2023年职称英语考试理工类

2023年职称英语考试理工类〔B级〕真题及答案来源：2023-02-09大中小上海口译考试汉译英必备2023英语专四过关攻略职称英语历年真题及答案职称英语固定搭配与短语6月英语四级写作指导职称英语概括大意汇总2023年全国职称英语等级考试真题及答案理工类〔B级〕

第1局部：词汇选项〔第1～15题，每题1分，共15分〕下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有横线，请为每处划线局部确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1Wouldyoupleasecallmyhusbandassoonaspossible？AvisitBphoneCconsultDinvite2Wehadalongconversationaboutherparents.AspeechBquestionCtalkDdebate3Thechairmanproposedthatwestopthemeeting.AstatedBannouncedCdemandedDsuggested4Obviouslythesepeoplecanbereliedoninacrisis.AlivedonBdependedonCbelievedinDjoinedin5ThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathletebreaksarecord.AbeatsBmaintainsCmatchesDtries6Allthepupilsseemtobeverycheerful.AhappyBhealthyCnaughtyDbusy7Thetraditionalpaintingsareexhibitedonthesecondfloor.AlaidBdisplayedCkeptDstored8Shestoodthere，shakingwithfury.AmiseryBlaughterCangerDcry9MaryevidentlyisthemostdiligentstudentamongusAintelligentBbeautifulCtalkativeDhardworking10PersistentattemptstointerviewGarbowerefruitless.AForcefulBReasonableCContinuousDFirm11Whycan'tyoustopyoureternalcomplaining？AeverlastingBlongCtemporaryDboring12Hundredsofbuildingswerewreckedbytheearthquake.AshakenBdamagedCfallenDjumped13Thesepaintingsareconsideredbymanytobeauthentic.AfaithfulBroyalCgenuineDsincere14Manyeconomistshavegivenintothefatallureofmathematics.AattractionBsimplicityCpowerDrigor15Tenyearsaftertheevent，herdeathstillremainsapuzzleAmistBfogCmysteryDsecret第2局部：阅读判断〔第16～22题，每题1分，共7分〕下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.RadiocarbonDatingNowadaysscientistscananswermanyquestionsaboutthepastthroughatechniquecalledradiocarbon〔放射性碳〕，orcarbon-14，dating.Onekeytounderstandinghowandbysomethinghappenedistodiscoverwhenithappened.Radiocarbondatingwasdevelopedinthelate1940sbyphysicistWillardF.LibbyatheUniversityofChicago.Anatomofordinarycarbon，calledcarbon-12，hassixprotons〔中子〕andsixneutrons〔质子〕initsnucleus.Carbon-14，orC-14，isaradioactive，unstableformofcarbonthathastwoextraneutrons〔原子核〕。Itreturnstoamorestableformofcarbonthroughaprocesscalleddecay〔衰减〕。Thisprocessinvolvesthelossofheextraneutronsandenergyfromthenucleus.InLibby'sradiocarbondatingtechnique，theweakradioactiveemissions〔放射〕fromhisdecayprocessarecountedbyinstrumentssuchasaradiationdetectorandcounter.hedecayrateisusedtodeterminetheproportionofC-14atomsinthesamplebeingdated.Carbon-14isproducedintheEarth'satmospherewhennitrogen〔氮〕-14，orN-14，interactswithcosmicrays〔宇宙射线〕。ScientistsbelievesincetheEarthwasformed，themountofnitrogenintheatmospherehasremainedconstant.Consequently，C-14formationisthoughttooccurataconstantrate.NowtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsintheatmosphereisknown.Mostscientistsagreethatthisratioisusefulfordatingitemsbacktoatleast50，000years.AlllifeonEarthismadeoforganicmolecules〔分子〕thatcontaincarbonatomscomingfromtheatmosphere.SoalllivingthingshaveaboutthesameratioofC-14atomstoothercarbonatomsintheirtissues〔组织〕。Onceanorganism〔有机体〕diesittopstakingincarboninanyform，andtheC-14alreadypresentbeginstodecay.OvertimetheamountofC-14inthematerialdecreases，andtheratioofC-14toothercarbontomsgoesdown.Intermsofradiocarbondating，thefewerC-14atomsinasample，theolderthatsampleis.16Nowadaysmanyscientistsdependonradiocarbonfordatingage-oldobjectsARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Theradiocarbondatingtechniqueisonlyabout40yearsoldARightBWrongCNotmentioned18AnatomofordinarycarbonhassixprotonsandeightneutronsARightBWrongCNotmentioned19RadarisusedtodeterminethecharacteristicsofradiocarbonARightBWrongCNotmentioned20Radiocarbonisreliableindatinganobjectbacktoatleast50，000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned21TheC-14inanorganismbeginstodecaywhenitdiesARightBWrongCNotmentioned22Thehalf-lifeofC-14isabout25，000years.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3局部：概括大意与完成句子〔第23～30题，每题1分，共8分〕下面的短文后有2项测试任务：〔1〕第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段1选择个最正确标题；〔2〕第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最正确选项。Chimpanzees1Chimpanzees〔黑猩猩〕willsoonbeextinct〔灭绝〕。Ifthepresentrateofhuntingandhabitat〔栖息地〕destructioncontinues，thenwithin20years，therewillbenochimpanzeeslivinginthewild.Butthisismorethananenvironmentalormoraltragedy〔悲剧〕。Chimpanzeeextinctionmayalsohaveprofoundimplications〔含意〕forthesurvivaloftheirdistantrelatives-humanbeings.2In1975thebiologistMarie-ClaireKingandAllanWilsondiscoveredthatthehumanandchimpanzeegenomes〔基因组〕matchbyover98%.Comparethistothemouse，usedasmodelforhumandiseaseinlabtests，whichsharesonly60%ofitsDNAwithus.Infact，chimpanzeesarefarmoresimilartohumansthantheyaretoanyotherspeciesofmonkey.Aswellasresemblingusgenetically，chimpsarehighlyintelligentandabletousetools.Thesefactsaloneshouldbeenoughtomakeprotectionofchimpsanurgentpriority〔优先〕。Butthereisanother，moreselfishreasontopreservethechimp.3Thechimpanzees'trumpcard〔王牌〕comesinthefieldofmedicalresearch.Chimpanzeesaresosimilartohumansthatveterinarians〔兽医〕oftenrefertohumanmedicaltextbookswhentreatingthem.Yetchimpanzeesdoshowdifferencesinseveralkeyareas.Inparticular，chimpsaremuchmoreresistanttoanumberofmajordiseases.Itisthisabilitythatissointeresting.4Forexample，chimpsseemtoshowamuchhigherresistancethanhumanstoHIV，thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Indeed，theiruseasexperimentalanimalsinAIDSresearchhasdeclinedbecausetheyaresoresistant.5Bysequencingthechimpgenomeandpinpointing〔找到〕theplacewherethechimpanzeeDNAsequencediffersfromthatofhumans，scientistshopetobeabletodiscoverwhichpartofthegeneticcodegiveschimpstheirincreasedresistancetosomediseases.This，theyhope，willallowthemtodevelopnewandmoreeffectivetreatmentsforthehumanformsofthesediseases.Suchtreatmentscouldincludetheproductionofnewdrugsoreventhealteration〔改变〕ofthehumangeneticsequence.Therecentlycompletedhumangenomesequencingprojecthasshownthatsuchaneffortisnowwellwithinourreach.23Paragraph124Paragraph225Paragraph326Paragraph4AReasonsforHIVresistanceBImplicationsofchimpanzeeextinctionforhumansCEffectiveAIDStreatmentDGeneticsimilaritiesbetweenchimpsandhumansEChimps'resistancetoHIVFGeneticdifferencesbetweenchimpsandhumans27Chimpanzeeextinctionmayaffect28Thereisadifferenceoflessthan2%betweenthechimpand29Scientistssuspectthatgenes.PlaYasignificantroleinprotectingchimpsfromgetting30ThediscoveryofthegeneticcodeofchimpswillbehelpfultoAsomehumandiseasetreatmentsBsomediseasesChumansurvivalDhumangenomesEkeyareasFhealthierlifestyle第4局部：阅读理解〔第31～45题，每题3分，共45分〕下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最正确选项。第一篇WaterThesecondmostimportantconstituent〔构成成份〕ofthebiosphere〔生物圈〕isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures，sincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃。Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaplanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange.Theearth'ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccurately，butitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceans-about97percent.Therestisfresh，butthree-quartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains，andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfractionalwhichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewhole，thereis10-20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatiny，butextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervaporintheatmosphere.Watervaporintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation〔循环〕ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated〔蒸发〕fromthesurfaceoftheoceans，fromlakesandriversandfrommoist〔潮湿的〕earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnow，fallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereis，asmightbeexpected，amoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanovertheland，butthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceans，andthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers.31LiquidwateronlyexistsAinthecenteroftheearth.Bonthesurfaceofourplanet.Cinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures.Dinthecoastalareasoftheearth.32ThetotalquantityofwateronEarthAremainsalmostunchanged.Bhasgreatlyincreasedinrecentyears.Cisdecreasingconstantly.Disaffectedbyglobalwarming.33MostofthefreshwateronEarthAisstoredunderground.BisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains.Cisfoundinriversandlakes.Dcomesfromtherain.34Theword“fraction〞inthesecondparagraphmeansAaverysmallamount.Balargearea.Canimportantsystem.Damajorsourceofinformation35ThereismoreofrainfallAoverthemountainsthanovertherivers.BovertheriversthanoverthemountainsCovertheoceansthanovertheland.Doverthelandthanovertheoceans.第二篇Mind-readingMachineAteamofresearchersinCaliforniahasdevelopedawaytopredictwhatkindsofobjectspeoplearelookingatbyscanning〔扫描〕what'shappeningintheirbrains.Whenyoulookatsomething，youreyessendasignalaboutthatobjecttoyourbrain.Differentregionsofthebrainprocesstheinformationyoureyessend.Cellsinyourbraincalledneurons〔神经元〕areresponsibleforthisprocessing.ThefMRI〔functionalMagneticResonanceImaging〕〔功能性磁振造影〕brainscanscouldgenerallymatchelectricalactivityinthebraintothebasicshapeofapicturethatsomeonewaslookingat.Likecellsanywhereelseinyourbody，activeneuronsuseoxygen.Bloodbringsoxygentotheneurons，andthemoreactiveaneuronis，themoreoxygenitwillconsume.Themoreactivearegionofthebrain，themoreactiveitsneurons，andinturn，themorebloodwilltraveltothatregion.AndbyusingfMRI，scientistscanvisualize〔使…显现〕whichpartsofthebrainreceivemoreoxygen-richblood-andtherefore，whichpartsareworkingtoprocessinformation.AnfMRImachineisadevicethatscansthebrainandmeasureschangesinbloodflowtothebrain.Thetechnologyshowsresearchershowbrainactivitychangeswhenapersonthinks，looksatsomething，orcarriesoutanactivitylikespeakingorreading.Byhighlightingtheareasofthebrainatworkwhenapersonlooksatdifferentimages，fMRImayhelpscientistsdeterminespecificpatternsofbrainactivityassociatedwithdifferentkindsofimages.TheCaliforniaresearcherstestedbrainactivitybyhavingtwovolunteersviewhundredsofpicturesofeverydayobjects，likepeople，animals，andfruits.ThescientistsusedanfMRImachinetorecordthevolunteers'brainactivitywitheachphotographtheylookedat.Differentobjectscauseddifferentregionsofthevolunteers'brainstolightuponthescan，indicatingactivity.Thescientistsusedthisinformationtobuildamodeltopredicthowthebrainmightrespondtoanyimagetheeyessee.Inasecondtest，thescientistsaskedthevolunteerstolookat120newpictures.Likebefore，theirbrainswerescannedeverytimetheylookedatanewimage.Thistime，thescientistsusedtheirmodeltomatchthefMRIscanstotheimage.Forexample，ifascaninthesecondtestshowedthesamepatternofbrainactivitythatwasstronglyrelatedtopicturesofapplesinthefirsttest，theirmodelwouldhavepredictedthevolunteerswerelookingatapples.36Whatisresponsibleforprocessingtheinformationsentbyyoureyes？AThemagneticsysteminthebrain.BThecentralpartoftheheart.COxygen-richblood.DNeuronsinthebrain.37ThefunctionofanfMRImachineisAtoshowhowneutronstakeinoxygen-richblood.Btomeasurehowdensethebloodisinthebrain.Ctorecordhowmuchoxygenthebrainconsumes.Dtoidentifywhichpartsofthebrainareprocessinginformation38Theexpression“highlightingtheareasofthebrainatwork'inparagraph5meansAgivinglighttothepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Bmarkingthepartsofthebrainthatareprocessinginformation.Cputtingthepartsofthebraintowork.Dpreventingthepartsofthebrainfromworking.39TheresearchersexperimentedonAanimalsandobjects.BfMRImachines.Ctwovolunteers.Dthousandsofpictures.40Whichofthefollowingcanbestreplacethetitleofthepassage？ARecentDevelopmentinScienceandTechnology.BYourThoughtsCanBeScanned.CATechnologicalDream.DAnIntelligentRobot.第三篇YouthEmancipationinSpainTheSpanishGovernmentissoworriedaboutthenumberofyoungadultsstilllivingwiththeirparentsthatithasdecidedtohelpthemleavethenest.Around55percentofpeopleaged18-34inSpainstillsleepintheirparents'homes，saysthelatestreportfromthecountry'sstate-runInstituteofYouth.Tocoax〔劝诱〕youngpeoplefromtheirhomes，theInstitutestarteda“YouthEmancipation〔解放〕“programthismonth.Theprogramoffersguidanceinfindingroomsandjobs.Economistsblameyoungpeople'sfamilydependenceontheprecarious〔不稳定的〕labormarketandincreasinghousingprices.Housingpriceshaverisen17percentayearsince2000.Culturalreasonsalsocontributetotheproblem，saysociologists〔社会学家〕。FamilytiesinsouthEurope-Italy，PortugalandGreece-arestrongerthanthoseinmiddleandnorthEurope，saidSpanishsociologistAlmudenaMorenoMinguezinherreport“TheLateEmancipationofSpanishYouth：KeyforUnderstanding〞。“Ingeneral，youngpeopleinSpainfirmlybelieveinthefamilyasthemainbodyaroundwhichtheirprivatelifeisorganized，〞saidMinguez.InSpain-especiallyinthecountryside，itisnotuncommontofindentiregroupsofaunts，uncles，cousins，niecesandnephews〔外侄/侄子〕alllivingonthesamestreet.TheyregularlygettogetherforSundaydinner.Parents'toleranceisanotherfactor.Spanishparentsacceptlate-nightpartyingandarewaryofsettingbedtimerules.“Achildcanarrivehomeatwhatevertimehewants.Ifparentscomplainhe'llputupafightandcallthefatherafascist，〞saidJoseAntonioG6mezYanez，asociologistatCarlosIIIUniversityinMadrid.Mothers'willingnesstodochildren'shouseholdchores〔家务〕worsenstheproblem.DionisioMasso，a60-year-oldinMadrid，hasthreechildrenintheir20s.Theeldest，28，hasagirlfriendandajob.Butlifewithmumisgood.“Hismumdoesthewashandcooksforhim；intheend，heliveswell，〞Massosaid.41The“YouthEmancipation〞programaimsathelpingyoungpeopleAfightforfreedom.Bliveinanindependentway.Cfightagainstsocialinjustice.Dgetridoffamilyresponsibilities.42Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph5thatfamilytiesarestrongerinPortugalthaninAFinland.BGreece.CSpain.DItaly.43Youngpeople'sfamilydependencecanbeattributedtoallthefollowingfactorsEXCEPTAparents'tolerance.Bhousingproblems.Cculturaltraditions.Dunwillingnesstogetmarried.44WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofDionisioMasso？ASheis60yearsold.BShehasaboyfriend.CShehasthreechildren.DShelivesinMadrid.45Thephrase“waryof〞inparagraph8couldbebestreplacedbyAtiredof.Bafraidof.Ccautiousabout.Dworriedabout.第5局部：补全短文〔第46～50题，每题2分，共10分〕下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。ReducePackagingPressureincreasedrecentlyonBritishsupermarketsandretailerstoreducepackagingaspartofananti-wastecampaign.〔46〕Britaingenerates4.6milliontonsofhouseholdwasteeveryyearbypackaging.Dozensofpeoplehaveexpressedangerattheexcessofplasticwrapping.CampaignershavecalledonBritaintolearnfromotherEuropeancountries.〔47〕Whenreturnedbottlesareputinavendingmachine〔自动售货机〕，thedepositisrefunded.EnvironmentalistswarnthatBritainlagsbehindinthis.Therewerereportsofgrowinguneaseamongconsumersovertheamountofpackagingtheyhavetodealwith.Tradestandardsofficersalsoobjecttoexcessivepackaging.〔48〕InresponsetoacampaignbyBritain'sTheIndependentnewspaper，leadingsupermarketshavepointedtovariousinitiativestowinthepublicconfidence.〔49〕Butcampaignerssaidretailersandthegovernmentcouldlearnmuchfromanti-wastepracticesontheContinent.InSweden，non-recyclablebatterieshavebeentaxedsince1991toencourageaswitchtoalternatives.〔50〕InGermany，plasticbagsareunheardofinsupermarketsanddepositsarepaidforreusableplasticandglassbeveragebottles.AInBelgium，whenyoubuysomethinginaplasticorglasscontainer，youmakeadeposit.BThisisbecausetoomuchpaddingcangivebuyersafalseimpressionofwhattheyarebuying.CThishasresultedina74percentreductioninsales.DTescosaiditwassaving112，000tonsofcardboardayearbyswitchingtoreusableplasticcrates〔装货箱〕fortransportingitsfreshproduce.EThecampaignwasinitiatedbyTheIndependentnewspaper.FIfaproductisover-packaged，don'tbuyit.第6局部：完形填空〔第51～55题，每题1分，共15分〕下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定一个最正确选项。TakingaNapduringtheDayMedicalexpertssaymostAmericansdonotgetenoughsleep.TheysaymoreAmericansneedto〔51〕forashortperiodinthemiddleoftheday.Theyareadvisingpeopletosleeplightly〔52〕continuingwithotheractivities.Onestudyearlierthisyearfoundthatpersonswhosleepforafewminutesduringthedaywerelesslikelytodieof〔53〕disease.Thestudyfollowedmorethan2，300Greek