考研考博-英语-上海科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海科技大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Lightingcanbeusednotonlytocreateanatmosphere,butalsoto（

）featuresofthehouse,suchasornamentsorpictures.

问题1选项

A.highlight

B.underline

C.activate

D.upgrade

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。highlight“突出，强调”；underline“强调，在…下面划线”；activate“刺激，使活动”；upgrade“使升级，提升”。句意：灯光的使用不仅能营造一种氛围，还能突显出房屋的风格，如装饰或图画。A项符合句意，答案A

2.单选题

Allthedatasentbackfromthesatellitessuggestedthatanasteroidofaboutthesizeofanauditorium（）onitswaytoourplanet.

问题1选项

A.is

B.was

C.were

D.be

【答案】B

【解析】考查谓语动词使用的一致性。that接在动词后面充当句中的宾语从句。主句使用的是一般过去式，宾语从句中的谓语动词，应与主句的时态保持一致。因此空格处应使用be动词的过去式was/were。从句中的主语是anasteroid“一颗小行星”为单数，所以应使用was。句意：从卫星发来的所有数据表明一颗像礼堂一样大小的行星正在向我们的星球靠近。因此B选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Scientificevidencefromdifferent（）demonstratesthatinmosthumansthelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolslanguages.

问题1选项

A.principles

B.grounds

C.disciplines

D.rules

【答案】C

【解析】principles原则；grounds根据,理由；disciplines纪律,学科；rules规则,条例。句意：来自不同学科领域的科学证据表明,大多数人的左脑控制着语言。选项C符合语境。

4.单选题

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

问题1选项

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

问题2选项

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

问题3选项

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

问题4选项

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相对性的缺失使一个人无法对给自己造成伤害的过失行为人获得赔偿，无论该过失行为是否构成了对他人的违约）可知选A选项“两者之间缺乏契约关系”；B选项“他们彼此不认识”，C选项“行为人疏忽”第一段未提及；根据第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英国上议院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知D选项“制造商对最终消费者不负有注意义务”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（过失责任，无论你将其视为“罪犯”的一种，或将其视为其他制度中的一种，无疑是基于公众普遍的道德错误情绪，而犯罪者必须为此付出代价）可知C选项“过失责任的基础是公众认识到违法者必须为他们的过错付出代价”正确；根据第二段开头InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勋爵的话说：目前我满足于指出，在英国法律中，必须而且是一些关系的一般概念，产生了一种谨慎的义务，书中所发现的特殊情况只是实例）可知A选项“英国法没有注意义务的一般概念”和原文相悖；B选项“过失责任应该被定义为一种‘过失’”原文没有直接说明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在现实世界中，任何道德准则都不会责难的作为或不作为都不能被视为给予每一个受其伤害的人要求救济的权利）可知D选项“每个受伤的人都应该被赋予要求救济的权利”不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（这样，谁是我的邻舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行为密切而直接影响的人，当我将我的思想导向被质疑的作为或不作为时，我应该合理地考虑他们是如何受到影响的）可知在侵权法的意义上，邻居是会受到“我”行为密切影响的人，“我”需要考虑他们是如何受到影响，选B选项“你应负注意义务”；A选项“住在你隔壁”，D选项“与你有友好的关系”原文未提及；原文只是说“我”的行为会密切和直接影响邻居，没有要求必须好好照顾邻居，C选项“应该被好好照顾”错误。因此B选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勋爵的判决推理的基本结构可以说如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任。（2）在这些案件中，法院确立了谨慎的标准。（3）在这些情况下，我们可以从法律规定的注意义务（注意标准）中推断出来。过失法也适用于这种行为）可知A选项“法律规定有谨慎的义务”，B选项“行事者没有注意”符合原文，同时可知D选项“行为者已经预见了结果”和原文相悖，原文明确提出在一系列案件中，法院发现了因疏忽而应承担的责任；根据第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英国上议院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商确实对最终消费者负有注意义务，不应在制造过程中造成伤害风险）可知造成伤害风险的话是需要承担义务，则为C选项“该故障对他人造成损害或伤害”也属于过失法的理由。因此D选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Concernwithmoney,andthenmoremoney,inordertobuytheconveniencesandluxuriesofmodemlife,hasbroughtgreatchangestothelivesofmostFrenchmen.MorepeopleareworkingthaneverbeforeinFrance.Inthecitiesthetraditionalleisurelymiddaymealisdisappointing.Offices,shops,andfactoriesarediscoveringthegreatefficiencyofashortlunchhourincompanylunchrooms.Inalmostalllinesofworkemphasisnowfallsonever-increasingoutput.Thusthe“typical”Frenchmanproducesmore,earnsmore,andbuysmoreconsumergoodsthanhiscounterpartofthelastgeneration.Hegainsincreatingcomfortsandeaseoflife.Whathelosestosomeextentishissenseofpersonaluniqueness,orindividuality.

SomesaythatFrancehasbeenAmericanized.ThisisbecausetheU.S.isaworldsymbolofthetechnologicalsocietyanditsconsumerproducts.Theso-calledAmericanizationofFrancehasitscritics.Theyfearthat“assembly-linelife”willleadtothedisappearanceofthepleasuresofthemoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.Whatwillhappen,theyask,totaste,elegance,andthecultivationofthegoodthingsinlife—joyinthesmellofafreshlypickedapple,astrollbytheriver,orjusthappyhoursofconversationinalocalcafe?

Sincethelate1950slifeinFrancehasindeedtakenonqualitiesofrush,tension,andthepursuitofmaterialgain.Someofthestrongestcriticsofthenewwayoflifearetheyoung,especiallyuniversitystudents.Theyareconcernedwiththefuture,andtheyrearthatFranceisthreatedbytriumphofthiscompetitive,goods-orientedculture.Occasionally,theyhavereactedagainstthetrendwithconsiderableviolence.

Inspiteofthecritics,however,countlessFrenchmenarecommittedtokeepingFranceintheforefrontofthemodemeconomicworld.Theyfindthatthepresentlifebringsmorerewards,convenience,andpleasuresthanthatofthepast.Theybelievethatamodem,industrialFranceispreferabletotheold.

1.TheoldFrenchwayoflifeischaracterizedby（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingarethedescriptionoftoday’sFrenchmenEXCEPTthat（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecritics?

4.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.leisure,eleganceandefficiency

B.elegance,efficiencyandtaste

C.leisure,eleganceandtaste

D.leisure,efficiencyandtaste

问题2选项

A.manyofthempreferthemodemlifestyle

B.theactuallyenjoyworkingattheassemblyline

C.theyaremoreconcernedwithmoneythanbefore

D.theyaremorecompetitivethantheoldgeneration

问题3选项

A.Criticsaregreaterinnumberthanpeopleenjoyingthenewwayoflife.

B.Studentcriticsaregreaterinnumberthancriticsinotherfield.

C.Studentcriticshave,onoccasion,resortedtoviolentmeansagainstthetrend.

D.Criticsareconcernedsolelywiththepresentratherthanthefuture.

问题4选项

A.ChangesintheFrenchWayofLife

B.CriticismoftheNewLifestyle

C.TheAmericanizationofFrance

D.FeaturesoftheNewWayofLife

问题5选项

A.inpursuingmaterialgainstheFrencharesufferinglosseselsewhere

B.theFrenchenjoyshortlunchhours

C.theFrencharefedupwiththesmelloffreshlypickedapples

D.greatchangeshaveoccurredinthelifestyleofallFrenchmen

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第二段第四、五句话“Theyfearthat...themoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.Whatwillhappen,theyask,totaste,elegance,andthecultivationofthegoodthingsinlife...”由此可见,古老法国式生活的特点是安逸、高雅以及品味。选项C正确。

2.根据第二段的第三句“Theyfearthat“assembly-linelife”willleadtothedisappearanceofthepleasuresofthemoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.”他们害怕“流水线式的生活”会引起古老法国式生活的高雅和安逸所带来的愉悦感消失，所以他们不会享受流水线式的生活。选项B符合要求。

3.根据第三段的最后一句话,“Occasionally,theyhavereactedagainstthetrendwithconsiderableviolence.”偶尔，他们对这一趋势的反应是相当暴力的。选项C符合原文。

4.文章主要讲的是法国生活方式的变迁以及大家对此的态度。因此,选项A正确，其他选项只是部分内容。

5.根据第一段的最后两句“Hegainsincreatingcomfortsandeaseoflife.Whathelosestosomeextentishissenseofpersonaluniqueness,orindividuality.”选项A法国人在追求物质利益的过程中,可能会在别处失去一些东西，符合原文。

6.翻译题

我认为没有人不喜欢到处去看看：多看看他人，多阅他乡，不但可以认识世界，亦可认识自己。有人旅行时乘豪华游轮，谢灵运再世大概也会如此。有人背负行囊，翻山越岭；有人骑自行车环游天下。这些都令人羡慕。我所倾向的，却是驾车长征，去看天涯海角。我的太太比我更爱旅行，所以夫妻两人正好互做旅伴，这一点只怕徐霞客也要羡慕。不过徐霞客是大旅行家、大探险家，我们，只是浅游而已。

【答案】Inmymind,everybodylovestolookaround,meetingmorepeopleandvisitingmoreplaces.Theycannotonlyunderstandtheworld,butalsorecognizethemselves.Someofthemtraveledbyacruise,andXieLingyunmaybeoneofthemifhewouldreincarnate.Somepickedupthetravelingbagacrossthemountains.Sometraveledaroundtheworldbybike.Alloftheseareenviable.Ijustprefertodrivealongjourneyandseetheendsoftheearth.MywifeisfondoftravelingthanI,andthereforewetwoaretravelingcompanion,whichmaybeenviedbyXuXiake.ButXuisagreattravelerandexplorer.Weonlysuperficiallytravel.

7.填空题

Johnhasagreatvoice,butwiththatcoldhewon't（

）verygoodifhetriestosing.

【答案】

sound

【解析】语法分析。考查系动词。hewon’tverygood是个主系表结构，空白处应填入一个系动词,此处填sound合适。

8.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Winnershavedifferentpotentials.Achievementisnotthemostimportantthing.Authenticityis.Theauthenticpersonexperiencestherealityofhimselfbyknowinghimself,beinghimself,andbecomingacredible,responsiveperson.Heactualizeshisownunprecedenteduniqueness,andappreciatestheuniquenessofothers.

Globalvaluechains,orGVCs,arenotanewphenomenon,buttheyhaveexpandedanddeepenedsignificantlyinrecentyears,offeringgreateropportunitiesfordevelopingcountriestointegrateintotheglobaleconomyatlowercosts.Improvementsincommunicationtechnologyanddecliningtransportationcostsworldwidehavemadeiteasierto“unbundle”tasksinternationally.

【答案】胜利者具备不同的潜力，成就不是最重要的方面，而是真诚。真诚的人了解自我，保持自我，从而体验到真实的自我，成为一个可信、感性的人。他实现了自己前所未有的特性，并赞赏他人的独特之处。

全球价值链，简称GVC，并不是一种新现象，但是，近年来，它们已大大扩大和深化，为发展中国家以更低的成本融入全球经济提供了更多的机会。全球通信技术的进步和运输成本的下降使国际上更容易“分解”各项任务。

9.单选题

SwimmersfromtheUniversityofMichigandethronedOhioStateinthenationalcollegiateswimmingchampionships,breakingOhio’sstreakofthreeconsecutivevictories.

问题1选项

A.immense

B.superb

C.marginal

D.continuous

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.immense极大的，巨大的B.superb极佳的，卓越的

C.marginal小的，微不足道的D.continuous不断的，持续的，连续的

【答案】D

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】consecutive的意思为“连续不断的”，修饰victories，指的是俄亥俄州立大学连续三次都胜利，continuous与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。

【句意】密歇根大学的游泳选手们在全国大学生游泳锦标赛中击败了俄亥俄州立大学，打破了俄亥俄州立大学三连胜的纪录。

10.写作题

MeaningandCharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissanceThewordRenaissancemeans"rebirth."AnumberofpeoplewholivedinItalybetween1350and1550believedthattheyhadwitnessedarebirthofantiquityorGreco-Romancivilization,markinganewage.Tothem,thethousandorsoyearsbetweentheendoftheRomanEmpireandtheirownerawasamiddleperiod(hencethe"MiddleAges"),characterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.HistoriansofthenineteenthcenturylaterusedsimilarterminologytodescribethisperiodinItaly.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissanceinhiscelebratedCivilizationoftheRenaissancein-publishedin1860.HeportrayedItalyinthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturiesasthebirthplaceofthemodernworld(theItalianswere"thefirstbornamongthesonsofmodernEurope")andsawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,"andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.BurckhardtexaggeratedtheindividualityandsecularismoftheRenaissanceandfailedtorecognizethedepthsofitsreligioussentiment;nevertheless,heestablishedtheframeworkforallmoderninterpretationsoftheRenaissance.AlthoughcontemporaryscholarsdonotbelievethattheRenaissancerepresentsasuddenordramaticculturalbreakwiththeMiddleAges,asBurckhardtargued—therewas.afterall,muchcontinuityineconomic,political,andsociallifebetweenthetwoperiods—theRenaissancecanstillbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistorythatmanifesteditselffirstinItalyandthenspreadtotherestofEurope.

RenaissanceItalywaslargelyanurbansociety.Asaresultofitscommercialpreeminenceandpoliticalevolution,northernItalybythemid-fourteenthcenturywasmostlyalandofindependentcitiesthatdominatedthecountrydistrictsaroundthem.Thesecity-statesbecamethecentersofItalianpolitical,economic,andsociallife.Withinthisnewurbansociety,asecularspiritemergedasincreasingwealthcreatednewpossibilitiesfortheenjoymentofworldlythings.

Aboveall,theRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."ItalyandEuropebeganaslowprocessofrecuperationfromtheeffectsoftheBlackDeath,politicaldisorder,andeconomicrecession.Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.Increasinglyawareoftheirownhistoricalpast,ItalianintellectualsbecameintenselyinterestedintheGreco-RomancultureoftheancientMediterraneanworld.Thisnewrevivalofclassicalantiquity(theMiddleAgeshadinfactpreservedmuchofancientLatinculture)affectedactivitiesasdiverseaspoliticsandartandledtonewattemptstoreconcilethepaganphilosophyoftheGreco-RomanworldwithChristianthought,aswellasnewwaysofviewinghumanbeings.

ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Asthefifteenth-centuryFlorentinearchitectLeonBattistaAlbertiexpressedit:"Mancandoallthingsiftheywill."Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalpersonwhowascapableofachievementsinmanyareasoflife.

ThesegeneralfeaturesoftheItalianRenaissancewerenotcharacteristicofallItaliansbutwereprimarilythepreserveofthewealthyupperclasses,whoconstitutedasmallpercentageofthetotalpopulation.TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople,especiallyinthecities,wheresomanyoftheintellectualandartisticaccomplishmentsoftheperiodweremostvisible.

【答案】TheRenaissancecanbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistory.TherearemanymeaningsandcharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissance.

TheRenaissanceinItalymarkedthearrivalofanewera.Andcharacterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissance.Hesawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.

TheRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalperson.

TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople.

11.单选题

Wemaintainareflexive,（）affectionforUncleRalph,theboringfellowwithinterminablestoriesofatimeweneverknew.

问题1选项

A.hateful

B.distanced

C.loving

D.glaring

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。hateful“可恨的”；distanced“距离远的”；loving“忠诚的”；glaring“耀眼的，瞪视的”。句意：我们对Ralph叔叔有一种反射式的疏远式的喜爱，这个无聊的家伙一次性没完没了地讲了很多我们不知道的故事。选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

Onmanyoccasions,wetendtointerprettheactionsofchildren（）ourownexperienceasanadult.

问题1选项

A.forthesakeof

B.onbehalfof

C.intermsof

D.inaccordancewith

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语。A选项forthesakeof“为了”；B选项onbehalfof“代表”；C选项intermsof“依据，在……方面”；D选项inaccordancewith“与……一致”。句意：在很多时候，我们倾向于依据自己作为一个成年人的经验来解释孩子的行为。根据空格前后的句意关系，只有C选项intermsof“依据，在……方面”符合句意，其他选项意思不对。因此C选项正确。

13.翻译题

WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell?Howdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowell?Whenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguage,weoftenfindthisinterestingfactalittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowers,inmostcases,mayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.Whataccountsforthisdifference?

Despiteotherexplanations,therealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimself,partlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplace,thetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofall,namely,thefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightand,whatismoreimportant,alwaysinitsgenuineform,withtherightpronunciation,rightintonation,rightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminafresh,ever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation.

Thenthechildhas,asitwere,privatelessonsalltheyearround,whileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituations,alwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.Herethereisnothingunnatural,suchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschools,whenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagain,whenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessful,hisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled.

Finally,thoughachild’s“teachers”maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteaching,theirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy.

NewEffortstoLeanaboutMarsTwoweeksago,theUnitedStateslaunchedaspaceshipnamedMarsGlobalSurveyor.ItisexpectedtoarriveatMarsnextSeptemberaftertravelingabout7hundredmillionkilometers.Itwillorbittheplanet.ItsmaintaskistomakethemostdetailedmapofMars.OnDecember2nd,theUnitedStatesistolaunchanotherspacecraftMarsPathfinder.Althoughthetwospacecraftsarenotdesignedtosearchforlife,theywillseekoutconditionsthatcouldsupportlife.

MarsisthefourthplanetfromtheSunthenextbeyondEarth.Ithasbeenabrightobjectofmysteryinthenightskysinceancienttimes.ItisnamedfortheRomanGodofWar.Becauseofthecolorofitssoilandrocks,Marsisalsocalledtheredplanet.Iflife,pastorpresent,istobefoundanywhereelseinthesolarsystem,scientistssay,Marsisprobablythespace.TheythinkMarsandEarthweresimilarasyoungplanets.TheybelievethatyoungMarswasmuchwarmerandwetterthanitisnow;andhadmuchthickeratmosphere.Today,Mars’atmosphereislessthan1%asthickasEarth’s.ItismostlycarbondioxidewhileEarth’satmosphereismainlynitrogen.MarsisabouthalfthesizeofEarth.Itisalmost7,000kilometersacross.Ithashugevolcanoesandcanyon4,000kilometersacross,thebiggestknowninthesolarsystem.Marsisalsoknownforgreatduststormswhichsometimescovertheplanet.TheaveragetemperatureonMarsis53degreesbelowzeroCelsius.Mars’warmatmosphereis27abovezero.

InsomeplacestheMartiansurfacelookslikeadesertonEarth.Inothers,itlookslikethesurfaceofourmoon.BystudyingMars,scientistssaywecanhopetolearnmoreaboutthehistoryandperhapsthefutureofourownplanet.SurfaceonMarsthatarealmost4,000millionyearsoldshowremainsofancientlakes.Thesesuggestthatthatliquidwateronceflowed.Marswaterishiddenunderitssurfacenow.Instrumentsonthespacecraftwillsearchforit.

ExtinctionStalksWorld’sTigersUnlessgovernmentstakesignificantmeasurestoprotecttigers,theymaygoextinctby2010,theWorldWildlifeFundsaidThursday.

Theconservationgroupsaidtigernumbershavedecreased95percentinthepastcenturyandonly5,000—7,200tigersstillsurviveinthewild—comparedwithnearly10timesthatmanyatthestartofthecentury.

WWF,publishedanupdateFeb.11,2019oftheirstudy—WantedAlive:TigersintheWild,markingtheendoftheChineseYearoftheTiger.

Thereportstatesthatdespitesustainedeffortsoverthepastyear,muchremainstobedonetopreventthetigerfrombecomingextinctearlynextcentury.Ifgovernmentsdonotcrackdownonpoachingandeliminatethedemandfortigerproducts,thetigerwillbestalkedtoextinction,saysWWF.

“WecannotletupforonemomentifwearetoensurethattigerswillstillexistinthewildbythenextChineseYearoftheTigerin2010,”saidElizabethKemf,speciesconservationinformationmanageratWWFInternationalandoneoftheauthorsofthereport.

Thegroupcitesillegalhuntingforthemedicinaltrade,lossofpreyspeciesweaklawenforcement,poaching,habitatlossandashrinkinggenepoolastheothermajorthreatsfacingtheworld’stigerpopulation.

TheWWFsaidonemajorsuccessduring1998wasthepassageoflegislationbytheU.S.Congressbanningtheimportandsaleofanyproductclaimingtocontainingredientsmadeofrhinoceros—anotherendangeredspecies—ortigerparts.

Inaddition,WWFestablishedaTigerEmergencyFund,supportedtheTigerConservationPrograminIndia,andworkedintheRussianFarEast.

Threeoftheeightsubspeciesoftiger—theBali,CaspianandJavantigersareextinct.TheSouthChinatigerfacesthesamefactsasonly20or30areknowntoremaininthewild,downfromanestimated4,000inthe1950s.

【答案】【参考译文】

为什么母语学得这么好？14.单选题

Diamondshavelittle______valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.

问题1选项

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项extinct“灭绝的”；B选项permanent“永恒的，不变的”；C选项surplus“过剩的”；D选项intrinsic“固有的，内在的，本质的”。根据theirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity可知D选项符合语义。句意：钻石几乎没有内在价值，其价格几乎完全取决于其稀缺性。

15.单选题

IlostmysightwhenIwasfouryearsoldbyfallingoffaboxcarinafreightyardinAtlanticCityandlandingonmyhead.NowIamthirtytwo.Icanvaguelyrememberthebrightnessofsunshineandwhatcolorredis.Itwouldbewonderfultoseeagain,butacalamitycandostrangethingstopeople.ItoccurredtometheotherdaythatImightnothavecometolovelifeasIdoifhadn'tbeenblind.Ibelieveinlifenow.IamnotsosurethatIwouldhavebelievedinitsodeeply,otherwise,Idon'tmeanthatIwouldprefertogowithoutmyeyes.IsimplymeanthatthelossofthemmademeappreciatethemorewhatIhadleft.

Life,Ibelieve,asksacontinuousserieso