考研考博-英语-山东医学高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东医学高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thespeaker,ateacherfromacommunitycollege,addressedasympatheticaudience.Headsnoddedinagreementwhenhesaid,“HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs.”Hedescribedtheinadequaciesofhisstudents,allhighschoolgraduateswhocanuselanguageonlyatagrade9level.Iwasunabletodeterminefromhisanswerstomyquestionshowthisgrade9levelhadbeenestablished.

Mytopicisnotstandardsnoritsdecline.Whatthespeakerwasreallysayingisthatheisnolongeryoung;hehasbeenteachingforsixteenyears,andisabletothinkandspeaklikeamatureadult.

Mypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.Itisalsohumannaturetolookforthereasonsforourdissatisfaction.BeforeEnglishbecameaschoolsubjectinthelatenineteenthcentury,itwasdifficulttofindthetargetoftheblameforlanguagedeficiencies.Butsincethen,Englishteachershavebeenunderconstantattack.

Thecomplainersthinktheyhavehituponanoriginalidea.Astheirowncommandofthelanguageimproves,theynoticethatyoungpeopledonothavethissameability.Unawarethattheirownabilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears,theyassumethenewgenerationsofyoungpeoplemustbehopelessinthisrespect.Totheeyesandearsofsensitiveadultsthelanguageoftheyoungalwaysseemsinadequate.

SincethisconcernaboutthedeclineandfalloftheEnglishlanguageisnotperceivedasagenerationalphenomenonbutratherassomethingnewandpeculiartotoday’syoungpeople,itnaturallyfollowsthattoday’sEnglishteacherscannotbedoingtheirjobs.Otherwise,youngpeoplewouldnotcommitoffensesagainstthelanguage.

1.Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.

2.Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.

3.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.

问题1选项

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergeneration

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenough

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyears

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommandofEnglish

问题2选项

A.gaveacorrectjudgmentoftheEnglishlevelofthestudents

B.hadexaggeratedthelanguageproblemsofthestudents

C.wasrightinsayingthatEnglishteacherswerenotdoingtheirjobs

D.couldthinkandspeakintelligently

问题3选项

A.itisjustifiabletoincludeEnglishasaschoolsubject

B.theauthordisagreeswiththespeakeroverthestandardofEnglishatGrade9level

C.Englishlanguageteachingisbynomeansaneasyjob

D.languageimprovementneedstimeandeffort

问题4选项

A.neutral

B.positive

C.critical

D.compromising

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.作者在文中提到的演讲者认为________。

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergenerationA.年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenoughB.这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyearsC.他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommandofEnglishD.英语教师应该对学生英语不好负责

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词Thespeaker定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“演讲者（Thespeaker）是一所社区大学的教师”，结合该段第二句“他说，高中英语老师没有做好他们的工作（HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs）。”，可知他认为学生英语不好是高中老师的责任，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“年轻一代的语言通常不如老一代的语言”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；

B选项“这些学生的英语水平很低，因为他们不够努力”：演讲者认为其原因在于老师没教好，而不是学生不努力，属于偷换概念；

C选项“他是一位优秀的语言老师，因为他已经教了16年英语了”：对应第二段最后一句“他已经教书十六年了（teachingforsixteenyears），能像成年人一样思考和说话（thinkandspeaklikeamatureadult）。”，能像成年人一样思考和说话不等同于是一位优秀的语言老师，演讲者没有这样的意思，属于偷换概念。

第2题:【选项释义】

Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.在作者看来，演讲者________。

A.gaveacorrectjudgmentoftheEnglishlevelofthestudentsA.对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断

B.hadexaggeratedthelanguageproblemsofthestudentsB.夸大了学生的语言问题

C.wasrightinsayingthatEnglishteacherswerenotdoingtheirjobsC.说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的

D.couldthinkandspeakintelligentlyD.能聪明地思考和说话

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干中信息词author’sopinion定位到第三段第一、二句，该处讲到“我的观点是（Mypointisthat），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨（frequentcomplaint）不可避免（inevitable）。寻找不满（lookfordissatisfaction）也是出于人的天性（humannature）。”，可知作者认为上一代人找理由抱怨下一代人的语言能力是出于天性，而不是因为这些学生的英语水平真的很低，夸大了学生的语言问题，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“对学生的英语水平做出了正确的判断”：作者认为没有正确、客观地评价，反而夸大了学生的语言问题，属于反向干扰；

C选项“说英语老师没有做好他们的工作是对的”：对应该段第三、四句“在19世纪末英语成为一门学科（Englishbecameaschoolsubject）之前，很难找到语言缺陷的指责对象。但从那以后（Butsincethen），英语教师一直受到攻击（havebeenunderconstantattack）。”，可知作者认为对英语老师的批评不公正、不客观，并非正确，属于反向干扰；

D选项“能聪明地思考和说话”：对应第二段最后一句“说话者真正想说（speakerwasreallysaying）的是……他能像成年人一样思考和说话。”，可知这是演讲者自己认为的，而不是作者认为的，属于张冠李戴。

第3题:【选项释义】

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.从文章中可以得出结论：________。

A.itisjustifiabletoincludeEnglishasaschoolsubjectA.把英语作为一门学科很合理

B.theauthordisagreeswiththespeakeroverthestandardofEnglishatGrade9levelB.作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平标准的看法

C.EnglishlanguageteachingisbynomeansaneasyjobC.英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作

D.languageimprovementneedstimeandeffortD.提高语言需要时间和努力

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】此题定位到第四段第三句，该处讲到“他们没有意识到自己的能力已经发展了这么多年（abilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears），并且认为新一代的年轻人在这方面肯定是没有希望了（hopelessinthisrespect）。”，可知语言能力的提高需要长时间的努力，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“把英语作为一门学科很合理”：文中没有探讨英语作为一门学科的问题，属于无中生有；

B选项“作者不同意演讲者对九年级英语水平的看法”：对应第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unabletodetermine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，可知作者对此的态度是不确定，而非不同意，属于偷换概念；

C选项“英语教学绝不是一件容易的工作”：文中没有提到英语教学的要求和难度，属于无中生有。

第4题:【选项释义】

Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.作者对演讲者言论的态度是________。

A.neutralA.中立的

B.positiveB.肯定的

C.criticalC.批判的

D.compromisingD.有失体面的，不宜泄露的

【答案】C

【考查点】观点态度题。

【解题思路】此题定位到第一段最后一句“我无法确定（unabletodetermine）这个9年级的水平是如何判定的。”，以及第三段“我的观点是（Mypointisthat），一代人对下一代人的频繁抱怨不可避免。寻找不满也是出于人的天性……但（But）从那以后，英语教师一直受到攻击（constantattack）。”，可知作者并不赞同演讲者对于学生语言水平的判定，并且反对演讲者对英语老师所做工作的否定，因此C选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“中立的”：作者有明确的观点，并没有保持中立，属于反向干扰；

B选项“肯定的”：作者明确地反对，属于反向干扰；

D选项“有失体面的”：作者并没有认为演讲者的言论是错误的，所以不能公开，属于无中生有。

2.单选题

Howcanwefinishtheworkinthe（）ofanyotherhelpers?

问题1选项

A.shortage

B.haste

C.deficiency

D.absence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项shortage“缺乏，不足”。B选项haste“匆忙，急忙”。C选项deficiency“缺陷，缺点”。D选项absence“缺席，缺少，没有”。句意：如果没有其他帮手，我们怎么能完成这项工作呢?本句表示“缺乏帮手的话，难以完成这项工作”。因此D选项符合题意。

3.单选题

EducatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropoutsamongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehasplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatewhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percentandinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated“becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompletingtherequirementforthedegree.AttritionatthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.”

“Theresultsofourresearch”，Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions."

(1)Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

(2)Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialties.

(3)Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretolanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.’swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.’sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.

1.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat（）.

2.Researchhasshownthat（）.

3.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D.（）.

4.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin（）.

问题1选项

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetdropoutsbacktocampus.

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy.

C.thePh.

D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropout.D.thehighdropoutrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

问题2选项

A.dropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D’sinfinancialattainment.

B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies.

C.D.studies.C.

D.studies.C.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsout.D.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree.

问题3选项

A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout.

B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate.

C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.

D.programs.D.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities.

问题4选项

A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.

B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.

C.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.

D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree.B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree.C.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropouts.D.Ph.D.’sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions.

问题5选项

A.salaryforPh.D.toolow

B.academicrequirementtoohigh

C.D.toolowB.academicrequirementtoohighC.

D.toolowB.academicrequirementtoohighC.salaryfordropoutstoohighD.l,000positions

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由题干意思定位到第三段SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.“一些人认为，可以通过说服辍学者重返研究生院完成博士学位，来减少受过高等教育的专家和大学教师的短缺”由此可知A选项“应该采取措施让辍学者重返校园”与原文意思相符，为正确选项。

第2题:事实细节题。第二段中Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percentandinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework“博士候选人的辍学率高达31%，在大多数情况下，这些辍学生在没有完成博士学位要求的情况下，都在继续从事生产性工作。”由此可推出D选项“大约三分之一开始攻读博士学位的人没有完成学业获得学位”与原文相符。A选项“辍学者在经济成就方面远远低于博士”与文章最后一句表达意思相反，所以不正确；B选项“在攻读博士学位方面，激励因素是次要的”与原文不符；C项“如果这位博士候选人退出，他很可能改变他的专业领域”在文中并未提及。因此，选项A、B、C均为错误选项，D选项正确。

第3题:事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到文章第八段中Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretolanguageexams.“近75%的退学学生表示，他们的决定并非出于学术原因，但那些提到学术原因的学生表示，他们没有通过资格考试、没有完成研究以及没有通过语言考试。”由此可推知C选项“是许多博士课程的重要组成部分”与原文意思相符，正确。

第4题:判断推理题。本题题干意思是读完这篇文章后，人们不会得出这样的结论……文章最后一段中Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.“至于让辍学学生重返校园的可能性，前景不容乐观。”A选项“让博士辍学生重新回到他们对学位的追求中，乐观主义占据了主导地位”与原文意思相反，因此选项A为正确选项。

第5题:判断推理题。由倒数第二段中Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D’stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.“这也可能表明了这样一个事实，即博士往往能拿到最高薪水的学术领域的高薪仍落后于其他领域。”由此可以推出，博士的薪资并不高，因此A选项“博士的薪水太低”与原文相符。选项B、C都属于过度推断，选项D文章并未提及。由此可知，选项A为正确选项。

4.单选题

Herremarks（）acompletedisregardforhumanrights.

问题1选项

A.magnified

B.maintained

C.manipulated

D.manifested

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项magnified“扩大，放大”；B选项maintained“保持，供养”；C选项manipulated“操纵，控制”；D选项manifested“表明，显示”，句意：她的评论表明了对人权的完全漠视，所以只有D选项符合。

5.翻译题

Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessandwhatitcandoforusnowthanformerly.Summerhomes，Europeanvacations,travel,BMW's—suchitemsdonotseemlessindemandthantheydidadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotadmittheirdreamsaseasilyandopenlyastheyoncecould,lesttheybethoughtofaspushing,acquisitive,andvulgar.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsooutstanding,theproperactionseemstobe,“Succeedatallcostsbutrefrainfromappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles,whileitspublicdefendersarefewandineffective.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandcultivatedintheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsurges,butonlythatsinceitisnolongeropenlyhonored,itisthereforelessoftenopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenundergroundormadedevious.

【答案】当然，相比于从前，人们对于成功以及成功给我们带来的东西兴趣似乎不会减少。人们对避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、旅游、宝马这类事物的需求相比一二十年前似乎也没有减少。情况是人们现在不敢简单公开地像以前那样承认自己的梦想，怕被认为是急功近利、贪得无厌和庸俗的人。对于这样的人，或许还有很多不那么优秀的人，正确的做法是：不惜一切代价取得成功，但是要避免变得野心勃勃。人们从各个角度对野心有很多批评，但是公开批评者很少，并且显得很无力。因此，在美国，将雄心看作是一种健康的动力，一种可敬的从年轻就开始培养了的品质，这很少有人支持。这并不意味着雄心已经没有了，也不意味着人们不再感受到雄心带来的驱动力，相反地，因为不再公开推崇，那么也不会公开宣扬了。这样做带来的结果是，雄心以一种私下看不见的方式驱动着人们。

6.单选题

Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobethedominantformofwork,andthatemploymentwilleventuallybecomeavailableforallwhowantit,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.Peopleinjobswillworkfewerhoursintheday,fewerdaysintheweek,fewerweeksintheyear,andfeweryearsinalifetime,thantheydonow.Thiswillmeanthatmorejobswillbeavailableformorepeople.This,itissaid,isthewayweshouldsetaboutrestoringfullemployment.

Thereisnodoubtthatsomethingofthiskindwillhappen.Theshorterworkingweek,longerholidays,earlierretirement,job-sharing—theseandotherwaysofreducingtheamountoftimepeoplespendontheirjobs—arecertainlylikelytospread.Amixofpart-timepaidworkandpart-timeunpaidworkislikelytobecomeamuchmorecommonworkpatternthantoday,andaflexi-lifepatternofwork-involvingpaidemploymentatcertainstagesoflife,butnotatothers—willbecomewidespread.Butitissurelyunrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefullemploymentasthedominantformofwork.

Inthefirstplace,solongasemploymentremainstheoverwhelminglyimportantformofworkandsourceofincomeformostpeople,itisverydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees’workingtimecantakeplaceonascalesufficientlylargeandatapacesufficientlyfasttomakeitpossibletoshareouttheavailablepaidemploymenttoeveryonewhowantsit.Suchnegotiationsastherehaverecentlybeen,forexampleinBritainandGermany,aboutthepossibilityofintroducinga35-hourworkingweek,havehighlightedsomeofthedifficulties.But,secondly,ifchangesofthiskindweretotakeplaceatapaceandonascalesufficienttomakeitpossibletoshareemploymentamongallwhowantedit,theresultingsituation—inwhichmostpeoplewouldnotbeworkingintheirjobsformorethantwoorthreeshortdaysaweek―couldhardlycontinuetobeoneinwhichemploymentwasstillregardedastheonlytrulyvalidformofwork.Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingsomuchoftheirtimeonotheractivities,includingotherformsofusefulwork,thattheprimacyofemploymentwouldbeboundtobecalledintoquestion,atleasttosomeextent.

1.TheauthorusesthenegotiationsinBritainandGermanyasanexampleto（

）.

2.Attheendofthepassagetheauthorseemstoimplythatasaresultofshorterworkingtime

（

）.

3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsfuturefullemploymentisgenerally（

）.

问题1选项

A.supportreductionsinemployeesworkingtime

B.indicateemployeesareunwillingtosharejobs

C.provethepossibilityofsharingpaidemployment

D.showthatemploymentwillloseitsdominance

问题2选项

A.employmentmaynotretainitsusualimportance

B.employmentmaynotberegardedasvalidwork

C.peoplecanbeengagedinfarlessunpaidwork

D.peoplecanbeengagedinfarmoreunpaidwork

问题3选项

A.supportive

B.wavering

C.skeptical

D.unclear

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。本题是问作者用英国和德国的谈判这个例子的目的是什么。由本文最后一段中的内容“itisverydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees’workingrimecantakeplaceonascalesufficientlylargeandatapacesufficientlyfasttomakeitpossibletoshareouttheavailablepaidemploymenttoeveryonewhowantsit.Suchnegotiationsastherehaverecentlybeen,forexampleinBritainandGermany,aboutthepossibilityofintroducinga35-hourworkingweek,havehighlightedsomeofthedifficulties.很难看出，员工的工作时间是如何以足够大的规模、足够快的速度减少的，以至于有可能将可用的带薪就业机会分配给每一个想要的人。最近在英国和德国就引入每周35小时工作制的可能性进行的谈判，突显了其中的一些困难。”可知提到了这次谈判，主要目的是为了支持减少员工们的工作时间，A选项正确。

2.推理判断题。本题是问文章的最后作者想表达更短的工作时间的一个结果是什么。根据本文最后一段最后一句内容“Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingsomuchoftheirtimeonotheractivities,includingotherformsofusefulwork,thattheprimacyofemploymentwouldbeboundtobecalledintoquestion,atleasttosomeextent.将有如此多的人把如此多的时间花在其他活动上，包括其他形式的有益工作，就业的首要地位必然会受到质疑，至少在某种程度上是这样。”可知有更短的工作时间的结果是人们就可以把时间放到更多其他的活动或者有价值的工作中去，所以C选项‘人们可以从事少得多的无薪工作’正确。

3.观点态度题。本题是问作者对于未来的完全雇佣所持有的态度。A选项supportive“支持的”；B选项wavering“摇摆的，犹豫不决的”；C选项skeptical“怀疑的”；

D选项unclear“不清楚的”。根据本文第二段最后一句话写到“Butitissurelyunrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefullemploymentasthedominantformofwork.但是，如果认为这将使充分就业成为可能，重新成为占主导地位的工作形式，那肯定是不现实的。”可知出作者认为恢复完全雇佣为工作的主要形式是不现实的，C选项符合题意。

7.单选题

Heneverfeltthatbeingdisabled（）himofallmoralresponsibilitytohimselfandhiscommunity.

问题1选项

A.released

B.relieved

C.removed

D.relied

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。release“释放；允许发表”；relieve“解除；减轻；使放心”；remove“移动；开除”；rely“依靠，信赖”。句意：他从不认为，变得残疾……他所有对自己和社区的道德责任。可知“减轻”更合适，因此B选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Weagreethatacentralpurposeofdramahasalwaysbeentoprovideameansforasocietyto_______uponitselfanditsbeliefs.

问题1选项

A.manifest

B.reflect

C.invent

D.respect

【答案】B

【解析】manifest证明,显示;reflect反映;invent发明,创作;respect尊重。句意：我们一致认为,戏剧的中心思想一直是为社会提供一种反映自身及其信仰的手段。选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

VI.LitigationProcedure

Methodsofservingprocessincivilcaseshavebothevolvedanderoded.InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.Eventually,arrestatthecommencementofacivilactionwasdeferred.Arrestwasthenreplacedwithsubjectiontothecourt’spowerbypersonaldeliveryofprocess,whichservedasthefoundationforonemodernservicemethodwhereaUnitedStatesMarshalpersonallyhandsthesummonstoadefendant.

Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”

Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.Asoneexpertinthefieldaptlydescribed:“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”

Althoughmostmodernservicemethodsarewelcomeimprovementstothoseofearlieryears(i.e.,notneedingtoarrestalldefendantsineverycivilaction),thisArticlearguestheservicemethodauthorizedbyRule7004(b)(1)oftheFederalRulesofBankruptcyProcedureviolatesadefendant’sdueprocessrightsundertheFifthAmendment.Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...totheindividual’sdwellinghouseorusualplaceofabodeortotheplacewheretheindividualregularlyconductsabusinessorprofession.”Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.

71.ThedefendantinacivilcaseintheUnitedStateshadbeennotifiedaboutthecaseinthefollowingwayBUT___.

72.Thelastsentenceinthe3rdparagraphmeansthat___.

73.AccordingtoRule7004(b)(1),adefendantinabankruptcycaseisservedby___.

74.TheproblemoftheRule7004(b)(1)forservingasummonsisthefollowing,except___.

问题1选项

A.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyUSMarshal

B.personaldeliveryofthesummonsbyanyoneabove18notapartytothelawsuit

C.summonsandcomplaintbeleftatthedefendant’sdwelling

D.arrested

问题2选项

A.summoningprocessisthecourt’sassertionofpower

B.deliveryofasummonsisnolongerasseriousasbefore

C.thereshouldbeaspecialformofsummoning

D.asummonsmaybesentwithablandmanilaenvelopetogetherwithaloveletter

问题3选项

A.registeredmail

B.personaldelivery

C.firstclassmail

D.firstclassmailpostagetobepaid

问题4选项

A.Thedefendantisnotnotified

B.Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt

C.Nowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned

D.Nowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】71.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段InmedievalEngland,arrestofthedefendantwascommonattheoutsetofcivilactionsatlaw.Althougharrestcertainlyprovidednotice,itsprimarypurposewastoaccomplishthecourt’sassertionofphysicalpoweroverthedefendant.（在中世纪的英国，逮捕被告在民事诉讼开始时是很常见的。虽然逮捕确实提供了通知，但其主要目的是实现法院对被告人的实际权力的主张）可知逮捕是在中世纪的英国而不是美国，D选项“逮捕”符合题意；第二段Theideathatonlyagovernmentalofficer,suchasaUnitedStatesMarshalordeputy,couldbetheserverwaseventuallyabandonedinfavorofallowingtheservertobeanypersonthatisatleasteighteenyearsoldandnotapartytothelawsuit.（认为只有政府官员，比如美国法警或副警长才能成为传送者的想法最终被放弃，转而允许传送者是任何年满18岁的人，且不是诉讼的一方）可知A选项“美国法警亲自交付传票”和B选项“18岁以上的非诉讼方的个人送达传票”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除；第二段Eventherequirementthatadefendantpersonallyreceivethesummonswasdilutedbytheadditionofanalternativemethodallowingasummonsandcomplainttobeleftatthedefendant’s“dwellingorusualplaceofabodewithsomeoneofsuitableageanddiscretionwhoresidesthere.”（甚至要求被告亲自收到传票的要求也因增加了另一种方法而被淡化了，这种方法允许将传票和申诉留在被告的“由具有适当年龄和自由裁量权的人居住在那里的住所或通常居住的地方”）可知C选项“传票和申诉留在被告住所”符合美国民事案件中传送法院传票的方法，排除。因此D选项符合题意。

72.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段最后一句“TheawesomeimpactofthesheriffarrivinginarmorandonhorsebacktodeliverawritinmedievalEnglandandtheauthorityofthesovereignsealedinthehot,redwaxofearliertimeshasbeenreplacedbyablandmanilaenvelopecarryingapostagestampthatmaycelebratenotionsofloveorpoetry.”（“在中世纪的英格兰，警长身穿盔甲骑马前来递交令状，君主的权威在炎热的天气里被封印，这种可怕的影响，早期的红蜡已经被一个平淡的马尼拉信封所取代，信封上贴着邮票，可以庆祝爱情或诗歌的概念。”）结合第三段第一句Fromtherecipient’sperspective,thesummoningcourt’sassertionofpowerhasgraduallywornaway.（从接受者的角度看，传唤法院的权力主张已逐渐消磨殆尽）可知现在的法院传票已经不像以前一样有仪式感和严肃感，选B选项“传票的送达不再像以前那样严肃”，D选项“传票可以和一封情书连同一个乏味的牛皮纸信封一起寄出”明显不符合原文，排除；A选项“传唤程序是法院对权力的主张”和C选项“应该有一种特殊的召唤形式”第三段未涉及，第三段只是在描述法院传票不再像以前那样严肃，没有提出其他建议。因此B选项符合题意。

73.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Rule7004(b)(1)allowsasummonsandcomplainttobeservedby“firstclassmailpostageprepaid...”（规则7004（b）（1）允许传票和申诉通过“预付一等邮资的邮件……”）可知选D选项“第一类邮件的邮资预付”；A选项“挂号邮件”，B选项“个人支付”和C选项“第一类邮件”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

74.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Rule7004(b)(1)”定位到原文第三段Thereisnoacknowledgementofreceipt,nocertifiedmailing,andnowaiverdocumentthatmustbesignedandreturned.Otherthanthedefendant’sresponse,ifany,thereisnowaytoknowwhetherthedefendantreceivedthesummonsandcomplaint.（没有回执，没有挂号信，无需签署并返还的弃权文件。除了被告的答复（如果有的话），没有办法知道被告是否收到传票和申诉）可知A选项“被告未被通知”并不是关于送达传票的第7004(b)(1)条规则的问题；B选项“没有回执”，C选项“没有必须签署和返还的放弃文件”以及D选项“无法得知被告是否收到传票和投诉”和原文相符。因此A选项符合题意。

10.填空题

Mencannotmanufacturebloodasefficientlyaswomencan.Thismakessurgeryriskierformen.Menalsoneedmoreoxygenbecausetheydonotbreatheasoftenaswomen.Butmenbreathemoredeeplyandthisexposesthem（1）anotherrisk.Whentheairispolluted,theydrawmoreofit

（2）

theirlungs.

Amorerecentandchillingfindingistheeffectofautomobileandtruckexhaustfumes

（3）

children’sintelligence.Theseexhaustfumesarethegreatest

（

4）

ofleadpollutionincities.Researchershavefoundthatthechildrenwiththehighestconcentrationofleadintheir