系统功能与语篇分析：从及物性语气和语域分析英语广告

系统功能与语篇分析：从及物性，语气和语域分析英语广告[abstrat]theadvertiseentisanindispensablepartinthesiety.stheresearhesntheenglishadvertiseentsarebeingreandreusefulandiprtant.atthebeginningfthethesis,theauthrhldsthedefinitin,theeffetandthepnentftheadvertiseent.andthentheauthrstatessethingabutdisurseanalysisfritsdefinitin,pnents,andlevels.disurseanalysisisthepressfdesriptin,explanatin,illustratin,andevaluatin.theunderstandingfthetextisthellevel,butthehighneisevaluatingthetext.systeifuntinalgraar(sfg)isprvedthatitisresuitablefrdisurseanalysisthananythertheries.itnsistsfsysteigraarandfuntinalgraar.systeigraarlaisthatlanguageisasystenetrkfeaningptentialrthatitisaseitisyste.funtinalgraarislassifiedlanguagefuntinintthreeparts:ideatinaletafuntin,interpersnaletafuntin,andtextualetafuntin.finally,theauthrputsthesetheriesintthepratiefanalyzingtheenglishadvertiseent.iththedisussinandanalysis,itisprvedthatsfgandevelptherelatinshipbeteenthefurther,andenglishadvertiseentanbeunderstdlearly.[keyrds]englishadvertiseent;disurseanalysis;systeifuntinalgraar;funtinalgraar[摘要]广告如今已经成为社会生活不可缺少的一局部，对广告语篇分析有其存在的必然性。论文首先阐述了广告的定义，影响以及其文案的组成局部。接下来阐述了关于语篇分析，从语篇分析的概念，组成局部，以及两个层面。语篇分析是一个描写，解释，说明，评估的过程，对语篇理解了还要会做出评论。而系统功能语法被指出这个语法比其他语言学框架更合适用来分析语篇，所以论文接下来描绘了系统功能语法的理论内容去支持语篇分析，系统功能语法包括系统语法和功能语法。系统语法核心思想是认为语言是有个意义潜势的系统网络。功能语法从语言的功能的角度总结出语言的三大元功能：概念功能，人际功能，语篇功能。最后作者用以上的相关理论对一个英语广告实例进展了详细分析。通过以上阐述和分析，作者证明了系统功能语法指导语篇分析的可行性。作者也望两者能更加的完善，以致能更系统地分析理解广告语篇。[关键词]英语广告；语篇分析；系统功能语法；功能语法1.intrdutinsinethe1960s,halliday,theprfessrflinguistis,develpsasysteatiandprehensivetheryflanguage,alled“systei-funtinalgraar(sfg)〞,andpublisheshisbk“anintrdutintfuntinalgraar〞in1985and1994.anyshlarsalspublishedanuberfbksandpapersnsysteigraar.theresearhfsysteifuntinalgraarbeginsin1970sandbeeppularinthelate1980s.englishadvertisingbeginsintheedievaltiesandtheadvertising-bappearsinthe1920s.tdayadvertisinghasbeeanindispensabletlfrdernpaniesandinstitutins.sthedisurseanalysisfenglishadvertisingisveryneessary.iththeanalysis,pepleanunderstandtheadvertiseentpletelyandsupplythefurtheriprveentithseevidene.nfepeplehavetriedtusethetheriesfthesfgtanalyzeenglishadvertiseents.butprfessrhuangguenakesadetailedstudynthebinatinfthesfgandtheanalysisfenglishadvertiseentinhisnelypublishedbk“theryandpratiefdisurseanalysis---astudyinadvertisingdisurse(2001)〞.thethesisillakeatentativeendeavrtapplythetheriesfthesfgttheanalysisfenglishadvertiseents,hpingtprvethatthetheriesfsfganbeusedtanalyzeenglishadvertisingandareatuallyeffetive.2.advertising2.1thedefinitinfadvertisingstftheshlarshldthat“advertising〞riginatesfrthelatinrd“adventure〞hiheansarusingpeple’sinterestttakeatin.in1300t1475,itashangedttheedievalenglish“advertise〞,hiheant,“senepaysattentintsething〞.thefirstnespaperadvertiseentissaidthaveappearedin1704inthebstnnesletterinaeria.duringthe18thenturyadvertisinggreinppularitybthinbritainandtheaerianlnies.befre1890,intheestern,thedefinitinfadvertisingisgenerallyalled,as“advertisingisapieefnesabuttheprdutrtheservie.〞in1948,theitteendefinitinsftheaerianarketingassiatindefines:“thenn-persnaluniatinfinfratinusuallypaidfrandusuallypersuasiveinnatureabutprduts,servierideabyidentifiedspnsrsthrughthevariusedia.〞aerianspnsrsassiatinhld:advertisingisthepaiduniatinfrtheasses,anditsfinalpurpseisttransitessages,hangetheattitude,induepeplettakeatinandbenefitidentifiedspnsrs.theenartaenylpediadefines“advertising〞as“afrferialassuniatindesignedtprtethesalefaprdutrservie,raessagenbehalffaninstitutin,rganizatin,randidatefrplitialffie〞.[1]n,drathefllingnlusin:“advertisingisapaid,ass-ediatedattepttpersuade〞.[2]firstly,identifiedspnsrsneedtpayfrit.sendly,itisdeliveredthrughauniatinediudesignedtreahrethannepersn.thirdly,itisthepubliuniatindesignedthangerreinfretheattitudeandtheatin.2.2theeffetfadvertisingadvertisinganakeantributintsales---alngiththerightprdut,therightprie,andtherightdistributin.itanntnlyreatesialealthdiretlyandprvideltsfjbs,butalsprtethedevelpentftherindustries.andadvertisingisrelatedtgdp(grssdestiprdut)inthatitanntributetlevelsfverallnsuerdeandhenitplaysakeyrleinintrduingneprduts.advertisinganhaveastabilizingeffetndnturnsinbusinessativity.advertisingisallegedtstiulatepetitinandtherefretivatefirststrivefrbetterprduts,betterprdutinethds,andtherpetitiveadvantagesthatultiatelybenefittheenyasahle.duettheeniesfsaleprduedbyadvertising,nsuersatuallyrealizeless—expensiveprduts.asbrad-baseddeandstiulatinresultsinlerprdutinandadinistrativestsperunit,lpriesarepassedntnsuers.thepressurefpetitinandthedesirethavefresh,arketableprdutsstiulatefirstprdueiprvedprdutsanddseinnvatins.allftheseanntributetthestandardflivingandqualityflifeinasiety.advertisingeduatesnsuers,equippingtheiththeinfratintheyneedtakeinfredpurhasedeisins.nsuersbeereeduatedregardingthefeatures,benefits,funtins,andvalueprduts.further,nsuersanbeereaareftheirntendeniestardbeingpersuadedandrelyingnertaintypesfprdutinfratin.ardingttheabve,better-eduatednsuersenhanetheirlifestylesandeniperthrughastutearketplaedeisin-aking.inall,iththedevelpentfthetehnlgyandthediversityftheassedia,advertisinghasinfluenedpeplepervasivelyinthedailylife.advertisingplaysaniprtantrleinthesiety.freignuntries(espeiallyaerian)havedevelpedtheadvertisingfralngtie,shineseneedtusetheexperieneftheruntriesfrreferene.thatisthestudyfenglishadvertisinghasitsneessity.thestudyfanalysisfenglishadvertisingiseaningful.2.3thepnentsfpyriting“pyritingisthepressfexpressingthevalueandbenefits;abrandhastffer,viarittenrverbaldesriptins.〞[3]apletepieefpyritinggenerallynsistsfheadline(inludingsub-headline),bdypy,slgan,andsuppleentaryites.theheadlineisthestiprtantpart,hihistheleadingsenteneusedatthetprbttftheadvertising.itshuldaruseinterestsandattratattentins.itanakepeplekeepnreadingandgettknreabuttheprdutbeingsld.itustbeshrt,siplerdabutntrethan10rds,butitinludesenughinfratin,thenaefbrandandsn.subheadisanadditinalheadlineusuallyappearsabverbeltheheadline.itinludesiprtantbrandinfratinntinludedintheheadline.liketheheadlineittransitskeysellingpintsrbrandinfratinquikly.itshuldreinfretheheadlineandservesasatransitintthebdypy.bdypytellsarepletestryabuttheprdutrservie,nlyneutf10readersreadthebdypy,sitillarusepeple’sinterestandreinfratinfrpepletknf.generallyitinludesetinalpyandreasn-hypy.slgan,itsstrutureissiilarttheheadline.aslganisashrtphraseusedthelpestablishaniage,identity,rpsitinfrabrandranrganizatin.itanprvidesntinuityarssdifferentediaandbeteenadvertisingapaigns.itexpressesadvertisingessageithbrief,repeatable,anderablestateent.thatis,itanakensuerstakeatins.takesefausslgansfrexaple:“justdit!(nike)〞,“freshupithseven-up(seven-up)〞,“thingsgbetteritha-la(a-la)〞.suppleentaryitesarethepleteinstrutinsfadvertisingntent.itinludesillustratin,tradeark,andnaefdity,lgtype,address,telephnenuber,prie,auntsnuber,bxandpanel,sealandsn.illustratinandtradearkareveryiprtantinthe.stfpeplereadadfllingtherder:illustratin,headline,andbdypy.sillustratinisthestiprtantpartfrasuessfulad.illustratinarusesinteresttreadtheheadline,identifythesubjetfthead,larifylaisadebythepy,andreateafarableipressinftheinfratin.tradearkinludesbrandnae,rpraterstrenaeandvisualsybl.itaybeuseinshrtening.aell-knnbrandnaeisrthyandtherefreisfgreatiprtanetarpratin.thefeaturesfthetradearkaredesribableandrearkable,suhas“frd〞,“adidas〞.3.disurseanalysisin1952,zellings.harriss,thestruturalists,reprtedtheartile“disurseanalysis〞intheagazine“language〞.inthelast50years,altfshlarsakeseeffrtstthissubjetandgainseahieveents.frtheduent,disurseanalysisinvlveslinguistis,seitis,psyhlgy,anthrplgy,silgy,literature,infratinsieneandsn,andgraduallyfrstheknledgestudyinglanguage-in-useintheuniatin.“disurseanalysisisthestudyfhsentenesinspkenandrittenlanguagefrlargereaningfulunitssuhparagraphs,nversatins,intervie,et.frexaple,disurseanalysisdealsith(a)hthehiefartiles,prnuns,andtensesaffetsthestruturefthedisurse.(b)therelatinshipbeteenutteranesinadisurse.()thevesadebyspeakerstintrdueanetpi,hangethetpi,rassertahigherrlerelatinshiptthetherpartiipants.〞[4]“disurseanalysisephasizesthatlanguageisnterelyaself-ntainedsystefsyblsbutreiprtantlyadefding,being,andbeing.disurseanalysisseekstdesribeandexplainlinguistiphenenaintersftheaffetive,gnitive,situatinal,andulturalntextsftheiruseandtidentifylinguistiresuresthrughhihe(re)nstruturlife(uridentity,belief,idelgy,andsfrth).essentially,itaskshyeuselanguagetheayedandheliveliveslinguistially.disurseanalysisinsistsntheusefnaturallyurringlanguagedate(asppsedtinventeddata)〞.[5]generallyspeaking,disurseanalysisisadevelpingandnn-qualitativesubjet,hihhasneithertheguidanefaspeifitherynrgenerallyregnizedanalysisaysandsteps.shiffirn,aeriandisurseanalyst,intrduessixethdsusinginthedisurseanalysis:speehatthery,internatinalsilgist,andtheethngraphyfuniatin,pragatis,nversatinanalysis,andvariatinanalysis..a.k.hallidayinhisbk“anintrdutintfuntinalgraar〞hldsthat“theai(fsfg)hasbeentnstrutagraarfrpurpsesftextanalysis:nethatuldakeitpssibletsaysensibleandusefulthingsabutanytext,spkenrritten,indernenglish.〞[6]3.1purpsefdisurseanalysissfgnstrutagraarfrpurpsesftextanalysis,sstfshlarsinsistthatitisresuitablefrdisurseanalysisthananythertheries.thatissfgistheapprahprpsedinthestudyfdisurseanalysis.thedisurseanalysisguidingbysfgisalledas“funtinaldisurseanalysis〞.seanalyststhinkdisurseanalysisistheinterpretiveativity,beauseitspurpseisthelpthereadersunderstandtheeaningfthetextandtheriter.butfuntinaldisurseanalysisistheexplanatryativity;itspurpseistexplainhythetextexpressestheeaning.hallidayandhasanhldthatthepurpsefthetextanalysisisexplanatinntinterpretatin.fratext,thepurpsef“interpretatin〞istunderstandhattheeaningfthetextis,butthepurpsef“explanatin〞istakelearthaththetextexpressesitseaning.ardingttheauthr’sunderstanding,theexplanatryativityinludesinterpretiveativity,beausebefreexplaininghatextexpressesitseaning,pepleillknhattheeaningfatextis.thepurpseffuntinaldisurseanalysisistevaluatethetext.befreevaluatingatext,disurseanalysisuststudythetextfr“hatistheeaningfthetext?〞“hdesthetextexpresstheeaning?〞“hydesthetextexpresstheeaning?〞inall,thepurpsefdisurseanalysisisexplanatryativitytevaluatethetext.3.2spesfdisurseanalysishallidayhldsthatdisurseanalysisnsistsfntextfulture,ntextfsituatin,language.(i)ntextfulture:languageisthesialphenennandtherefletinfthesialativity.everytextisprduedandthenaffetedinapartiularntextfulture.“ntextfulture〞referstthetextexpressingalltheeaningsinthespeialsietyandulture(inludingpurpsefuniatin,ayfuniatin,frfuniatin,ntentfuniatin,et).ntextfultureisrefletedby“genre〞.genrensistsfsheatistrutureandrealizatinalpattern.(ii)ntextfsituatin:itisiediateenvirnentflanguageativity,hihistie,plae,talkingntent,therelatinangpeplerelatedttransferuniatinaleanings.hallidayandhasan(1985)dividentextfsituatinintthreeparts:field,tenrandde.(a)fieldrefersthatisbeingtalkabut,hatisitthatthepartiipantsareengagedin,inhihthelanguagefiguresasseessentialpnents.(b)tenrreferstthepepleinvlvedintheuniatinandtherelatinshipbeteenthe.hatkindsfrlerelatinshipsbtainangthepartiipants,inludingperanentandtepraryrelatinshipsfnekindranther,bththetypesfspeehrlethattheyaretakingninthedialgueandthehlelusterfsiallysignifiantrelatinshipsinhihtheyrefert.()derefersththelanguageisfuntiningintheinteratin,e.g.hetheritisrittenrspken.(iii)languageinludesseantis,lexi-graar,andphnlgy/graphlgy.ardingttheviefhalliday,languagehieflyexpressesthreefuntins/eanings:ideatinalfuntin,interpersnalfuntinandtextualfuntin.thethreefuntinsarerelatedtntextandlexi-graar.fielddeterinestheexperientialeaningsthatexpressed.tenrdeterinestheinterpersnaleanings.dedeterinesthetextualeanings.andthesethreefuntinsareebdiedbylexi-graar.“hever,but,nevertheless〞expresstextualeanings.sheatistruturentextfulturerealizatinalstruturefieldtextntextfsituatintenrdeseantislanguagelexi-graarphnlgy/graphlgy3.3levelsfdisurseanalysisin“anintrdutintfuntinalgraar〞,hallidayhlds“inanypieefdisurseanalysis,therearealaystpssiblelevelsfahieveenttaiat.neisantributinttheunderstandingfthetext:thelinguistianalysisenablesnetshhandhy,hepress,therearelikelytberevealedultipleeanings,alternatives,abiguities,etaphrsandsn.〞[7]thatis,thelleveristheativityfdesribingandexplainingthetext.“itisnethatshuldalaysbeattainableprvidedfeaturesfthelanguage---prvideditisbasednagraar,intherrds.〞antherlevelistheevaluatinfthetext:“thelinguistianalysisayenablenetsayhythetextis,risnt,aneffetivetextfritsnpurpsed---inhatrespetsitsueedsandinhatrespetsitfails,rislesssuessful.〞[8]thatis,thehighlevelistheativityfinterpretingandevaluatingthetext.inrdertattainthegal,itrequiresanalyzingthetext,andanalyzingthentext(ntextfsituatin,ntextfulture)andtherelatinshipbeteenntextandtext.stheanalystsneedtdedethefurthereaningfthetextandevaluatetheusefrdsandgraarsinntextfsituatinandthentextfulture.ardingthuangguen,sfgisresuitablefranalyzingthetext.itisbeausesfgisthetextgraar.itisbeausegraaristdesribehtheuseflanguage,thatis,theaytsayandunderstandtheeaningfthetextlearly.itisbeausesfgdesribethesysteinetrkfthethreeetafuntinlearly.itdesbeauseapplyingthefraerkfsfgtanalyzethetextanavidevaluatingatill.thefllingisthedesriptinfsfg,andhyitanguidedisurseanalysis.4.systeifuntinalgraarinhalliday’sbk“anintrdutintfuntinalgraar〞,hesays〞thetherynhihthisdesriptinisbased,systeitheryfllsintheeurpeanfuntinaltraditin.itislargelybasednfirth’ssyste-struturethery,butderivesreabstratpriniplesfrhjelslevandesanyideastpragueshl.therganizingneptisthatfthe“syste〞,hihisusedessentiallyinfirth’ssensefafuntinalparadigbutdevelpedintthefralnstrutfa‘systenetrk’.〞[9]sfghastpnents:systeigraarandfuntinalgraar.inhuzhuanglin’sbk“linguistis.aursebk〞,hehldsthat“systeigraaraistexplaintheinternalrelatinsinlanguageasasystenetrk,reaningptential.andthisnetrknsistsfsubsystefrhihlanguageusersakehies.funtinalgraaraistrevealthatlanguageisaeanfsialinteratin,basednthepsitinthatlanguagesysteandthefrsthatakeitupareinesapablydeterinedbytheusesrfuntinshihtheyserve.〞[10]4.1systeigraar“systeigraarisanapprahtgraatialanalysishihisbasednaseriesfsystes.eahsysteisasetfptinsfhihneustbehsenateahrelevantpintintheprdutinfanutterane.frexaple,inenglish,thespeakerrriterakeshiesangthesystesfnuber.〞[11]theentralpnentfasysteigraarisahartfthefullsetfhiesavailableinnstrutingasentene,ithaspeifiatinftherelatinshipsbeteenhies.halliday’ssysteigraarhasthefllingaspets:first,ithas“syste〞asitsentralategry.send,itlaysstressnrelatingthesilgy.third,itattahesiprtanetdesribetheharateristisfpartiularlanguagesandpartiularvarietiesflanguages.furth,languageisadefatinandntaninstruentfrefletin.fifth,ituseslinestexplainselanguageprbles.ardingthuzhuanglin’sinstrutin“insysteigraar,thentinfsysteisadefaentralexplanatrypriniple,thehleflanguagebeingneivedasa‘systefsystes’,systeigraarisnernedithestablishinganetrkfsystesfrelatinships,hihauntsfralltheseantiallyrelevanthiesinthelanguageasahle.〞[12]asysteisalistfhies;thehiesinasysteareutuallyexlusive.everysysteisfinite.theeaningfeveryhieinasystedependsntheeaningftherhieinthesyste.inall,systeigraarakespeplekn“syste〞and“struture〞.hedesriptinfthesyste,ifthefeaturefthesysteappearsinthersyste,thatanbesiultaneityreheln.ifthetsystesappearinrder,thefeaturesfthearerdinal.thesysteigraarisseletingageneralareafeaning,andgraduallybreakingitintsallerandsallersub-areas.hieiseaning.systegaardesribesthreeetafuntins.eahftheetafuntinsisaplexsystensistedfthersystes,andhiesaresiultaneuslydneinthethreeetafuntins.thisisthelserelatinshipbeteensysteigraarandfuntinalgraar.4.2funtinalgaar“inafuntinalgraar,nthetherhand,thediretinisreversed.alanguageisinterpretedasasystefeaningsanberealized.〞[13]“funtinalgraaraistrevealthatlanguageisaeanfsialinteratin,basednthepsitinthatlanguagesysteandthefrsthatakeitupareinesapablydeterinedbytheusesrfuntinshihtheyserve.〞[14]thefuntinsflanguagearethestiprtantthingsinfuntinalgraar.asthetlfpeple’suniatin,languageundertakesallkindffuntins.hallidaydividesthefuntinflanguageintthreekinds:ideatinaletafuntin,interpersnaletafuntin,andtextualetafuntin.4.2.1ideatinaletafuntin“…afundaentalprpertyflanguageisthatitenableshuanbeingstbuildaentalpiturefreality,takesenseftheirexperienefhatgesnarundtheandinsidethe.〞[15]itistnveyneinfratin,tuniateantentthatisunknntthelistener.theideatinaletafuntinistrganizethespeakerrriter’sexperieneftherealriaginaryrldandinludesexperientialfuntinandlgialfuntin.hatexperientialfuntinisthatlanguageexpressespeple’sexperienesinexternalrld(things,eventsqualities,et)andinternalrld(thughts,beliefs,feelings,et).hatlgialfuntinreferstthatlanguageexpressesthelgialrelatinshipbeteentrrethanteaningunits.(i).experientialfuntinexperientialfuntinishieflyebdiedbytransitivityandvie.“…parallelithitsevlutininthefuntinfd,expressingtheative,interpersnalaspetfeaning,thelauseevlvedsiultaneuslyinanthergraatialfuntinexpressingtherefletive,experientialaspetfeaning.thislateristhesysteftransitivity.transitivityspeifiesthedifferenttypesfpressthatareregnizedinthelanguage,andthestruturesbyhihtheyareexpressed.〞[16]transitivityisaseantisyste.itspurpseistdividesethingarundpepleintseveralpressesinvlvingpartiipantandirustantialeleent.hallidayhldsthattransitivityinludessixpresses:(a)aterialpress.(b)entalpress.()relatinalpress.(d)behaviralpress.(e)verbalpress.(f)existentialpress.(a)aterialpress:pressfdingaterialpressisapressfding.thepressusuallynsistsfverb,atr(lgialsubjet)andgal(nunrprnun)hekilledallthepepleatrpressgal(b)entalpress:pressfthinkingentalpressisapressfthinkinginvlvingpereptin(see,lk),reatin(like,fear)andgnitin(kning,believing,andunderstanding)andsn.etalpresshastpartiipants:sensr,andphenenn.sensrreferstthepersnhpereivesandphenennisthesethingthatispereivedbythesensr.phenenninludesnretepersnrbjets,abstratthings,happenedeventsandsn.ihearhiplayingthepiannexttthedr.sensrpressphenenn()relatinalpress:pressfbeingrelatinalpressisapressfbeing.ithasttypes’attributivepressandidentifyingpress.relatinalpressnsistsfintensive,heattributivepress,thepartiipantsareattributeandarrier.thelkhasthreepinters.arrierpressattributeintheidentifyingpress,thepartiipantsareidentifiedandidentifier.thisarisine.identifiedpressidentifier(d)behaviralpress:pressfbehavingbehaviralpressisapressfbehaving,suhasbreathe,drea,sile,laugh,ry,andugh.thebasipnentsfthepressare“behaver〞and“press〞.thispintissiilarttheentalpress,butdifferentfrtheaterialpress.sheriedludly.behaverpressirustantial(e)verbalpress:pressfsayingverbalpressisapressfsaying.“saying〞hastbeinterpretedinaratherbradsense;itversanykindfsybliexhangefeaning.theverbalrdsare“tell,say,talk,desribe,bast,praise〞.theverbalizatinitselfisalledtheverbiage.theteahertelledthestudent“dn’tdisturbthers.〞sayerpressreeiververbiage(f)existentialpress:pressfexistingexistentialpressisapressfexisting.ineveryexistentialpress,itusthavean“existent〞.“there〞hasnrepresentatinalfuntin.thereisanapplenthetree.pressexistentirustanegenerallyspeaking,stfthepressesrepresentingdesriptiveeaningaretherelatinal,existentialpressandtheentalpresses.hever,stfthepressesrepresentingnarrativeeaningareaterialpresses.“vieistheaysinhihalanguageexpressestherelatinshipbeteenaverbandthenunphraseshihareassiatedithit.tsentenesandifferinvieandyethavethesaebasieaning.hever,thereaybeahangeinephasisandnetypefsenteneaybereapprpriate.〞[17]itisrepresentednlybyativevieandpassivevie.inrdertakethestruturefthetextreasnableandthentextnsistent,speakersneedtdanapprpriatehietthevie.ii.lgialfuntinlgialfuntinainlyreferstthelanguagefuntin,hihrepresentsthe-rdinatersubrdinatelgialrelatinsflanguage.hallidayresearhesthefuntinfrinterdependenyandlgial-seantirelatin.usingthetfuntinssiultaneuslytresearhthelanguage,thelanguageanbeanalyzedpletely.4.2.2interpersnaletafuntininterpersnaletafuntinservestakefulluseflanguagetexpresstherelatinshipbeteenthesietyandthepersn.iththeuseflanguage,pepleuniateiththers,establishandkeepinterpersnalrelatinships,affetpeple’erpersnaletafuntinisrealizedbydanddality.(i.)dardingthuzhuanglin,“dshshatrlethespeakerseletsinthespeehsituatinandhatrleheassignsttheaddressee.〞[18]dinludesthe〞subjet〞andthe“finite〞eleent.thefuntinfthe“finite〞eleentistprvidetherefereneiththeprpsitin.the“subjet〞istheeleentfeffetiveandsuessfulprpsitins.(ii).dalitydalityspeifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgentrakingapreditin.hallidaylassifieddalityinttajrtypes:dalizatin(prbability,usuality)anddulatin(bligatin/inlinatin).frexaple:(1)aryillebaktrr.(2)heusuallygestthepark.4.2.3textualetafuntin“textualetafuntnisnernediththereatinftext---theresuresfrpresentinginfratinastextinntext.〞[19]“thetextualfuntinfulfilstherequireentthatthelanguageanberelatedinrealuse,havingertainstruturesinarealntextthatdistinguishesasingleitefragraarraditinaryinalivingpassage.〞[20]itinludestheatistruture,infratinstrutureandhesin.(i).theatistruture“theatistruturerelatestthestruturingfthelauseitself---therderinhiheleentsappearinthelause.〞[21]thetheeistheeleenthihservesasthepintfdepartureftheessage;itisthatithhihthelauseisnerned.andtherestfthelauseisalledrhee.fllinggeffthpsnassuesthattheehasfurainfuntins:(a)signalingtheaintenanerpressinf“hatthetextisabut〞atthatpint.(b)speifyingrhangingthefraerkfrtheinterpretatinfthefllinglause.()signalingthebundariesfsetininthetext.(d)signalinghatthespeakerthinksisaviable/useful/iprtantstarting-pint.[22]ardingtthesyntatistrutureftheinitialnstituentsfasentene,hallidaydividestheeintthreeainkinds:siplethee,ultipletheeandlausalthee.inalause,theeisnflatedithsubjetisalledunarkedthee.atheethatissethingtherthanthesubjetisalledarkedthee.(ii)infratinstrutureinfratinstrutureistrganizelanguagerganizatinasinfratinunit.itisfredthestruturefinfratinunitfrtheinteratinfgiveninfratinandneinfratin.alauseasaninfratinstruturensistsfagiveneleentapaniedbyaneeleent.the“unarked〞sequeningfinfratinstrutureisgiven-ne.infratinstrutureishieflyebdiedby“intnatin〞.(iii)hesininhalliday’srds“theneptfhesinisaseantine;itreferstrelatinsfeaningthatexistiththetext,andthatdefineitasatext.〞[23]thereisfiveaysbyhihhesinisreatedinenglish:referene,ellipsis,substitutin,njuntinandlexialrganizatin.(a)referene:apartiipantrirustantialeleentintrduedatneplaeinthetextanbetakingasareferenepintfranther.(b)ellipsis:seeleentsanbeittedinthetext.itanavidrepeatingandhighlighttheneinfratin.itisagraatialaytakethetextellknit.()substitutin:iteansreplaing.sthesupersededrdsarethefranditsseantieaningillbefundinthereplaedeleents.(d)njuntin:itistusendutedeleentstebdyallkindsflgialrelatinsinthetext.thendutedeleentsgenerallyaresetransitinalrds,shinglgirelatinssuhastie,auseandeffet,nditin.(e)lexialrganizatin:itinludesrepetitin,synnyy/antny,hypnyy/etnyyandllatin.5.analysisftheenglishadvertiseentdisurseanalysisispaidreandreattentintthelinguists.theaifsfgistnstrutagraarfrpurpsesftextanalysis.funtinalgraarananalyzentnlyspkenenglishbutalsrittenenglish.hpingitisprvedthatdisurseanalysisannlybeguidedbythetheryintersfanalyzingseenglishadvertiseents,andthefuntinalgraarisfusefulnessandservieability.thefllingistheinsuraneadvertiseent.insuredbyallianz(1)uldn’titbenietgrldithaferelaughlines?(2)it’seasyifyuhaveprperprtetinandalngtersavingsplaniththerightpany.(3)establishedver100yearsag,theallianzgrupistrustedbyver60illinustersrldide.(4)frpersnalinsuraneslutinsveringthedifferentstagesinyurlife,bakedbythefinaniialseurityfaglballeader,turntallianzinasia.(5)beausehereverlifetakesyu,eprvidepeaefindalngtheay.allianz.thepernyurside.(neseek,t2002)5.1analyzingthetransitivityftheadvertisingsentenepresstypepresspartiipantirustane1relatinaluldn’tbeittgrldithaferelaughlines2relatinalisitifyuhaveprperprtetinandalngtersavingsplaniththerightpanyrelatinalhaveyu,prperprtetinandalngtersavingsplaniththerightpany3aterialistrustedtheallianzgrup60illinustersestablishedver100yearsagaterialestablished(theallianzgrups)ver100yearsag(nn-finite)4aterialturntallianzinasiafrpersnalinsuraneslutinsveringthedifferentstagesinyurlife,bakedbythefinanialseurityfaglballeaderaterialveringpersnalinsurane,differentstagesinyurlife(nn-finite)aterialbaked(persnalinsurane)finanialseurityfaglballeader(nn-finite)5aterialprvidee,peaefindalngtheay,beausehereverlifetakesyuaterialtakeslife,yuinthisadvertiseent,therearealtgethertenpresses,anghihtherearethreerelatinalpressesandsevenaterialpresses.ardingthattheauthrhassaidjustn,thethreerelatinalpressesusthaveserveddesriptin.thatisthesethreepressesfirstnfir,“ituldbenietgrldithaferelaughlines.〞thentheyntinuetdesribehyuand.thethreepressesareinludedinsentene(1)and(2)ftheadvertiseent.thefllingsentenesinludesevenaterialpresses.thus,thesesentenesustservetnarrate.generallyspeaking,stfthepressesrepresentingdesriptiveeaningaretherelatinal,existentialpressandtheentalpresses.hever,stfthepressesrepresentingnarrativeeaningareaterialpresses.analyzingthepressesnebyne,thispurpsefthepyriterislearlyrepresented.insentene(4),thepyriterasksreaderstturnttheallianzinasiaiftheyantpersnalinsuraneslutinsveringthedifferentstagesinlife.als,thepyriterstatesthefatthataglballeaderffinanialseuritybakstheallianz.frallthesestateentsabuttheperandreditftheallianzgrup,readersjustanntesapetheteptatin.inadditin,theaterialpressestakeupnearly3/5fthepresses.thusthepyriterputshisephasisnstatingthequalitiesftheallianzgrup.thepresspatternfthisadvertiseentisrelatinalpresses(sentene(1),(2))---aterialpresses(sentene(3),(4),(5)).5.2analyzingthedftheadvertisingsentenesubjetfinited1ituldn’tbeinterrgative2itisdelarativeyuhavedelarative3theallianzgrupisdelarative4(yu)turniperative5eprvidedelarativelifetakesdelarativealltgetherthisadvertiseentisadeupffivesentenes.frthetablethedsfdifferentlausesarelearlyrepresented.thereisneinterrgativesentenethatissentene(1)andneiperativesentenethatissentene(4)stfthedtypesaredelaratived.pyritersdtheadvertiseenttgivetheusterreandreinfratinabuttheprdut.hatisthedifferenefinterrgativeandiperativeds?althughsentene(1)isaninterrgativesentene,itisinfatntaquestintaskfranserbuttexpressagdillsinetheanserisself-evident.thatis“ituldbenietgrldithaferelaughline.〞thepyriteruseststateentstindiatehtheyanfulfillthisill.sentene(4)isaniperativesenteneexpressesserequireents,hihservestaskthereaderstbuytheservie.theultiateaifthepyriterisarusingthereader’sattentinandtakesatin.sentene(5)isinfatntapletesenteneintraditinalgraar.itisatuallyasubrdinatelausehyreadersshuldhsetheinsuraneprvidedbythepany.thepyriterusesthislauseindependentlyjusttputitinanephatiplae.finallyreadersaybepersuadedtbuy.thepany’galistselltheirprdutrservieandbenefitfrfurtherprdutins.thedpatternfthisadvertisingisrepresented:interrgative,delarative,iperative.5.3analyzingtheregisterftheadvertisingthisadvertiseentisansueradvertiseenttallthepeplehantttakeinsuraneinthenespaper.relatethedetailtthefuntinalgraarasflls:fieldnsueradvertiseenttenrallthepeplehantttakeinsuranedeagazineadvertiseentthefieldrefersthatishappening,thatis,siplysay,“plae〞.inenglishadvertiseent,ardingtthedifferenttpisrfieldfit,therearedifferentfieldsfdisurse.thereareltsftargetareasintheadvertiseen