考研考博-英语-川北幼儿师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-川北幼儿师范高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

（1）Becauseanalysisultimatelyrestswiththethinkingandchoicesoftheresearcher,qualitativestudiesingeneralarelimitedbyresearchersubjectivity.Therefore,anoverridingconcernisthatofresearcherbias,framingasitdoesassumptions,interests,perceptions,andneeds.（2）Oneofthekeylimitationsofthisstudyistheissueofsubjectivityandpotentialbiasregardingtheresearcher’sownparticipationinadoctoralprogramfirstasastudentandcurrentlyasafacultymember.

（3）Arelatedlimitationwasthatintervieweesmayhavehaddifficultyadjustingto

the

researchertakingontheroleofinterviewer,aphenomenonreferredtobyMaxwellasparticipantreactivity.Becauseafewoftheparticipantsknowtheresearcher,theirresponsesmayhavebeeninfluencedoraffected.（4）Theymayhavetriedoverlyhardtocooperatewiththeresearcherbyofferinghertheresponsestheyperceivedshewasseekingorwhichtheyperceivedmightbehelpfultoher.Alternatively,becauseoffamiliaritywiththeresearcher,thesefewparticipantsmighthavebeenguardedandthereforelesscandidintheirresponses.Recognizingtheselimitations,theresearchertookthefollowingmeasures.（5）

Toreducethelimitationofpotentialbiasduringdataanalysis,theresearcherremovedallparticipantnamesandcodedallinterviewtranscriptsblindlysoasnottoassociateanymaterialordatawithanyparticularindividual.Furthermore，shemadeaconsciousattempttocreateanenvironmentthatwasconducivetohonestandopendialogue.Experienceasaninterviewer,aswellaspriorresearchexperience,washelpfulinthisregard.

【答案】由于分析最终取决于研究者的思维和选择，定性研究一般受到研究者主体性的限制。

本研究的主要局限性之一是，研究人员以学生身份和教师身份参与博士项目的主观性和潜在偏见问题。

与此相关的一个限制是，受访者可能难以适应研究人员扮演采访者的角色，麦克斯韦将这种现象称为参与者反应。

他们可能过于努力地与研究人员合作，向她提供他们认为她正在寻找的答案，或者他们认为可能对她有帮助的答案。

为了减少数据分析过程中潜在偏见的限制，研究者删除了所有参与者的姓名，盲目地对所有访谈记录进行编码，不将任何材料或数据与任何特定的个体相关联。

2.单选题

Thiscountrycouldhaveasmanyas10millioncasesofAIDSin2011ifthe（

）isnottakenseriously.

问题1选项

A.equivalent

B.epidemic

C.eruption

D.episode

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。equivalent意为“相等的东西，等量”；epidemic意为“流行病”；eruption意为“喷发，爆发”；episode意为“插曲”。

句意：如果不认真对待该国的疫情，到2011年，该国可能会有多达1000万的艾滋病人。

3.单选题

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

问题2选项

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

问题3选项

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

问题4选项

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers

问题5选项

A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.

B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.

C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.

D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】16.语义推测题。springup的意思是“出现”，根据第一段第二句Itistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistory（萨满教是人类历史上最古老的系统信仰形式）和五句Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.（然而，随着时间的推移，有组织的宗教开始在古代文明中涌现，所以萨满教要么被压制，要么完全消失。），可知在这之前其他宗教没有出现，推测这里指其他宗教被建立，所以B选项“被建立”符合题意。A选项“得到普及”，C选项“鼓舞人们”和D选项“引起问题”语义不符，故错误。因此B选项正确。

17.事实细节题。A选项“世界上许多文化都曾经存在过某种形式的萨满教”：根据第一段第三句PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.（在大多数古代文化中，人们在他们的历史中都以某种形式信奉萨满教。），可知许多文化都存在过某种形式的萨满教，故错误。B选项“萨满教作为人类的信仰体系已经存在了几千年”：根据第一段第二句thereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago（有证据表明，萨满教存在于几千年前的新石器时代），可知萨满教已存在几千年，故错误。D选项“各文化萨满教在某些方面的倾向于不同”：根据第一段第四句mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects（大多数文化都添加了自己独特的方面），可知各个文化的萨满教不尽相同，故错误。C选项“这是许多有组织的宗教建立的灵感”：文章没有提到其他宗教的建立和萨满教的关系，因此C选项正确。

18.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.（其中包括与精神世界沟通的感知能力，去那个世界旅行，看到未来，治愈病人，引导死者到他们最后的安息之地），perceived意思是感知到的，结合句意可知这种感知能力是一种天赋，所以A选项innate“天生的”符合题意，故正确。B选项supposed“假设的；期望的”，C选项invaluable“无价的”和D选项imaginary“想象的”语义不符，故错误。因此A选项正确。

19.事实细节题。根据第四段倒数第二句shamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures（萨满教没有留下任何书面记录，因此现代人类学家很难了解古代文化中萨满教的许多方面），可知现在人们很难了解古萨满是因为没有书面记录，所以C选项“在过去，从来没有记录关于萨满的知识”正确，A选项“很少找到记载关于萨满的知识的书籍”错误。B选项“很难理解久远的萨满教思想”和D选项“如今，大多数萨满不愿意把他们的知识传授给别人”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.主旨大意题。根据第六段第三句Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.（如今，萨满教已经被越来越多的人接受，并且在世界各地的许多地方公开运用，包括在北美、南美和亚洲的现代社会。），可知萨满教在现在也有人接受，所以C选项“即使在世界上最现代的社会，一些人也足够开明，接受萨满教”正确。A选项“世界上只有美洲和亚洲的萨满教仍然存在”：这里没有提到萨满教存在的地区，故错误。B选项“有几个大洲的萨满教在思想开放的地区运用，所以不怕被镇压”：文章没有提到萨满教是否怕被镇压，故错误。D选项“因为一些大陆上的人们，萨满教没有被遗忘，仍然存在”：没有强调因为大陆上的人所做的行为让萨满教继续存在，主要是各部落的努力，故错误。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Physicallife,whichhasoftenbeendepreciatedfromthemoralpointofview,isnotindeedbyitselfsupreme,butitiscertainthatmuchevilchargedtoabadwillisduetomorbidordefectiveconditionsofthephysicalorganism.Onewouldbeashamedtowritesuchatruismwereitnotthatourjuvenilecourtsandourprisoninvestigationsshowhowfarwearefromhavingsenseditinthepast.Andourpresentlaborconditionsshowhowfarourorganizationofindustryisfromanydecentprovisionforahealthy,sound,vigorouslifeofallthepeople.Thiswarisshockinginitsdestruction,butitisdoubtfulifitcandotheharmtoGreatBritainthatherfactorysystemhasdone.Andiflifeisinonerespectlessthanideals,inanotherrespectitisgreater;foritprovidesthepossibilitynotonlyofcarryingoutexistingidealsbutofthebirthofnewandhigherideals.Socialinteractionlikewisehasbeenmuchdiscussedbutisstillveryinadequatelyrealized.Thegreatpossibilitiesofcooperationhavelongbeenutilizedinwar.Withthefactoryandcommercialorganizationofthepastcenturywehavehintsoftheireconomicpower.Ourschools,books,newspapers,areremovingsomeofthebarriers.Buthowfardifferentsocialclassesarefromanyknowledge,nottosayappreciation,ofeachother!Howfardifferentracesareapart!Howeasytoinculcatenationalhatredanddistrust!ThefourthgreatproblemwhichbafflesWells’sherointheResearchMagnificentisyetfarfromsolution.ThegreatdangertomoralityinAmericaliesnotinanytheoryastothesubjectivityofthemoraljudgment,butintheconflictofclassesandraces.Intelligenceandreasonareincertainrespectsadvancing.Thesocialsciencesarefindingtoolsandmethods.Wearelearningtothinkofmuchofourmoralinertia,ourwasteoflife,ournarrowness,ourmuddlingandblunderinginsocialarrangements,asstupid—wedonotliketobecalledstupidevenifwescorntheimputationofclaimingtobe“good”.Butwedonotorganizepeaceaseffectivelyaswar.Weshrinkbeforethethoughtofexpendingforscientificinvestigationsumscomparablewiththoseusedformilitarypurposes.Andisscholarshipentitledtoshifttheblameentirelyuponotherinterests?Perhapsifitconceiveditstasksingreatertermsandaddresseditselftothemmoreenergeticallyitwouldfindgreatersupport.Andfinallytheprocessofjudgmentandappraisal,ofexaminationandrevaluation.Tojudgeforthesakeofjudging,toanalyzeandevaluateforthesakeoftheprocesshardlyseemsworthwhile.Butifwesupplytheprocesswiththenewfactorsofincreasedlife,physical,social,intelligent,weshallbecompelledtonewvaluations.Suchhasbeenthecourseofmoraldevelopment;wemayexpectthistoberepeated.Thegreatwarandthechangesthatemergeoughttosetnewtasksforethicalstudents.Asmedievalism,thecenturyofenlightenment,andthecenturyofindustrialrevolution,eachhaditsethics,sothecenturythatfollowsoughttohaveitsethics,rousedbytheproblemofdealingfundamentallywitheconomic,social,racial,andnationalrelations,andusingtheresourcesofbetterscientificmethodthanbelongedtotheethicalsystemswhichservedwelltheirtime.

1.“Thewar”theauthorreferstointhepassageis（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingproverbs/sayingsbestexpressesthemeaningofthewriter’sopinion?

3.ThelastgreatproblemwhichbafflesWells’sheroinTheResearchMagnificentis

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,moralprogressinvolves

（

）.

5.Fromthetextwemaydeducethattheauthorviewsmoraldevelopmentinthefuturewith

（

）.

问题1选项

A.thecivilwar

B.WorldWarI

C.WorldWarII

D.thewarinVietnam

问题2选项

A.Aman’sreachshouldexceeditsgrasp.

B.Ahealthymindisinahealthybody.

C.Destinyisinyourownhands.

D.Noneoftheabove.

问题3选项

A.sex

B.jealousy

C.prejudice

D.fear

问题4选项

A.aprocessoflogicaldeduction

B.insightintothenatureofthingsastheyare

C.theconvictionthatmorallifeisaprocessinvolvingsocialintercourse

D.noneoftheabove

问题5选项

A.optimism

B.confidence

C.pessimism

D.caution

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。文中说到“Thegreatwarandthechangesthatemergeoughttosetnewtasksforethicalstudents”，所以thewar是指thegreatwar，而这是第一次世界大战的英文表述，因此B选项符合题意。

第2题:2.判断推理题。文中说到“itiscertainthatmuchevilchargedtoabadwillisduetomorbidordefectiveconditionsofthephysicalorganism.”可以肯定的是，许多恶行都是由于生理有机体的病态或缺陷状态造成的。因此相对的“Ahealthymindisinahealthybody.”B选项符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。由文中两个感叹句“Howfardifferentracesareapart!Howeasytoinculcatenationalhatredanddistrust”可知困扰威尔斯笔下主人公的是“races”，也就是C选项的prejudice“偏见”。

第4题:4.判断推理题。文中没有直接提到选项的一些关键词，但是有“Socialinteractionlikewisehasbeenmuchdiscussedbutisstillveryinadequatelyrealized”，社会交往的问题已经讨论过很多次，但还远未能实现，紧跟着后文提到的一系列问题也是道德在社会交往层面未能实现的体现，因此生活为理想的实现以及更高层次新理想的诞生创造了可能性，C选项“认为道德生活包括社会交往”符合题意。

第5题:5.观点态度题。文中提到“Suchhasbeenthecourseofmoraldevelopment;wemayexpectthistoberepeated…Asmedievalism,thecenturyofenlightenment,andthecenturyofindustrialrevolution,eachhaditsethics,sothecenturythatfollowsoughttohaveitsethics.”通过这些表述，可知作者对新时期道德的发展是很有信心的，因此B选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Reading（）themindonlywithmaterialsof

knowledge;itisthinkingthatmakeswhatwereadours.

问题1选项

A.rectifies

B.prolongs

C.minimizes

D.furnishes

【答案】D

【解析】rectify指修正；prolong指延长；minimize指最小化；furnish此处指为...提供。句意：阅读只能提供知识的材料,

而思考能让我们读到的东西属于我们自己。选项D符合句意。

6.单选题

Themanagertriedtowaveasidetheseissuesas______detailsthatwouldbesettledlater.

问题1选项

A.versatile

B.trivial

C.preliminary

D.alternate

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.versatile多才多艺的，有多种技能的B.trivial不重要的，琐碎的

C.preliminary预备性的，初步的D.alternate交替的，轮流的

【答案】B

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】分析句子结构可知，空格处填入一个形容词修饰details（细节），而后面的that引导的定语从句也是修饰details，根据从句内容“以后再解决这些事”可推测，______details是“不重要的小事”，所以该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】经理试图对这些问题置之不理，认为这些都是鸡毛蒜皮的小事，以后再解决。

7.单选题

______totheRevolutionaryWar,theUnitedStateswasanEnglishcolony.

问题1选项

A.Prior

B.Before

C.Preceding

D.Following

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A项prior“先前的，优先的”，B项before“之前”，C项preceding“在……之前，在前的”，D项following“其次的，接着的”。根据句子可知，priorto固定搭配，表示“在……之前”。句意：独立战争之前，美国是英国的殖民地。因此，该题选择A项正确。

8.单选题

Allourequipmentmeetsthenationalregulationsand______withEuropeanstandards.

问题1选项

A.accords

B.unifies

C.obeys

D.complies

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项accord“符合，一致”，B项unify“整合，联合，统一”，C项obey“服从，听从”，D项comply“遵守，顺从”。根据关键词standards（标准）可推测，空格处表示“符合”，accordwith固定用法，表示“同……相符合；与……一致”；A项符合。句意：所有设备均符合国家规定，符合欧洲标准。因此，该题选择A项正确。

9.单选题

Hurricanesarekillerwinds,andtheir（

）powerliesinthephysicaldamagetheycando.

问题1选项

A.cumulative

B.destructive

C.turbulent

D.prevalent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。cumulative意为“累积的”；destructive意为“破坏性的”；turbulent意为“骚乱的，混乱的”；prevalent意为“流行的，盛行的”。

句意：飓风是致命风，它们的破坏性力量在于它们所能造成的身体伤害。

10.单选题

Thebeamthatis（

）byalaserdiffersinseveralwaysfromthelightthatcomesoutofaflashlight.

问题1选项

A.transported

B.emitted

C.motivated

D.translated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项transport表示“运输”；B项emit表示“发出，发射”；C项motivate表示“刺激；使有动机”；D项translate表示“翻译，转化”。根据句意“激光发出的光与手电筒

的光在一些方面存在差异。”可知，B项“发出”最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B项。

11.单选题

AfterscrutinizingtheSternHitlerDiaries,handwritingexpertsproclaimedthemtobeforgeries.

问题1选项

A.examining

B.judging

C.protracting

D.detecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过……《希特勒日记》，字迹专家宣布这些日记是伪造的。examine“（仔细地）检查”；judge“判断”；protract“延长；绘制”；detect“发现，察觉”。字迹专家只有通过认真检查才能知晓这个日记是伪造的，因此可知划线单词scrutinize的意思是“详细检查”，选项A符合题意。

12.单选题

Becausethereisevidenceofseverelyharmfuleffectsfromchemicaldumps,thegovernmenthas_____tougherclean-upmeasures.

问题1选项

A.imposed

B.impulsed

C.implemented

D.incorporated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项imposedv.强加，征税，以……欺骗；B选项impulsedv.推动；C选项implementedv.实施，执行；D选项incorporatedv.吸收，合并，包含。根据句意可知，有证据表明化学排污引起严重危害，因此，政府已经实施了严厉的清理方案。因此，C项符合题意。

13.单选题

Hepointedoutthatthelivingstandardofurbanand（）peoplecontinuedtoimprove.

问题1选项

A.remote

B.municipal

C.rural

D.provincial

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。选项A:remote“偏僻的，疏远的”；选项B：municipal“市政的，地方自治的”;选项C：rural“农村的，乡下的”；选项D：provincial“省的，地方性的”。由句意可知此处表述的是城乡居民，因此使用固定搭配urbanandruralpeople“城乡居民”更符合题意，所以选项C为正确选项。句意：他指出，城乡居民的生活水平不断提高。

14.单选题

Alanisagoodfootballplayerandneverbreaks（）.

问题1选项

A.legal

B.regulations

C.limitation

D.agreement

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项legal“法律的，合法的”。B选项regulation“规则，法规”。C选项limitation“限制，限度”。D选项agreement“协议，同意”。句意：艾伦是个优秀的足球运动员，从不犯规。breakregulation译为“犯规”。因此B选项符合题意。

15.翻译题

Contemporarypublicexpendituremanagement(PEM)isinterestedintheprocessofbudgetingprimarilybecauseproceduralrulesstronglyinfluenceexpenditureoutcomes.PEMtakesthepositionthattheserulesaffectthreeimportantoutcomes:thetotalamountspent,thecompositionofexpenditure,andtheefficiencyofgovernmentoperations.PEMseeksproceduresthatincreasetheprobabilityofachievingpreferredoutcomes.Thekeyaspectsofbudgetingaffectingexpenditureoutcomesareinstitutionalarrangements,thetypesofinformationavailableformakingandenforcingexpendituredecisions,theincentivesprovidedforspendersandcontrollerstobehaveinwaysthatpromotedesiredoutcomes,theissuanceandimplementationofsubstantivebudgerules.TheseelementsofPEMareappliedtothethreebasicobjectivesofmodempublicexpendituremanagement:tostrengthenaggregatefiscaldiscipline,toallocatepublicresourcesinaccordwithstrategicpriorities,andtopromotetheefficientprovisionofservices.

Fiscaldisciplinerequireseffectivecontrolofbudgetaggregates:totalrevenueandspendingandthebalancebetweenthesetotals.Whenaggregatecontroliseffective,theseoutcomesaredisciplined;theyresultfromexplicit,enforceddecisionsontheaggregatesbygovernment.Theyarenotmerelythesumofpowerfuldemandsonthebudget.PEMalsoseeksallocativeefficiency.Allocativeefficiencydependsonthecapacitytoshiftresourcesfromoldprogramstonewonesandfromlesstomoreproductiveuses,incorrespondencewithchangingpublicpolicyobjectives.Finally,PEMseeksefficiencyinadministrativeoperations,theprogressivereduction,throughproductivitygains,intherunningcostofgovernmentagenciesandintheunitcostofservices.

【答案】由于程序规则会对支出结果产生重大影响，当代公共支出管理(PEM)研究重点就是编制预算。公共支出管理(PEM)认为这些规则会影响三个重要结果：支出总金额，支出构成和政府运作效率。公共支出管理(PEM)寻求方法，以提升达到预期结果的概率。在编制预算中，影响支出结果的关键因素包括：制度安排、制定与实施支出决策的信息种类、保证支出者与管理者努力实现预期目标的激励手段、公布与实行大量的预算规则。这些规则旨在实现三个基本目标：加强总的财政纪律、依据战略重点分配公共资源、促进提供有效服务。

财政纪律要求有效控制预算总量，总收入与总支出以及这两者总数之间的平衡。当总量控制是有效的，就说明支出受到财政纪律的控制。政府给予明确且需执行的总量。这一总量并不仅仅是对预算有个明确的总量限制，公共支出管理(PEM)也还要寻求配置效率。配置效率的高低取决于资源从旧项目转移到新项目、从低产向高产转移的能力大小，同时还要与不断变化中的国家公共政策目标保持一致。最后，公共支出管理(PEM)要寻求行政管理的效率：通过提高生产率，逐步减小政府机构的运作成本、服务的单位成本。

16.单选题

______thechanceandthemoney,I’dcomeandseeyouinNewYorkintheforeseeablefuture.

问题1选项

A.Given

B.Assuming

C.Withregardto

D.Considering

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项Given“如果有（机会等）；鉴于”，介词；B选项Assuming“假如”，从属连词，assuming(that)+从句；C选项Withregardto“关于，至于”；D选项Considering“考虑到；就……而言；鉴于”。句意：______有机会和钱，在可预见的将来我一定会来纽约看你。根据语境，这里指有机会和钱的时候会来看你，并且横线后面跟名词短语，A选项Given“如果有（机会等）”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

17.填空题

MrAmescan’tcometothephone.He’stalkingtoaclientatthe（1）.

Couldyoucall（2）

（3）twentyminutes?

【答案】1.moment

2.back

3.in

【解析】1.固定搭配。Atthemoment现在。

2.固定搭配。Callback回电话。

3.语义题。此处表示二十分钟后。

18.翻译题

1.Newton

Newtonusedhisgreatskillinmathematicstoformabetterunderstandingoftheworldandtheuniverse.Heusedmethodshehadlearnedasaboyinmakingthings.Heexperimented.Thenhestudiedtheresultsandusedwhathehadlearnedtodesignnewexperiments.

Newton’sworkledhimtocreateanewtechniqueinmathematicsformeasuringareascurvedinshape.Healsousedittofindhowmuchmaterialwascontainedinsolidobjects.Thetechniquehecreatedbecameknownasintegralcalculus.

Oneday,sittinginthegarden,hewatchedanapplefallfromatree.HebegantowonderifthesameforcethatpulledtheappledownalsokeptthemooncirclingtheEarth.Newtonbelieveditwas.Andhebelieveditcouldbemeasured.

Hecalledtheforcegravity.Hebegantoexamineitcarefully.

Hedecidedthatthestrengthoftheforcekeepingaplanetinorbitaroundthesundependedontwothings.Onewastheamountofmassintheplanetandthesun.Theotherwashowfaraparttheywere.

Newtonwasabletofindtheexactrelationshipbetweendistanceandgravity.Hemultipliedthemassofonespacebodybythemassoftheothers.Thenhedividedthatnumberbythesquareoftheirdistanceapart.Theresultwasthestrengthofthegravityforcethattiedthemtoeachother.

2.Hubble’sLaw

Inthelate1920s,Hubblestudiedthemovementofgalaxiesthroughspace.Hisinvestigationledtothemostimportantastronomicaldiscoveryofthe20thcentury—theexpandinguniverse.

EarlierobservationsaboutthemovementofgalaxieshadbeendonebyV.M.Silpher.HediscoveredthatgalaxiesaremovingawayfromEarthatspeedsbetweenthree-hundredkilometersasecondandone-thousandeight-hundredkilometersasecond.

HubbleunderstoodtheimportanceofSilpher’sfindings.Hedevelopedaplanformeasuringboththedistanceandspeedofasmanygalaxiesaspossible.WithhisassistantatMountWilson,MiltonHumason,Hubblemeasuredthemovementofgalaxies.ThetwomendidthisbystudyingwhatHubblecalledthe“redshit”.ItalsoisknownastheDopplereffect.

TheDopplereffectexplainschangesinthelengthoflightwavesorsoundwavesastheymovetowardyouorawayfromyou.Lightwavesfromanobjectspeedingawayfromyouwillstretchintolongerwavelengths.Theyappearred.Lightwavesfromanobjectspeedingtowardyouwillhaveshorterwavelengths.Theyappearblue.

Observationsofforty-sixgalaxiesshowedHubblethatthegalaxiesweretravelingawayfromEarth.Theobservationsalsoshowedthatspeedwaslinkeddirectlytothegalaxies’distancefromEarth.Hubblediscoveredthatthefartherawayagalaxyis,thegreateritsspeed.ThisscientificruleiscalledHubble’sLaw.

3.Dream

Menandwomeninancienttimesoftenbelievedthatspiritsvisitedthemintheirdreams.Thespiritsbroughtmessagesofhopeordanger.AncientAssyrians(亚述人),Egyptians,Greeks,and,Romansallturnedtodreamsforsupernaturalanswerstotheirquestions.Theybelieveddreamscouldshowthefuture,warnofevil,bringhappiness.Priests(僧侣)andmedicinemenstudieddreamstolearnthecauseandcureofsicknesses.Theybuilttemplesandmadesacrificessotheirgodswouldspeaktothemthroughdreams.

TheancientGreeks,specially,sawdreamsashiddenmessagesfromthegods.However,oneGreekphilosopher,Aristotle,didnot.Hebelievedthegodswouldspeakonlytoafewspecialpeople,noteveryone.Andeveryonehaddreams.Almosttwo-thousand-four-hundredyearsago,anotherGreek—Hippocrates—wroteaboutdreams.Hippocratesisconsideredthefatherofmedicine.Hippocratesbelieveddreamscouldbeusedastoolsforlearningthenatureofaperson’ssickness.Forexample,supposeapersondreamedaboutafruittreethatwouldnotgrow.Suchadream,Hippocratessaidcouldmeanthatthepersonhadadiseaseofthereproductivesystem(再生系统).

Somehistoriansthinkthedreamsofancientpeoplesledtothedevelopmentofreligion.Thisincludesthebeliefinthesurvivalofthespiritafterdeath.

【答案】1.牛顿

牛顿运用他在数学方面的高超技巧，对世界和宇宙有了更好的认识。他用小时候学到的方法做东西。他尝试。然后，他研究结果，并利用他所学到的设计新的实验。

牛顿的工作使他在数学中创造了一种测量曲面面积的新技术。他还用它来发现固体中含有多少物质。他创造的这项技术后来被称为积分学。

一天，他坐在花园里，看到一个苹果从树上掉下来。他开始想，把苹果拉下来的力量，是否也让月亮绕着地球转。牛顿认为是。他相信这是可以衡量的。

他称这种力为重力。他开始认真地调查。

他认为保持行星绕太阳轨道运行的力量取决于两个因素。一个是行星和太阳的质量。另一个是它们之间的距离。

牛顿能够找到距离和重力之间的精确关系。他用一个空间物体的质量乘以其他物体的质量。然后他把这个数字除以它们之间距离的平方。其结果是将它们相互绑在一起的重力的强度。

2.哈勃定律

在20世纪20年代末，哈勃研究了星系在太空中的运动。他的研究导致了20世纪最重要的天文发现——不断膨胀的宇宙。

关于星系运动的早期观察是由V.M.希尔弗做的。他发现星系正以每秒300公里到每秒1800公里的速度远离地球。

哈勃明白希尔弗发现的重要性。他制定了一个计划来测量尽可能多的星系的距离和速度。哈勃和他在威尔逊山的助手米尔顿•哈马森一起测量了星系的运动。这两个人是通过研究哈勃所说的“红色大便”来做到这一点的。这也被称为多普勒效应。

多普勒效应解释了光波或声波在向你移动或远离你时长度的变化。从加速远离你的物体发出的光波会延伸到更长的波长。出现红色。从一个物体向你飞来的光波的