考研考博-英语-昆明医科大学海源学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-昆明医科大学海源学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.不定项选择题

Broccoli(西兰花)ishighinvitaminsandmineralsExtractsofbroccoliandbananamayhelpinfightingstomachproblem,researchsuggests,Laboratorystudiesshowfibresfromthevegetablesmayboostthebody’snaturaldefensesagainststomachinfections.

TrialsareunderwaytoseeiftheycouldbeusedasamedicalfoodforpatientswithCrohn’sdisease.Crohn’sdiseaseisaninflammatoryboweldiseasethatcausessymptomssuchasabdominal(腹部)pain.Itaffectsaboutonein1,000people,andisthoughttobecausedbyamixtureofenvironmentalandgeneticfactors.

Theconditioniscommonindevelopedcountrieswheredietsareoftenlowinfibreandhighinprocessedfood,ScientistsattheUniversityofLiverpoollookedathowroughagefromvegetablesinfluencedthepassageofharmfulbacteriathroughcellsinsidethegut.Theyfoundthatfibresfromtheplantain,atypeoflargebanana,andbroccoliwereparticularlybeneficial.Butacommonstabilizeraddedtoprocessedfoodsduringthemanufacturingprocesshadtheoppositeeffect.

Dr.BarryCampbell,fromtheUniversityofLiverpool,said:“Thisresearchshowsthatdifferentdietarycomponentscanhavepowerfuleffectsonthemovementofbacteriatroughthebowel.Wehaveknownforsometimethegeneralhealthbenefitsofeatingplantainandbroccoli,whicharebothhighinvitaminsandminerals,butuntilnowwehavenotunderstoodhowtheycanboostthebody’snaturaldefensesagainstinfectioncommoninCrohn’spatients.Ourworksuggeststhatitmightbeimportantforpatientswiththisconditiontoeathealthilyandlimittheirintakeofprocessedfoods.”

TheresearchpublishedinthejournalGutandcarriedoutincollaborationwithexpertsinSwedenandScotland,investigatedspecialcells,calledM-cells,whichlinethegutandwardoffinvadingbacteria.Workwascarriedoutinlaboratory-growncellsandtissuesamplesfrompatientsundergoingsurgeryforstomachproblems.Clinicaltrialsarenowunderwayin76Crohn’spatientstofindoutwhetheramedicalfoodcontainingplantainfibrescouldhelpkeepthediseaseatbay.“ItmaybethatitmakessenseforsufferersofCrohn’stotakesupplementsofthesefibrestohelppervertdeterioration,”saidProfessorJonRhodesoftheUniversityofLiverpool.

Commentingonthestudy,aspokespersonforCrohn’sandColitis,whichrepresentspatientswithinflammatoryboweldisorders,welcomedfurtherinsightintohowthegutcombatsbacterialikeE.Coll.“KnowledgeoftheM-cellroleoffersamoredetailedexplanationastowhyahealthydietcanimprovethehealthandwellbeingforpeoplewithCrohn’sdiseaseandhealthyindividualsalike,”shesaid.

26.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

27.WhydopeopleindevelopedcountriessuffermostfromCrohn’sdisease?

28.AccordingtoDr.BarryCampbellwhatisstillNOTunderstoodabouteatingplantain?

29.WhatistheaimoftrialsonCrohn’ssufferers?

30.WhatdidexpertssayonthediscoveryofM-cells?

问题1选项

A.Fibresinbroccoliandplantainhelpreducestomachinfections.

B.Broccoliextractsdecreasenaturaldefenses.

C.Howprocessedfoodsdoharmtobodyhealth.

D.Howexpertscommentonbroccolinutrition.

问题2选项

A.Becausetheintakeofvegetablesislessthandailyrecommendation.

B.Becausetheprocessedfoodreducesthefibreneededindigestion.

C.Becausetheydonotlikefoodlowinfibre.

D.Becausetheyprefertoeathighcaloriesfood.

问题3选项

A.Howtoimprovebody’snaturaldefensesagainststomachinfection.

B.Howtolimitpeople’sintakeofprocessedfood.

C.Howtogainvitamins,mineralsandfibreforhealth.

D.Howtoreconfirmgeneralhealthbenefits.

问题4选项

A.Theaimistoencouragepeopletoeathighfibrefood.

B.Theaimistoproducehighfibresupplements.

C.Theaimistoprovetheeffectofplantainfibrefood.

D.Theaimistoimproverecipeofhighfibremedicine.

问题5选项

A.Itgivesfurtherinsightforstomachinfection.

B.IthelpsproveM-cellroletohealthydiet.

C.ItleadsinvestigationforCrohn’sdisease.

D.Itsupportstheinventionofhighfibremedialfood.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】26.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干：文章的主题思想是？文章开头第一句话就表明了文章主旨Laboratorystudiesshowfibresfromthevegetablesmayboostthebody’snaturaldefensesagainststomachinfections.（实验室研究表明，蔬菜中的纤维可以增强人体对胃部感染的自然防御能力。），因此A选项“西兰花和大蕉中的纤维有助于减少胃部感染”，符合题意；B选项“西兰花提取物会降低自然防御能力”，和文章表达的意思相反，故排除；文章第三段提到发达国家的人患克罗恩氏病的概率高是因为日常饮食含纤维少，而加工食品含量高，但也没有详细说明加工食品如何损害身体健康，故C选项“加工食品如何损害身体健康”，属于无中生有选项，排除；D选项“专家如何评价西兰花的营养”，全文是在讲蔬菜中的纤维，以及专家对其研究，D选项不够全面，故排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。

27.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：为什么发达国家的人最容易患克罗恩病？由题干定位到文章第三段第一句话Theconditioniscommonindevelopedcountrieswheredietsareoftenlowinfibreandhighinprocessedfood.（这种情况在发达国家很常见，那里的饮食通常纤维含量低，加工食品含量高。），因此B选项“因为加工食品减少了消化所需的纤维”，符合题意；A选项“因为蔬菜的摄入量低于每日推荐量”，文章并没有提及每日推荐的蔬菜摄入量是多少，属于无中生有选项，故排除；C选项“因为他们不喜欢低纤维的食物”和D选项“因为他们喜欢吃高热量的食物”，在文中均未提及，属于无中生有选项。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

28.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：据巴里•坎贝尔博士所说，关于吃大蕉我们还有什么不理解的呢？由题干定位到文章第四段第二句话Wehaveknownforsometimethegeneralhealthbenefitsofeatingplantainandbroccoli,whicharebothhighinvitaminsandminerals,butuntilnowwehavenotunderstoodhowtheycanboostthebody’snaturaldefensesagainstinfectioncommoninCrohn’spatients.（我们早就知道吃大蕉和花椰菜对健康有好处，这两种食物都富含维生素和矿物质，但直到现在我们还不知道它们是如何增强人体对克罗恩病患者常见感染的自然防御能力的。），因此A选项“如何提高身体对胃部感染的自然抵抗力”，符合题意；B选项“如何限制人们对加工食品的摄入量”，C选项“如何获得对健康有益的维生素，矿物质和纤维”和D选项“如何再次确认一般健康福利的益处”，和吃大蕉并没有直接联系，故排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是A选项。

29.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：对克罗恩病患者进行试验的目的是什么？由题干定位到文章第五段第三句话Clinicaltrialsarenowunderwayin76Crohn’spatientstofindoutwhetheramedicalfoodcontainingplantainfibrescouldhelpkeepthediseaseatbay.（目前正在76名克罗恩病患者身上进行临床试验，以确定含有大蕉纤维的医疗食品是否有助于预防克罗恩病。），因此C选项“目的是为了证明大蕉纤维食品的功效”，符合题意；A选项“目的是鼓励人们吃高纤维食物”，B选项“目的是生产高纤维补品”和D选项“目的是改进高纤维药物的配方”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。

30.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：专家们对M细胞的发现有什么看法?由题干定位到文章最后一段最后一句话KnowledgeoftheM-cellroleoffersamoredetailedexplanationastowhyahealthydietcanimprovethehealthandwellbeingforpeoplewithCrohn’sdiseaseandhealthyindividualsalike.（对M细胞角色的知识提供了更详细的解释，为什么健康饮食可以改善克罗恩病患者和健康人类的身体状态和幸福。），因此B选项“它有助于证明M细胞对健康饮食的作用”，符合题意；A选项“它对胃感染有进一步的了解”，C选项“它导致了对克罗恩病的调查”，和D选项“它支持高纤维医疗食品的发明”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。

2.单选题

Thetongue,______,isanimportantaidinchewingandswallowing.

问题1选项

A.isthechieforganoftaste

B.tastingtheorganchiefly

C.thechieforganoftaste

D.theorganchieflytastes

【答案】C

【解析】考查同位语。同位语是指一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。所以要排除有动词的A项和D项，由题干可知，我们需要修饰的是tongue，B项的意思完全不符合题意，它表示“主要品尝器官”；只有C项是正确的同位语。句意：舌头是主要的味觉器官，在咀嚼和吞咽时起着重要的辅助作用。因此，该题正确答案为C。

3.单选题

Thechildrencheeredupwhentheysawhundredsofcolorfulballoons（

）slowlyintothesky.

问题1选项

A.heaving

B.raising

C.ascending

D.floating

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。heave意为“举起”；raise意为“提升，提高”；ascend意为“上升，升高”；float意为“浮动，漂流”。此处为动词的现在分词作宾补。

句意：当看到几百个彩色气球慢慢地升向天空时，孩子们欢呼起来。

4.单选题

FirstlaunchedinAprilthisyear,NetMySingaporealsoincludeseffortsthat（

）training,development,andtheexplorationofnewtechnologiesbasedon.

问题1选项

A.obliterate

B.sequester

C.encompass

D.terminate

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。obliterate“消灭，清除”；sequester“使隔绝”；encompass“包含，涉及”；terminate“使终止”。句意：于今年四月开始的“净化我的新加坡”运动还包括一系列的培训、发展和与之相关的新技术的开发。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Theatmospherecontainswatervapor,butthereisalimittohowmuchwatercanbeevaporatedintoagivenvolumeofair,justasthereisalimittohowmuchsugarcanbedissolvedinonecupfulofcoffee.Moresugarcanbedissolvedinhotcoffeethanincold.Agivenvolumeofaircanholdmorewatervaporatahighertemperaturethanatalowertemperature.Theairissaidtobesaturatedwhenitholdsasmuchwatervaporasitcanatthetemperature.At20°Cacubicmeterofaircanholdabout17gramofwatervapor;at30°Citcanholdabout30gram.Usuallytheatmosphereisnotsaturated.Relativehumidity(expressedinpercent)istheratioofthemassofwatervaporactuallypresentinagivenvolumeofairtothemasswhichwouldbepresentinitifitweresaturated.Forexample,ifacubicmeterofairat20°Ccontains12gramofwatervapor,therelativehumidityis12gm/17gmx100=71%.Hydrometersareinstrumentsformeasuringrelativehumidity.Readingsonwetanddrybulbthermometerscanbecomparedwiththeaidofachartfromwhichonecanthenreadofftherelativehumidity.Thebasicprincipleofthisisthatevaporationisacoolingprocess.Therateofevaporationfromthewet-bulbthermometerwillbehighwhentherelativehumidityislow,andthereforeonsuchadaythewet-bulbthermometerwillreadconsiderablybelowthedry-bulbone.Thereisnosimpleformulaforconvertingthistemperaturedifferencetorelativehumidity,andthereforeachartisused.

Ifunsaturatedairiscooled,itsrelativehumiditygoesup.Ifthetemperatureoftheairdropssufficiently,saturationisreachedandexcessmoistureprecipitatesout.Thedewpointisthetemperaturetowhichtheairmustbecooledtobecomesaturatedandcondensationwilljustform.

1.Whenthereadingsonthewet-bulbthermometerandthedry-bulbthermometeraresimilar,wemayassumethat（

）.

2.Whenthetemperatureoftheairrisesabovethedewpoint,（

）.

问题1选项

A.wehaverelativehumidity

B.theairissaturated

C.thethermometerisinefficient

D.thetemperatureisabouttorise

问题2选项

A.dewwillform

B.itwillrain

C.therelativehumidityexceeds100%

D.evaporationislikelytotakeplace

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Relativehumidityistheratioofthemassofwatervaporactuallypresentinagivenvolumeofairtothemasswhichwouldbepresentinitifitweresaturated.（相对湿度是给定体积空气中实际存在的水蒸气质量与饱和时存在的水蒸气质量之比）和Therateofevaporationfromthewet-bulbthermometerwillbehighwhentherelativehumidityislow,andthereforeonsuchadaythewet-bulbthermometerwillreadconsiderablybelowthedry-bulbone.（当相对湿度较低时，湿球温度计的蒸发率将很高，因此在这一天，湿球温度计的读数将大大低于干球温度计）可推测当干湿球温度中的度数相近时，则说明相对湿度高，故相对湿度越高说明空气中实际水蒸气含量越接近饱和，因此选B。

2.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Ifthetemperatureoftheairdropssufficiently,saturationisreachedandexcessmoistureprecipitatesout.Thedewpointisthetemperaturetowhichtheairmustbecooledtobecomesaturatedandcondensationwilljustform.（如果空气温度下降到足够的程度，就会达到饱和，多余的水分就会沉淀出来。露点是指空气必须冷却到的温度，以达到饱和，然后才会形成冷凝）可推测当空气中的温度上升到高于露点温度时，空气中水汽将不会达到饱和，就会产生蒸发，因此选D。

6.单选题

Justrememberonethingthat（）decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.

问题1选项

A.hasty

B.prompt

C.urgent

D.instant

【答案】A

【解析】句意:请只需记住一件事，即轻率的决定经常导致痛苦的遗憾。

考查形容词辨析。hasty匆忙的，仓促而就的，草率的；prompt敏捷的，迅速的，立刻的;urgent紧急的，急迫的；instant立即的，紧急的，紧迫的。因此A符合句意。

7.单选题

TheAmericanslostthenuclearweaponmonopolywhentheSovietsexplodedtheirfirstatomicbomb.

问题1选项

A.control

B.business

C.superiority

D.privilege

【答案】A

【解析】句意：苏联第一颗原子弹爆炸后，美国失去了核武器的垄断地位。monopoly意为“垄断，专卖”，也就是具有控制权。所以control与之意思相近。

8.单选题

Threeyears（）beforehereturnedhomefromtheUnitedStates.

问题1选项

A.denoted

B.destined

C.elapsed

D.enveloped

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。Denote预示,代表;destine注定;elapse消逝;envelop遮盖，包围。选项C放在Threeyears后面表示3年流逝了。

9.翻译题

17世纪后期至18世纪末，是中国清代的鼎盛时期，史称“康乾盛世”。那个时期，中国的工业产量位居世界前列。但正是在这个时候，欧洲诸国先后开始了近代资产阶级革命和产业革命，社会生产力迅速发展，后来居上。而中国当时的政治者对这一历史性大变革却茫然无知，仍沉迷于盲目自大之中，视西方科学技术为“奇技淫巧”。“康乾盛世”之后的100多年，中国的发展大大落后了，国际地位急剧衰落，沦为半殖民地，备受外强欺辱。

中华人民共和国成立后，中国人民掌握了自己的命运，民族的独立和解放使中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。但在20世纪60、70年代世界经济蓬勃发展和新科技革命浪潮兴起的时代，中国搞了长达10年的“文化大革命”，错失了又一次发展良机。值得欣慰的是，从70年代末开始，我们纠正了过去的错误，选择了改革开放的正确道路，对内实行改革，对外实行开放，开放也是改革。改革开放使我们抓住了新的历史机遇，实现了近30年的高速发展，综合国力显著增强，人民生活得到很大改善，国际地位不断上升。

【答案】Inthelate17centurytotheendof18thCentury,ChineseQingDynastywasinitsheyday,knownastheGoldenAgeof“KangxiandQianlong”.Duringthisperiod,China’sindustrialproductionhasbeenattheforefrontontheworldstage.ButitwasatthistimethatEuropeancountriesbeganthemodernbourgeoisrevolutionandindustrialrevolution,whichrockettherapiddevelopmentofsocialproductivityinthewesternworld,leavingtherestoftheworldoutofsightbehind.However,Chinesepoliticiansatthattimewerecompletelyignorantofthishistoricchange,andstillindulgedinblindarrogance,regardingwesternscienceandtechnologyas“diabolictricksandwickedcraft”.Duringthepast100yearsfromthattimeonward,Chinafellfarbehindindevelopment,sufferedasharpdeclineinitsinternationalstatus,wasreducedtoasemi-colonyandsubjectedtobullyingandhumiliationfromforeignpowers.

SincethefundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,accompanyingwiththenationalindependenceandliberation,Chinesepeoplehavebecomethemasteroftheirowndestiny.AllthishasbroughttremendouschangestoChina.However,inthe1960sand1970s,whentheworldeconomywasboomingandthenewwaveofscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionwasemerging,Chinaconductedthedecade-long“CulturalRevolution”andmissedanothergoodopportunityfordevelopment.Thegoodnewsisthatsincetheendof1970s,withtheimplementationofreformingdomesticallyandopening-uptotheworldwehavecorrectedthemistakesofthepast,directingthewholenationtotherightwayofreformandopening-up.Undertheguidanceofreformandopening-uppolicy,weseizedthenewhistoricalopportunitytopromotearapidsocialdevelopmentinthelast30years.Thispolicynotonlyheightenchina’scomprehensivepowersandpeople’slivingstandards,butalsothegrowinginternationalclout.

10.单选题

Mostpeopleinthemodemworld（

）freedomandindependencemorethananythingelse.

问题1选项

A.illuminate

B.fascinate

C.cherish

D.embody

【答案】C

【解析】考察动词词义辨析。illuminate“阐明，说明”；fascinate“使着迷，使神魂颠倒”；cherish“珍爱”；embody“体现，使具体化”。句意：在现代社会里，大多数人最珍惜的事自由和独立。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Takethisbitofseemingly（）advice:Inordertowritequickly,youmustfirstthinkslowly.

问题1选项

A.paradoxical

B.contradict

C.parallel

D.disordering

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。paradoxical“矛盾的”符合句意。contradict为动词“与……矛盾”；parallel“平行的”；disordering“无序的”。句意：采纳这条有点矛盾的建议：为了写作快一点，思考必须慢一点。选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillneveramounttoanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthat,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasonsthansimplewishtoavoidwork.Somepeoplewhoappeartobelazyaresufferingfrommuchmoreseriousproblems.Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeparalyzedbyafearoffailurethatpreventsfruitfulwork.Orothersortsoffantasiesmaypreventwork;somepeoplearesobusyplanning,sometimesplanninggreatdealsorfantasticachievements,thattheyareunabletodealwithwhatever“lesser”workisonhand.Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating—reschedulingtheirday.

Lazinesscanactuallybehelpful.Likeprocrastinators(拖延者),somepeoplemaylooklazywhentheyarereallythinking,planning,contemplating,researching.Weshouldallrememberthatsomegreatscientificdiscoveriesoccurredbychanceorwhilesomeonewas“goofingoff(游手好闲)”,Newtonwasn’tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeone“lazy”buildthecarorstovewebuy,particularlyifthat“laziness”werecausedbytheworker’stakingtimetocheckeachstepofhisworkandtodohisjobright.Andsometimes,being“lady”—thatis,takingtimeoffforarest-isgoodforanoverworkedstudentor,executive.Takingarestcanbeparticularlyhelpfultotheathletewhoistryingtoohardorthedoctorwho’ssimplyworkinghimselfovertimetoomanyevenings,attheclinic.Sobecarefulwhenyou’retemptedtocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextbook.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat______.

2.Thepassagestatesthat______.

3.Whichofthefollowingconclusiondoesthepassagesupport?

4.Thefinalparagraphis______.

5.Theword“devised”inPara.2means______.

问题1选项

A.lazinessisamoralsin

B.thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesinbeinglazy

C.lazinessindicatesdeep-seatedemotionalproblems

D.lazypeopledomorecarefulwork

问题2选项

A.lazinessisadisease

B.somelazypeopleareinsecure

C.lazinessismorebeneficialthanharmful

D.agooddefinitionoflazinessisemotionalillness

问题3选项

A.Thewordlazinessissometimesappliedincorrectly.

B.Mostofthetimelazinessisavirtue.

C.Mostassemblylineworkersarelazy.

D.Mostinsecurepeoplearelazy.

问题4选项

A.somber

B.humorous

C.serious

D.trite(陈腐的)

问题5选项

A.formulate

B.understood

C.wrote

D.proved

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲了懒惰是一种罪恶，第二段又指出懒惰也会起到很大的作用，说明本文主要讲的是懒惰的坏处和好处。因此B选项“懒惰有好处也有坏处”最能概括文章主旨。A选项“懒惰是一种道德上的罪恶”，C选项“懒惰表明了根深蒂固的情感问题”，D选项“懒惰的人做的工作更仔细”均不能完整地概括文章主旨，所以A,C,D错误。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第五句Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.（他们可能非常不信任他们的同事，以至于无法参加任何小组任务，因为害怕被嘲笑或担心他们的想法被窃取。），说明懒惰表明了一种根深蒂固的情感问题。因此D选项“对于懒惰的一个很好的定义是情感疾病”正确。A选项“懒惰是一种疾病”，B选项“一些懒惰的人没有安全感”，C选项“懒惰的好处多于坏处”在文中均没有提及，所以A,B,C错误。

3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后两句Sobecarefulwhenyou’retemptedtocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextbook.（所以当你想说别人懒的时候要小心。那个人可能正在思考、休息或计划他或她的下一本书。），说明有时形容别人懒惰并不准确。因此A选项“懒惰这个词有时被错误地应用”正确。B选项“大多数时候，懒惰是一种美德”，C选项“大多数装配线工人都是懒惰的”，D选项“大多数没有安全感的人都是懒惰的”在文中均没有提及，所以B,C,D错误。

4.观点态度题。由第二段可知，作者用一种轻松诙谐的笔调把懒惰和成功联系起来说明懒惰有哪些好处，观点十分新颖。因此B选项“幽默的”正确。A选项“阴沉的”，C选项“严肃的”，D选项“陈腐的”均不符合题意，所以A,C,D错误。

5.语义推测题。由题干关键词“devised”可以定位到文章第二段第三句Newtonwasn’tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.（当牛顿被苹果砸到，发明了引力理论时，他并不在果园里工作。），说明“devised”在文中是指“发明”的意思。因此A选项“发明”正确。B选项“理解”，C选项“写下”，D选项“证明”均不符合题意，所以B,C,D错误。

13.单选题

Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Acoolofficewillboostemployees’productivity.

B.Anaturallyventilatedofficeismorecomfortable.

C.Air-conditioningimprovesventilationintheoffice.

D.Officeair-conditioningshouldfollowguidebooks.

问题2选项

A.Peopleintheircomfortzoneoftemperaturearemoresatisfiedwiththeirproductivity.

B.Twenty-twodegreesistheoptimaltemperatureforofficeworkers.

C.Thereisarangeoftemperaturesforpeopletofeelcomfortable.

D.Peopleindifferentcountriesvaryintheirtolerancetouncomfortabletemperatures.

问题3选项

A.Itwillsharplydecreaseworkefficiency.

B.Itwillbeimmediatelynoticeable.

C.Itwillhavenonegativeimpactonwork.

D.Itwillcausealotofdiscomfort.

问题4选项

A.Theyarenotbotheredbytemperatureextremes.

B.Theysufferfromrapidtemperaturechanges.

C.Theybecomelesssensitivetohightemperatures.

D.Theytendtofavorlowertemperatures.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】PassageTwo

Settingtheofficeair-conditioningatabout22degreesCelsiushasbecomestandardpracticeacrosstheworld.[12]Numerousguidebooksacrosstheworldonheating,ventilationandair-conditioningclaimofficeperformancepeaksat22degrees.Manypeopleindeedfindrelieffromsoaringsummertemperaturesinair-conditionedoffices,butrecentstudieshavechallengedtheacceptedwisdomthatacoolofficeismoreproductive.Therealityismorecomplex.Researchersconductedareviewofallstudiesrelatingtoair-conditioningandproductivity.Theyfoundthat22degreeswasprobablyalittlechilly,evenattheheightofsummer.[13]Forapersondressedintypicalsummerclothing,anoptimalrangewouldbebetween23and26degrees.Andpeoplecaneventoleratetemperaturesbeyondthis“comfortzone”aslongastheycanadjusttheirclothingandexpectations.Infact,evenonveryhotdays,itmakessensetoturntheair-conditioningup.Peopleoftenchasejustone“optimum”temperature,andthisisunderstandablewhenpeoplefeelhot.[14]Butthereisarangeofatleastthreetofourdegreeswhichdoesnothaveanyadverseimpact.Anotherissuerelatedtothisisthatpeoplecanbecomepsychologicallydependentonair-conditioning.[15]Iftheyareusedtotheenvironmentwhichisair-conditioned,theytendtopreferlowertemperatures.Butthestudiesfoundthatalmostallhumansbecameaccustomedtothenewtemperature.Itwasonlyatthe“extreme”endsofthetemperaturerangewherepeople’sproductivitysuffered.Thisrangewasabove26degreesandbelow19degrees.

12.Whatistheacceptedwisdomconcerningtheofficeenvironment?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问关于办公室环境，人们普遍接受的观念是什么？录音开头讲到办公室的空调温度调到22度左右已成为全球性的标准做法，并且许多关于供暖、通风和空调的指南都声称办公室温度峰值达到22度时，人们的工作效率最高。由此可知，人们普遍认为“凉爽的办公环境能提高员工的工作效率”，因此A选项正确。B选项“自然通风的办公室更舒适”和C选项“空调改善办公室的通风”在录音中没有信息提及，因此排除；D选项“人们认为办公室的空调温度设定应遵循指南”，录音只是提及很多指南声称温度调至22度时，员工工作效率最高，并没有说一定要遵循指南，因此D选项不正确。

13.Whatdidresearchersfindfromtheirreviewofallstudiesrelatingtoair-conditioningandproductivity?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问研究人员在回顾了所有与空调和生产力有关的研究之后发现了什么？研究人员发现22度的温度即便是在盛夏也很可能让人感觉有点冷，对穿着正常夏装的人来说，最适宜的温度范围是23度到26度。C选项“人们感到舒适的温度有一个范围”是对这些信息的概括，因此正确。A选项“处于温度舒适区的人们对自己的工作效率更满意”，录音中并没有提及人们对工作效率是否满意，因此排除；B选项“对办公室工作人员来说，22度是最适宜的温度”是很多关于供暖、通风和空调的指南的观点，不是研究人员新发现的结果，因此排除；D选项“不同国家的人对不舒服的温度的耐受力不同”在录音中没有信息提及。

14.Whatdowelearnaboutusingalittlelessair-conditioningduringhotweather?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问关于在大热天少用点空调，我们了解到什么？录音在提到夏天最适宜的室温是23度至26度后，接着说即使超出这个温度舒适区，人们也受得了。后面还提到，人们通常只追求一个“最适宜的”温度，但在三到四度的温度浮动范围内，不会产生任何负面影响。因此，C选项“对工作没有负面影响”符合录音表述。A选项“这会大大降低工作效率”和D选项“这会引起很多不适”恰好与录音内容相反；B选项“这会立即被注意到”在录音中并没有信息提及，因此可排除。

15.Whathappenswhenpeopleareusedtoanair-conditionedenvironment?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问当人们习惯了空调环境时会发生什么？录音结尾处提到，人们会在心理上对空调产生依赖，如果他们习惯了有空调的环境，他们往往会喜欢更低的温度（theytendtopreferlowertemperatures）。D选项是对原文信息的复现，因此正确。A选项“他们不受极端温度的影响”与录音表述恰好相反；B选项“他们会因温度的快速变化而受到不好的影响”和C选项“他们对高温变得不那么敏感”在录音中没有信息提及，因此排除。

14.翻译题

中国画是中国传统艺术的一个重要分支。使用长毫毛笔，墨汁及水彩在绢纸上创作的传统中国画可谓硕果累累，且对中国文化与艺术有着重要影响。

传统中国画可以按其主题分为人物，山水，花鸟画等，或依据创作技法区分为工画(Meticulous)和写意画(Thought-sketching)。

中国画将诗、书、画、印结合起来，构成一种程式化形式的艺术。凭借上述元素，中国画能够充分展现B师的艺术特色，并且增添了其美学价值。

【答案】ChinesepaintingisanimportantbranchofChinesetraditionalart.Withusinglonghairpens,inkandwatercolor,traditionalChinesepaintingscreatedonsilkpaperhavebeenfruitfulandhavehadanimportantimpactonChinesecultureandart.

TraditionalChinesepaintingcanbedividedinto,accordingtoitsthemelandscape,figurepainting,landscapepaintingandbirdandflowerpainting,etc.,ordividedintoMeticulouspaintingandThought-sketchingpaintinginaccordancewiththecreativetechnique.

Chinesepaintingcombinespoetry,calligraphy,paintingandprintingtoformastylizedformofart.Withaboveelements,Chinesepaintingcanfullyshowtheartist'sartisticcharacteristicsandadditsaestheticvalue.

15.单选题

Theuseofdeferential（敬重的）languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly（谨言慎行）intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.

Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic（语言的）ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknownas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn'thearabout“men’slanguage’，untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls'appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguagewhichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality-andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.

YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisasignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone'ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.

ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchangeofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“niasculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine”.KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.

1.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail（

）.

2.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?

3.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?

4.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday'syoungwomen

（

）.

5.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis（

）.

问题1选项

A.thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomen

B.theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan

C.thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamilies

D.thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow

问题2选项

A.Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.

B.Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.

C.Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.

D.Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.

问题3选项

A.Theycall