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文档编码:CK10W2P2K5V5——HQ3Q4E8Y10F3——ZC5Y5I3Y3E102018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语〔一〕SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword〔s〕foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.〔10points〕Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition 1 manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour 2 ,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.4,whydowetrustatall.Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividual“Wow.”Eacoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas13monthscandifferentiate14acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach15toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What’sinhere.”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,theninvitedtolook16.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf17thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad18them.Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere19tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.pairedwiththe“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.1.[A]on[B]like[C]for[D]from
2.[A]faith[B]concern[C]attention[D]interest
3.[A]benefit[B]debt[C]hope[D]price
4.[A]Therefore[B]Then[C]Instead[D]Again
5.[A]Until[B]Unless[C]Although[D]When
6.[A]selects[B]produces[C]applies[D]maintains
7.[A]consult[B]compete[C]connect[D]compare
8.[A]at[B]by[C]of[D]to
9.[A]context[B]mood[C]period[D]circle
10.[A]counterparts[B]substitutes[C]colleagues[D]supporters11.[A]Funny[B]Lucky[C]Odd[D]Ironic
12.[A]monitor[B]protect[C]surprise[D]delight
13.[A]between[B]within[C]toward[D]over
14.[A]transferred[B]added[C]introduced[D]entrusted
15.[A]out[B]back[C]around[D]inside
16.[A]discovered[B]proved[C]insisted[D].remembered17.[A]betrayed[B]wronged[C]fooled[D]mocked
18.[A]forced[B]willing[C]hesitant[D]entitled20,onlyfiveofthe30children19.[A]Incontrast[B]Asaresult[C]Onthewhole[D]Forinstance20.[A]inflexible[B]incapable[C]unreliable[D]unsuitableSectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.〔40points〕
Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs.Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.Aareathighriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionately squeezed.Lower-incomejobslikegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineeringTherichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.—havearousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.The.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable. willbemostthreatenedbyautomation.[A]Leadingpoliticians.[B]Low-wagelaborers.[C]Robotowners.[D]Middle-classworkers.22.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresenttheauthor’sview.[A]Worriesaboutautomationareinfactgroundless.
[B]Optimists'opinionsonnewtechfindlittlesupport.[C]Issuesarisingfromautomationneedtobetackled
[D]Negativeconsequencesofnewtechcanbeavoided
intheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison
[A]creativepotential.[B]job-huntingskills.[C]individualneeds.[D]cooperativespirit. authorsuggeststhattaxpoliciesbeaimedat
[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomation.[B]increasingthereturnoncapitalinvestment.[C]easingthehostilitybetweenrichandpoor.[D]preventingtheincomegapfromwidening. thistext,theauthorpresentsaproblemwith
[A]opposingviewsonit.[B]possiblesolutionstoit.[C]itsalarmingimpacts.[D]itsmajorvariations. Text2
AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump ’ suseofTwitter.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersource,Notapresident ’ ssocialmediaplatform. MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2022presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitterusersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant. Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24
foundtheyuse“ distributedtrust toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfrom
differentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias. “ Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,
thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2022surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemore
consciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetop
reasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis “ readererror, -upstoriesmoresothanmade “ misinteorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesinexaggerationofactualnews ” viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmedia
maybetheheartoftheissue. “ Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibilityincounteractingthisproblem, ” saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills–andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.26.AccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubtson[A]thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice.[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms.[C]theadministrationsabilitytohandleinformation.[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.27.Thephrase “beerup”〔Line2,Para.2〕isclosestinmeaningto[A]sharpen
[B]define
[C]boast
[D]share
28.Accordingtotheknightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople[A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace.[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources.[C]havesstrongsenseofresponsibility.[D]liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”29.TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis[A]readersoutdatedvalues.[B]journalists ’ biasedreporting
[C]readers ’ isinterpretation
[D]journalists ’ made-upstories.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext.[A]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline
[B]ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend
[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia.[D]ThePlatformsforProjectionofPersonalInterests. Text3
Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritain'sNationalHealthService〔NHS〕andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence〔AI〕companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof millionpatientsIn2022onthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatients'rightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.
Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore. Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenham'sreportisawelcomestart.istrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind.[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient’srights.[C]Itfellshortofthelatter'sexpectations
[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenham'sverdictwith
[A]emptypromises.[B]toughresistance.[C]necessaryadjustments.[D]sincereapologies. authorarguesinParagraph2that
[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.[B]leakingpatients'dataisworsethansellingit.[C]makingprofitsfrompatients'dataisillegal.[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit
tothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants. author'sattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis[A]ambiguous.[B]cautious.[C]appreciative.[D]contemptuous. Text4
The.PostalService〔USPS〕continuestobleedredink.Itreportedanetlossof$billionforfiscal2022,the10thstraightyearitsexpenseshaveexceededrevenue.Meanwhile,ithasmorethan$120billioninunfundedliabilities,mostlyforemployeehealthandretirementcosts.Therearemanybankruptcies.Fundamentally,theUSPSisinahistoricsqueezebetweentechnologicalchangethathaspermanentlydecreaseddemandforitsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail,andaregulatorystructurethatdeniesmanagementtheflexibilitytoadjustitsoperationstothenewreality
Andinterestgroupsrangingfrompostalunionstogreeting-cardmakersexertself-interestedpressureontheUSPS’ sultimateoverseer-Congress-insistingthatwhateverelsehappenstothePostalService,aspectsofthestatusquotheydependongetprotected.Thisiswhyrepeatedattemptsatreformlegislationhavefailedinrecentyears,leavingthePostalServiceunabletopayitsbillsexceptbydeferringvitalmodernization.Nowcomeswordthateveryoneinvolved---Democrats,Republicans,thePostalService,theunionsandthesystem'sheaviestusers—hasfinallyagreedonaplantofixthesystem.LegislationismovingthroughtheHousethatwouldsaveUSPSanestimated$billionoverfiveyears,whichcouldhelppayfornewvehicles,amongothersurvivalmeasures.Mostofthemoneywouldcomefromapenny-per-letterpermanentrateincreaseandfromshiftingpostalretireesintoMedicare.Thelatterstepwouldlargelyoffsetthefinancialburdenofannuallypre-fundingretireehealthcare,thusaddressingalong-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunion.IfitclearstheHouse,thismeasurewouldstillhavetogetthroughtheSenate –wheresomeoneisboundtopointoutthatitamountstothebare,bareminimumnecessarytokeepthePostalServiceafloat,
notcomprehensivereform.There’ nochangetocollectivebargainingattheUSPS,amajoromission
consideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor80percentoftheagency ’ scosts.AlsomissingisanydiscussionofeliminatingSaturdayletterdelivery.Thatcommon-sensechangeenjoyswidepublicsupportandwould
savetheUSPS$2billionperyear.Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemtohavekilledit,atleastinthe
House.Theemergingconsensusaroundthebillisasignthatlegislatorsaregettingfrightenedaboutapoliticallyembarrassingshort-termcollapseattheUSPS.Itisnot,however,asignthatthey’regettingseriousabouttransformingthepostalsystemforthe21stcentury. financialproblemwiththeUSPSiscausedpartlyby
[A].itsunbalancedbudget.[B].itsrigidmanagement.[C].thecostfortechnicalupgrading.[D].thewithdrawalofbanksupport.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,theUSPSfailstomodernizeitselfdueto[A].theinterferencefrominterestgroups.[B].theinadequatefundingfromCongress.[C].theshrinkingdemandforpostalservice.[D].theincompetenceofpostalunions. long-standingcomplaintbytheUSPSanditsunionscanbeaddressedby[A].removingitsburdenofretireehealthcare.[B].makingmoreinvestmentinnewvehicles.[C].adoptinganewrate-increasemechanism.[D].attractingmorefirst-classmailusers. thelastparagraph,theauthorseemstoviewlegislatorswith
[A]respect.[B]tolerance.[C]discontent.[D]gratitude.ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext.[A].TheUSPSStartstoMissItsGoodOldDays
[B].ThePostalService:KeepAwayfromMyCheese
[C].TheUSPS:ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure[D].ThePostalServiceNeedsMorethanaBand-Aid
PartB
Directions:
Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.〔10points〕
A.InDecemberof1869,CongressappointedacommissiontoselectasiteandprepareplansandcostestimatesforanewStateDepartmentBuilding.ThecommissionwasalsotoconsiderpossiblearrangementsfortheWarandNavyDepartments.TothehorrorofsomewhoexpectedaGreekRevivaltwinoftheTreasuryBuildingtobeerectedontheothersideoftheWhiteHouse,theelaborateFrenchSecondEmpirestyledesignbyAlfredMullettwasselected,andconstructionofabuildingtohouseallthreedepartmentsbeganinJuneof1871.B.Completedin1875,theStateDepartment'ssouthwingwasthefirsttobeoccupied,withitselegantfour-storylibrary〔completedin1876〕,DiplomaticReceptionRoom,andSecretary'sofficedecoratedwithcarvedwood,Orientalrugs,andstenciledwallpatterns.TheNavyDepartmentmovedintotheeastwingin1879,whereelaboratewallandceilingstencilingandmarquetryfloorsdecoratedtheofficeoftheSecretary.C.TheState,War,andNavyBuilding,asitwasoriginallyknown,housedthethreeExecutiveBranchDepartmentsmostintimatelyassociatedwithformulatingandconductingthenation'sforeignpolicyinthelastquarterofthenineteenthcenturyandthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury-theperiodwhentheUnitedStatesemergedasaninternationalpower.Thebuildinghashousedsomeofthenation'smostsignificantdiplomatsandpoliticiansandhasbeenthesceneofmanyhistoricevents.D.ManyofthemostcelebratednationalfigureshaveparticipatedinhistoricaleventsthathavetakenplacewithintheEEOB'sgranitewalls.TheodoreandFranklinD.Roosevelt,WilliamHowardTaft,DwightD.Eisenhower,LyndonB.Johnson,GeraldFord,andGeorgeH.W.Bushallhadofficesinthisbuildingbeforebecomingpresident.Ithashoused16SecretariesoftheNavy,21SecretariesofWar,and24SecretariesofState.WinstonChurchilloncewalkeditscorridorsandJapaneseemissariesmetherewithSecretaryofStateCordellHullafterthebombingofPearlHarbor.E.TheEisenhowerExecutiveOfficeBuilding〔EEOB〕commandsauniquepositioninboththenationalhistoryandthearchitecturalheritageoftheUnitedStates.DesignedbySupervisingArchitectoftheTreasury,AlfredB.Mullett,itwasbuiltfrom1871to1888tohousethegrowingstaffsoftheState,War,andNavyDepartments,andisconsideredoneofthebestexamplesofFrenchSecondEmpirearchitectureinthecountry.F.Constructiontook17yearsasthebuildingslowlyrosewingbywing.WhentheEEOBwasfinished,itwasthelargestofficebuildinginWashington,withnearly2milesofblackandwhitetiledcorridors.Almostalloftheinteriordetailisofcastironorplaster;theuseofwoodwasminimizedtoinsurefiresafety.Eightmonumentalcurvingstaircasesofgranitewithover4,000individuallycastbronzebalustersarecappedbyfourskylightdomesandtwostainedglassrotundas.G.ThehistoryoftheEEOBbeganlongbeforeitsfoundationswerelaid.Thefirstexecutiveofficeswereconstructedbetween1799and1820.Aseriesoffires〔includingthosesetbytheBritishin1814〕andovercrowdedconditionsledtotheconstructionoftheexistingTreasuryBuilding. In1866,theconstructionoftheNorthWingoftheTreasuryBuildingnecessitatedthedemolitionoftheStateDepartmentbuilding.41.____C42._____43.____F44______45______.PartCDirections:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.〔10points〕
Shakespeare’ slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,andthecreationofnewformsundertheincentiveofclassicaltragedyandcomedy.Thesenewformswereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalorm
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