区域经济学-全要素生产率

我国发展“三期叠加”，资源环境约束加大，劳动力等要素成本上升，高投入、高消耗、偏重数量扩张的发展方式已经难以为继，必须推动经济在稳定增长中优化结构。既要稳住速度，确保经济平稳运行，确保居民就业和收入持续增加，为调结构转方式创造有利条件；又要调整结构，夯实稳增长的基础。要增加研发投入，提高全要素生产率，加强质量、标准和品牌建设，促进服务业和性新兴产业提高、水平提升，优化经济发展空间格局，加快培育新的增长点和增长极，实现在发展中升级、在升级中发展。2015年《

》1.

General

ConceptionTotal

factor

productivity

is

the

average

product

of

allinputs,

it

is

the

ratio

of

the

output

to

an

index

of

inputs.Let

the

index

of

inputs

be

denoted

as

X.

Then

totalfactor

productivity

(TFP)

isTFP=y/XDifferentiating

both

sides

logarithmically

with

respectto

time

givesdt

dtTFP

d

ln

y d

ln

X

y

X2.

How

to

measureTFP——

Solow

Residual，SRConsidering

an

aggregate

production

function:Q

A(t)

f

(K,

L)

Q

A

A

f

K

A

f

LQ

A

K

Q

L

QkLw

Q

L

Q

A

fK

QL

Q

K

KQ

A

fL

LLet

w

Q

KkLkLLKLLKL

Q

A

wQ

A

K

w

A

Q

w

K

wA

Q(1)(2)(3)(4)Let

Q L

q,

K L

k,

wL

1

wKNote

thates

L

Lq

AkkThen

(4)

q

A

w

k(5)(6)——

Data

Envelopmentysis，DEACodel

（Charnes,Cooper,

&

Rhodes,

1978）BCC

Model

（Banker,Charnes,

&

Cooper,

1984）ADD

Model

（

Charnes,

etal,

1985）DEA

vs.

RegressionTechnicalEfficiency(1957)TechnicalProgress(1957)DistanceFunction(1970)TörnqvistIndex(1976)GeometricMean

of

MalmquistIndexes

(1982)MalmquistIndex(1982)TFPposition(1982)Malmquist

TFPIndex

position(1992,1994)Devisia

indexFarrell

measureShephardDiewertCCDNishimizu

&

PageFäre

et

al(FGNZ)CCDDEA(1978)CCRPanel

dataStochasticfrontierDeterministicparametric

frontierTimetrendaStep1.

Production

TechnologyS

{(x

,

y

)

|

x

St

y

}(7)tttttt

t

t

t

tStep2.

Output

distance

functionykk

kkD

(

x

,

y

)

inf{k:(x

,

t)

S

}ykDkt1

t1

t1t1t(xk

,

yk

)

inf{:(xk,

t1

)S

}tyktt

1

t

1t

1Dk

(xk

,

yk

)

inf{:(xk,

t

1

)

S

}tykDk

tt

1

tttkk(x

,

y

)

inf{k:(x

,)

S

}(8)Step3.

Malmquist

Indexttttk

kD

(x

,

yk)Dk

(xk

,

yk

)M

kt

t

1

t

1

MDk(xk

,

yk

)kt

1Dk(xk

,

yk

)t

1

ttt

1

t

1

t

1k

kDk(xk

,

ykDk

(xk

,

yk

)Dk(xk

,

yk

)DkDk

(xk

,

yk

)Dk(xk

,

yk

)Dk(xk

,

yk

)

Dk

(xk

,

yk

)1)

2Mk

(xk

,

yk

;

x

,

y

)

t

t1

t1t1

t1

t1t1

t1

t

tt

t

tt1

t

t(xk

,

yk

)k

kD

(x

,

yk

)k

k

kD

(x

,

y

)12t

t

t

t1

t1

t1t1

tt

t1

t1

t1

t

t1

t1t

t

t(9)Step4.

Total

Factor

ProductivityTFPch

TEFch

TEch(10)Indicators:

input

and

outputInput1：Laborlabor

ti

mber

of

employees;

human

capital,

etc.Input2：Capitalcapital

stock

(Perpetual

inventory

method,1951)Ki,t

Ii,t

(1i,t

)Ki,t

1Output：Total

Output

Value

or

Added

ValueKi,0

Ii,0(

r)(11)(12)3.

TFP

&

Enterprise

Reform六百多家国有企业（1980-1994）采用Malmquist指数法拆分生产率样本企业的技术效率普遍较低（50-70%）尽管生产率增长显著，但以技术进步为主大型国企技术进步率明显高于其他企业最佳实践企业多位于沿海地区工资激励和职工学历对生产率有促进作用Model

Selection

ProcessAverage

functionParam

etricCRSVRSNon-param

etricDeterm

inisticStochasticFrontier

functionProduction

functionCost/profit

functionApplied

ProductionysisDeterminants

of

technical

efficiency

and best

practice(Zheng,

Liu,

&

Bigsten,

2003)Determinants

of

productivity growth,

efficiencychange,

and

technical

progressProbability

of

productivity

growth,

efficiency

change,and

technical

progress4.

TFP

&

Economic

GrowthThe

Solow-Swan

Model

(with

technical

change)K

I

K

s

f

(K,

L,t)

Klabor-augmenting

technological

progressY

f

(

K

,

L

A(t

)),

A(t

)

e

xtL(t)

entK

s

f

(K

,

L

A(t))K,LL

dt

L1

dK

s

f

K

,

A(t)

KDynamic

Function

of

kL

dtdt1

dK

d

(K

/

L) 1

dK

K

dL

1

dK

KL2

ndt

L

dt

L

L

dtk

nk

sf

(k,

A(t))

kk

k

sf

(k,

A(t))

(n

)kk

k

k

s

f

(k,

A(t

)

k

(n)TFP

determines

the

steady-state

yδarealso

constants,

the

average

product

of

capital,constant

in

the

steady

state..*kThe

steady-state

growth

rate,

,

is

constant.

Since

s,

n,

andf

(

k

,

A

(t

))k

,

isBecause

of constant

returns

to

scale,

f

(

k

,

A

(t

))

k

is

thereforek*

xconstant

only

if

k

and

A(t)

grow

at

the

same

rate,

that

is,Output

per

capita

is

given

byy

f(k

,

A(t))

k

f

(1,

A(t) k

)The

steady-state

growth

rate

of

y

equalsx.A

few

clarifications

on

the

concept

of

TFPTFP

growth

occurs

when

technology

progresses

and

efficiencyimproves.

The

former

is

usually

a

long-run

concept

in

thecontext

of

growth

theory,

and

the

latter

can

be

a

short-runphenomenon.A

high

TFP

growth

is

not

necessarily

profitable.TFP

growth

should

not

be

used

as

a in

economicplanning,

but

might

b