Tobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers,hewasarolemodel;tothepublicatlarge,hewas“UncleWalt”一themanwhohadentertainedthemalltheirlives,themanwhorepresentedallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica.

Inthe30yearssincehisdeath,notmuchhaschanged.In1986,hewasattackedasaMcCarthyist,asupporterofbigbusiness,andapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment.However,noneofithasmadeanydifferencetothegeneralpublic.TheirloyaltytoUncleWaltremainsasstrongasever.

1.WaltDisneyisbelievedtopossessthefollowingabilitiesEXCEPT（

）.

2.WaltDisneybecameaniconafterhisdeathnotbecause

（

）.

3.Inthesixthparagraphthesentence“Disneywasmoreorlessthegenuinearticle”means

that

（

）.

4.Thewriter’sattitudetowardWaltDisneycanbestbedescribedas

（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasthepleasantsideofDisney’spatriotism?

问题1选项

A.painting

B.creativity

C.management

D.merchandising

问题2选项

A.Hewasarolemodeltobusinesspeopleandfilmmakers

B.hecouldentertainthepublicatlargealltheirlives

C.hewasapurveyorof“sub-literate”entertainment

D.hecouldrepresentallthatwasgoodaboutAmerica

问题3选项

A.Disneywasacreativeandcapableperson.

B.DisneyonceagreedtoworkfortheFBI.

C.Disneyranhiscompanyinademocraticway.

D.Disneywassympatheticwithordinarypeople.

问题4选项

A.sympathetic

B.objective

C.critical

D.skeptical

问题5选项

A.HesidedwithordinaryAmericansinhisfilms.

B.HesupportedAmerica’swareffortsinhisownway.

C.Hehaddoubtsaboutlarge,bureaucraticorganizations.

D.HevotedforFranklinRooseveltinthe30sand40s.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中“Ironicallyhecouldnotdrawparticularlywell”讽刺的是他画得不太好，可知WaltDisney绘画能力不好，因此选A。

2.细节事实题。文章最后两段讲述了WaltDisney死后的影响，A、C、D选项在倒数第二段中都有提及，B选项在最后一段中提及，不符合题干中成为偶像的原因，因此选B。

3.推理判断题。根据文章第六段中“hewasverydefinitelyonthesideofordinaryAmericans”可知WaltDisney站在普通美国人这边，因此D选项“迪士尼对普通人很同情”符合题意。

4.观点态度题。根据文章第二段中“ThereasonsforDisney’ssuccessarevariedandnumerous,butultimatelythecreditbelongstooneperson—themanwhocreatedthecartoonandbuiltthecompanyfromnothing,WaltDisney.”和第五段中“Asthepublicwouldlaterlearn,Disney’spatriotismhadanunpleasantside.”可知作者既写了WaltDisney对迪士尼公司的成功有突出贡献，又写了他爱国主义不好的一面，因此作者对WaltDisney的态度是客观的，选B。

5.推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“HewasalsoregardedasagreatpatriotbecausenotonlydidhiscartoonscelebrateAmerica,but,duringWorldWarII,hisstudiosmadetrainingfilmsforAmericansoldiers.”他也被认为是一位伟大的爱国者，因为他不仅以他的动画片赞美美国，而且在二战期间，他的制作室也为美国士兵制作训练用影片。可知他以自己的方式支持美国的战争努力，因此选B。

5.单选题

Goodthingsaredividedintothreeclasses:(1)externalgoods,(2)goodsofthesoul,and(3)goodsofthebody.Ofthese,wecallthegoodspertainingtothesoulgoodsinthehighestandfullestsense.Butinspeakingof“soul”,werefertooursoul’sactionsandactivities.Thus,ourdefinitionofgoodtallieswiththisopinionwhichhasbeencurrentforalongtimeandtowhichphilosopherssubscribe.Wearealsorightindefiningtheendasconsistingofactionsandactivities;forinthiswaytheendisincludedamongthegoodsofthesoulandnotamongexternalgoods.

Alsotheviewthatahappymanliveswellandfareswellfitsinwithourdefinition:forwehaveallbutdefinedhappinessasakindofgoodlifeandwell-being.

Moreover,thecharacteristicswhichonelooksforinhappinessareallincludedinourdefinition.Forsomepeoplethinkthathappinessisavirtue,othersthatitispracticalwisdom,othersthatitissomekindoftheoreticalwisdom;othersagainbelieveittobeallorsomeoftheseaccompaniedby,ornotdevoidof,pleasure;andsomepeoplealsoincludeexternalprosperityinitsdefinition.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestgoodsarethosethat（）.

2.Theword“tallies”inline4means（）.

3.Theauthor’sdefinitionofhappinessinparagraph2isrelatedtothedefinitionofgoodinthat（）.

4.Theauthor’smainpurposeinthelastparagraphisto（）.

问题1选项

A.createprosperity

B.arespiritual

C.areintellectual

D.createhappiness

问题2选项

A.keepscount

B.records

C.labels

D.corresponds

问题3选项

A.livingagoodlifewillbringyouhappiness

B.happinessisthesameasgoodness

C.happinessisoftensacrificedtoattainthegood

D.allthingsthatcreatehappinessaregoodthings

问题4选项

A.showthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentdefinitionsofhappiness

B.provideguidelinesforgoodbehavior

C.provethathisdefinitionofhappinessisvalid

D.explainrelationshipbetweenhappinessandgoodness

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段，“wecallthegoodspertainingtothesoulgoodsinthehighestandfullestsense.”，我们把与灵魂相关的美好事物称为最高的意义。可判断出最好的事物就是精神上的美好。选项B符合题意。

2.词义题。根据文章第一段，“…thisopinionwhichhasbeencurrentforalongtimeandtowhichphilosopherssubscribe.”，这样的观点已经流行了很长一段时间，并且哲学家们也赞成。可判断出我们对于美好的定义符合这一观点。keepscount“计数”，record“记录”，label“标记”；correspond“符合，一致”。选项D符合题意。

3.判断推理题。根据文章第二段，“forwehaveallbutdefinedhappinessasakindofgoodlifeandwell-being.”，我们几乎把幸福定义为一种美好的生活和幸福。可推断出生活和幸福的联系为：美好的生活会带来幸福。选项A符合题意。

4.作者意图题。根据文章最后一段，“thecharacteristicswhichonelooksforinhappinessareallincludedinourdefinition.”，一个人对幸福特征的观念都包含在我们的定义中。可知作者对自己的定义是持坚定态度。下文继续列举了人们对幸福的种种定义，可推断出作者在最后一段证明他对幸福的定义是正确的。选项C符合题意。

6.写作题

Writea100—120-wordsummaryofthearticleinquestion3.

【答案】Theso-calledNashequilibriumpredictsthattheoptimalleveloftrustiszeroineconomictransactionsbetweenstrangers.Actually,thisisnottrue.AbouthalfofPlayer1ssendsomemoney,andthree-quartersofPlayer2swhoreceiveitsendsomeback.Sothereishigherleveloftrustbetweenthem.Similarily,whatistrueforindividualsturnsoutalsotobetruefornations.Trustisoneofthemostpowerfulfactorsaffectingacountry’seconomichealth.Trustlevelsdiffergreatlybetweennations,sopolicy-makersinthesecountrieswheretrustislowerthanacriticallevelofabout30%mightbeurgentlyinterestedinmechanismsthatenablethemtoraisenationaltrustlevels.

7.填空题

Ihadalreadyputin10yearsofworkonmybookwhenIranintoacompletedeadend.Writingaboutmyfirstancestor,KuntaKinte,forhisvoyagetoAmericaaboardaslaveship,hadbecomeimpossibleforme.

A

B

C

D

【答案】Cfor改为on

【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】onone’svoyageto意思为“某人去……的航行”，为固定搭配。

【句意】当我陷入一个完全的死胡同时，我已经为我的书花费了10年的时间。对我来说，要写我的祖先昆塔•肯特坐贩奴船去美国的故事，是不可能做到的事。

8.单选题

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewhealitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,not'theexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree,JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicinehasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisOneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned（便形成条件反射）micetoavoidsaccharin（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweeterandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthe'highestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhoturnofftheelectricity（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（

）.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAcer'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat

（

）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablyreasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat

（

）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（

）.

问题1选项

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

问题2选项

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

问题3选项

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itledstomachpains

C.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

问题4选项

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybysaccharin

B.thesweetenedwaspoisontothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

问题5选项

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.（Laudenslager发现，无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能关掉电源的老鼠去没有受到影响）可知选B。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.（但是，如果这些动物遇到了它们无法控制的情况，那么当它们面对他们能够控制的经验时，它们会表现出被动的行为）可知选C。

3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.（把糖精和胃痛联系起来，老鼠很快就学会了避免吃甜味剂）可知选D。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的第一句Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.（人们偶然发现了大脑如何改变免疫反应的最开始的例子之一）和最后一句Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.（他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们）可推测Ader’s的实验中老鼠死亡的最可能原因是大脑改变了它们的免疫系统，因此选C

5.主旨大意题。文章第一段中提出了本文的主题stressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimals（压力似乎会影响低等动物的免疫防御能力），然后举例证明其观点。第一段中Laudenslager的实验证明：对事物缺乏控制力造成了免疫系统的弱化，而不是由实验本身造成的；第二段中JayWeiss认为：被允许控制不愉快刺激的动物不会产生睡眠障碍或典型的应激大鼠的大脑化学变化；最后一段中Ader’s的实验表明：他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统。这些实验是在一些特定条件下进行的，因此可推断动物的免疫系统能被条件反射所削弱，因此选A。

9.单选题

Manyprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationaroundthecountryareindanger.Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotalldeservetobesaved.Therearelow-qualityschoolsjustastherearelow-qualitybusinesses.Wehavenoobligationtosamethemsimplybecausetheyexist.

Butmanythrivinginstitutionsthatdeservetocontinuearethreatened.Theyaredoingafinejobeducationally,buttheyarecaughtinafinancialsqueeze,withnowwaytoreducerisingcostorincreaserevenuessignificantly.Raisingtuitiondoesn’tbringinmorerevenue,foreachtimetuitiongoesup,theenrollmentgoesdown,ortheamountthatmustbegivenawayinstudentaidgoesup.Schoolsarebadbusinesses,whetherpublicorprivate,notusuallybecauseofmismanagementbutbecauseofthenatureoftheenterprise.Theylosemoneyoneverycustomer,andtheycangobankrupteitherfromtoofewstudentsortoomanystudents.Evenaverygoodcollegeisaverybadbusiness.

Itissuchcolleges,thrivingbutthreatened,Iworryaboutlowenrollmentisnottheirchiefproblem.Evenwithfullenrollments,theymaygounder.Effectstosavethemandpreferablytokeepthemprivate,arenationalnecessities.Thereisnobasisforarguingthatprivateschoolsareinherentlybetterthanpublicschools.Examplestothecontraryabound.Anyonecannamestateuniversitiesandcollegesthatrankasthefinestinthenationandtheworld.Itisnowinevitablethatpublicinstitutionswillbedominant,andthereforediversityisanationalnecessity.Diversityinthewaywesupportschoolstendstogiveusahealthydiversityintheformsofeducation.Inanimperfectsocietysuchasours,uniformityofeducationthroughoutthenationcouldbedangerous.Inanimperfectsociety,diversityisapositivegood.Ardentsupportersofpublichighereducationknowtheimportanceofsustainingprivatehighereducation.

1.Intheauthor’sopinion,schoolsarebadbusinessbecauseof（

）.

2.Theauthorusedthephrase“gounder”inthethirdparagraphtomean（

）.

3.Wehavereasonablyconcludefromthepassagethattheauthormadeanappealtothepublicinordertosupport

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?

问题1选项

A.mismanagement

B.toofewstudents

C.toomanystudents

D.thenatureofschools

问题2选项

A.getintodifficulties

B.havelowenrollment

C.havelowtuition

D.bringinmoremoney

问题3选项

A.publicinstitutions

B.privateschools

C.uniformityofeducation

D.equalityofeducation

问题4选项

A.High-qualityprivateschoolsdeservetobesaved.

B.Ifthetuitionisraised,theenrollmentgoesdown.

C.Therearemanycasesthatpublicschoolsarebetterthanprivateschools.

D.Privateschoolshavemoremoneythanpublicschools.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。从文章第二段倒数第三句‘Schoolsarebadbusinesses,whetherpublicorprivate,notusuallybecauseofmismanagementbutbecauseofthenatureoftheenterprise.’可知，不论是公立还是私立，经营学校都是一件失败的生意，这不总是因为管理不善，而是因为办企业的本质。再根据文章下一句“Theylosemoneyoneverycustomer,andtheycangobankrupteitherfromtoofewstudentsortoomanystudents.学校在每一位消费者身上都会赔钱，太少或者太多的生源都会迫使学校走向破产。"所以说学校是一桩赔本的买卖是由学校的本质所决定的。D选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据文章第三段前两句“Itissuchcolleges,thrivingbutthreatened,Iworryaboutlowenrollmentisnottheirchiefproblem.Evenwithfullenrollments,theymaygounder.正是这样的大学，欣欣向荣却岌岌可危，我担心入学率低并不是他们的首要问题。即使是全额注册，他们也可能会倒闭。”确定第三段讲述的是学校是如何入不敷出、经营不善的。A选项符合题意。

3.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段倒数第五句和倒数第二句“Inanimperfectsociety,diversityisapositivegood.Itisnowinevitablethatpublicinstitutionswillbedominant,andthereforediversityisanationalnecessity.在一个不完美的社会里，多样化是一件积极的好事。公共机构将占主导地位，这是不可避免的，因此多样化是国家的需要。”确定作者并不倾向于哪一种性质的学校，他提倡的是教育的多样性，即教育的平等性。D选项符合题意。

4.判断推理题。从第一段第二、三句“Notallwillbesaved,andperhapsnotalldeservetobesaved.Therearelow-qualityschoolsjustastherearelow-qualitybusinesses.不是每一所学校都能被拯救，也不是每一所学校都值得呗拯救。质量低劣的学校就像经营不善的生意一样存在着。”推断A选项‘只有那些办学质量高的学校才值得被拯救’正确；根据文章第二段第三句“foreachtimetuitiongoesup,theenrollmentgoesdown因为每一次伴随着学费的升高，入学率就会下降”推断B选项‘如果学费上涨，入学率就会下降。’正确。再根据文章第三段第四、五、六句“Thereisnobasisforarguingthatprivateschoolsareinherentlybetterthanpublicschools.Examplestothecontraryabound.Anyonecannamestateuniversitiesandcollegesthatrankasthefinestinthenationandtheworld.没有理由说私立学校天生就比公立学校好，相反的例子比比皆是。任何人都能说出美国和世界上最好的州立大学和学院的名字。”推断C选项‘有的公立学校的办学质量好于私立学校‘正确；D选项说私立学校比公立学校更有钱的说法文章中没有提到。所以本题选D。

10.单选题

WhenIaskedifablackpoliticiancouldwininFrance,however,heresponded（

）.“Noconditionsherearedifferent.”

问题1选项

A.ambiguously

B.implicitly

C.unhesitatingly

D.optimistically

【答案】C

【解析】考察副词词义辨析。ambiguously“含糊不清地”；implicitly“含蓄地，暗中地”；unhesitatingly“不踌躇地，迅速地”；optimistically“乐观地”。句意：然而，当我问一位黑人政治家能否在法国获胜时，他毫无犹豫地回答说：“这里的情况没有什么不同”。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Stressisastateofimbalancebetweendemandsmadeonusfromoutsidesourcesandourcapabilitiestomeetthosedemands.Often,itprecedesandoccursconcurrentlywithconflict.Stress,asyouhaveseen,canbebroughtonbyphysicalevent,otherpeople’sbehavior,socialsituations,ourownbehavior,feelings,thoughts,oranythingthatresultsinheightenedbodilyawareness.Inmanycases,whenyouexperiencepain,anger,fear,ordepression,theseemotionsarearesponsetoastressfulsituationlikeconflict.

Sometimes,inhighlystressfulconflictsituations,wemustcopewiththestressbeforewecopewiththeconflict.Relievingsomeoftheintensityoftheimmediateemotionalresponsewillallowustobecomemorelogicalandtolerantinresolvingtheconflict.

Peopleresponddifferentlytoconflictjustastheyresponddifferentlytostress.Somepeoplehandlebothbetterthanothersdo.Individualdifferencesarenotasimportantaslearninghowtomanagethestresswefeel.Thegoalinstressmanagementisselfcontrol,particularlyinthefaceofstressfulevents.

Controllingphysicalsymptomsofstressrequiresrelaxation.Sitinacomfortablepositioninaquietplacewheretherearenodistractions.Closeyoureyesandpaynoattentiontotheoutsideworld.Concentrateonlyonyourbreathing.Slowlyinhaleandexhale.Now,witheachexhaledbreathsay“relax”gentlyandpassively.Makeitarelaxingexperience.Ifyouusethismethodtohelpyouinconflictsituationsoveraperiodoftime,theword“relax”willbecomeassociatedwithasenseofphysicalcalm;sayingitinastressfulsitu