现在分词,过去分词

分词的时态和语态变化：1)分词的一般式：在路上走的时候，他发现了一支钢笔。Whenhewaswalkingalongthestreet,hefoundapen.Walkingalongthestreet,hefoundapen.Aftershereturnedhome,myfriendlearnedthatthepolicehadbeentotheflats.Returninghome,myfriendlearnedthatthepolicehadbeentotheflats.(同时发生)

(几乎同时发生)现在分词的一般式：表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或几乎同时发生。当他坐在公园里的时候，他发现一个小男孩在哭泣。Whenhesatinthepark,hefoundaboycrying.Sittinginthepark,hefoundaboycrying.学生们跟着他们的老师。学生们进入教室。Thestudentsfollowedtheirteacher.Thestudentswentintotheclassroom.Followingtheirteacher,thestudentswentintotheclassroom.2)现在分词的完成式：在做完作业之后，他出去散步了。Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentoutforawalk.现在分词的完成式：表示动作在谓语动词前已经发生。因为我看过这部电影，所以我能告诉你这个故事。BecauseIhaveseenthefilmbefore,Icantellyouthestory.Havingseenthefilmbefore,Icantellyouthestory.3)现在分词的一般式的被动语态：那个正在被讨论的问题是非常重要的。Thequestionwhichisbeingdiscussednowisveryimportant.Thequestionbeingdiscussednowisveryimportant.现在分词的一般式的被动语态：表示一个被动的动作正在进行。正在被问话的那个小男孩是我的邻居。Theboywhoisbeingquestionednowismyneighbor.Theboybeingquestionednowismyneighbor.4)现在分词的完成式的被动语态：在参观了博物馆之后，我们回到了宾馆。Afterwehadbeenshownaroundthemuseum,wewentbacktothehotel.Havingbeenshownaroundthemuseum,wewentbacktothehotel.现在分词的完成式的被动语态:表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词前已经完成。5)现在分词的否定形式：Havingfoundthewallet,hewenthome.否定句Nothavingfoundthewallet,hedidn’twanttogohome.由于没有按要求完成作业，他被要求重做一遍。Becausehedidn’tfinishhishomeworkaccordingtotherequirements,hewasaskedtodoitagain.Notfinishinghishomeworkaccordingtotherequirements,hewasaskedtodoitagain.现在分词和过去分词PresentParticiple

and

PastParticiple分词：英语中分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。分词在句中可以充当表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。现在分词的时态和语态的变化如下表：主动形式被动形式肯定否定肯定否定一般式doingnotdoingbeingdonenotbeingdone完成式havingdonenothavingdonehavingbeendonenothavingbeendone过去分词一般只有一种形式：done现在分词doing在句中用法定语

(表示主动和正在进行)asleepinggirl2.Thegirlstandingthereismysister.=Thegirlwhoisstandingthereismysister.注意：单个现在分词做定语时，放在名词前面，而现在分词短语放在名词后面。另外，表示两个动作几乎是同时发生。注意：如果两个动作有前后之分时，一般不用doing直接做定语，而要用定语从句Theprofessorcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.Theprofessorwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.Theteachercriticizedtheboywhohadbrokenthewindow.Theteachercriticizedtheboysmokingthere.Exercise正在沸腾的水2.他们住在一所朝南的房子里。3.被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。boilingwaterTheyliveinahousefacingsouth.Thetemplewhichhasbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.做宾补Isawthegirlplayingthere.Ifeltmyheartbeatingviolently.带现在分词做宾补的常见动词有;

1.使役动词get,have,keep,make,leave,2.表感官或心理状态的动词watch,notice,find,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,…

区别：1.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?(你听见有人在敲门吗？)2.Didyouhearsomeoneknockatthedoor(你刚才听见有人敲门了吗？)1.Wehadthefireburningallnightlong.(让某人一直做某事)2.Theteacherhadmefinishthetaskintime.(让某人做某事)3.Ihadmyclotheswashed.(使得某事被(自己或别人)做)

4.Ihadmyleginjuredyesterday.(遭遇某种情况)Exercise1.我们看着老师做实验。2.他让我一直等到晚上八点。3.老师抓到他上课跟别人聊天。Wewatchedtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Hekeptmewaitinguntil8p.m..Theteachercaughthimchattingwithothers.Participle

(phrases)usedasadverbial分词做状语

Hearing

thebell,thestudentswentintotheclassroom

Fallingasleep,hedreamedhewasfaraway.Whenthestudentsheardthebell,theywentintotheclassroom.Whenhefellasleep,hedreamedhewasfaraway.

1.时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)注意：从句和主句的主语必须一致。Note:分词表示时间，为了强调，有时在分词前加while,when,on,after,before

When/Whilelookingthroughthepaper,Inoticedafewmistakes.

Onhearingthegoodnews,wewenttoarestauranttocheerourwinning.while=atthesametimeason=assoonas2.原因状语(相当于一个原因状语从句)

Thinking

hemightbeathome,Itelephonedhim.=AsIthoughthemightbeathome,Itelephonedhim.Seeingarobber,Iranaway.=BecauseIsawarobber,Iranaway.

3.条件状语(相当于一个条件状语从句)

Stayinghereforsometime,you’llfindthepeopleherearefriendly.

Takingthismedicine,youwillrecoversoon.=Ifyoustayhereforsometime,you’llfindthepeopleherearefriendly.=Ifyoutakethismedicine,youwillrecoversoon.4.表示让步(相当于一个让步状语从句)Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.Althoughtheyknewallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.Workinghard,hewasstillunabletoearnedenoughmoneytobuyahouse.Thoughheworkedhard,hewasstillunabletoearnedenoughmoneytobuyahouse.5.表示结果(相当于一个并列谓语)Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hisfatherdied,andlefthimalotofmoney.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,andbrokeitintopieces.6.伴随状语(相当于一个并列结构)

Shesatinasofa,watchingTV.

Hestoodthere,

crying.=ShesatinasofaandwatchedTV.=Hestoodthereandcried.

7.方式状语

(stand,go,come,sit

)

Hestoodleaningagainstthewall.Theycomeintotheroom,running.注意：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。b.当主从句主语不相同时，从句部分的动词仍可用doing，但是从句部分的主语不能省略。有时还可以在独立主格前加with或without.Becausehisclassmatewasnotintheclassroom,hewenttoasktheteachersomequestionsalone.Hisclassmate

notbeingintheclassroom,hewenttoasktheteachersomequestionsalone.

Thelazystudentcametoschoolwith

hishomeworkallunfinished.Thelazystudentcametoschoolandhishomeworkwasallunfinished.1）由于母亲生病了，他必须呆在家里。Becausehismotherwasill,hehadtostayathome.Hismotherbeingill,hehadtostayathome.2)如果时间允许的话，我们将召开一个会议。Iftimepermits,wewillholdameeting.Timepermitting,wewillholdameeting.3)老人过着贫苦的生活，没有人关心他。(without)Theoldmanlivedapoorlife,withoutanyonecaringforhim.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewentouttoplay.(先完成功课，再玩）=Havingfinishedhishomework,he…WhenIheardthenews,Iturnedred.（两个动作几乎同时发生）=Hearingthenews,I…区别doing和havingdone:主动:doing(主动和正在进行)

被动:beingdone(表被动和正在进行)Thegirlansweringthequestionismysister.Thegirlbeingscoldedbytheteacherismysister.主动：havingdone

被动：havingbeendoneHavingmadefullpreparations,westartedtowork.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,hegaveupsmoking.（只能做状语）语态：否定BecauseIdon’tknow

hernumber,Icannotgetintouchwithher.Becausehehadnotreceivedareply,

hedecidedtowriteagain.Notknowinghernumber,Icannot...Nothavingreceivedareply,

hedecided..1.AfterIheardthenoise,Iwentouttosee.

Hearingthenoise,Iwentouttosee.2.Becausehehadn’tfinishedthework,hestayeduplate.

Nothavingfinishedthework,he…3.Assoonasshereceivedtheletter,shewroteback.

Onreceivingtheletter,shewroteback.4.Ifweatherpermits,we'llhaveanpicnictomorrow.

Weatherpermitting,we'llhaveanpicnictomorrow.把下列句子改成分词形式：5.TheysatintheireasychairsandwatchedTV.

Theysatintheireasychairs,watchingTV.6.Theprofessorcameintothelab,andsomestudentsfollowedhim.

Theprofessorcameintothelab,(with)somestudentsfollowinghim.7.BecauseIwassick,Istayedathome.

Beingsick,Istayedathome.8.Thechildfellandinjuredhisknees.

Thechildfell,injuringhisknees.过去分词done在句中的用法做表语(说明主语的状态)Thestudentsarefullyprepared.Thelandremainedunexploited.Thetopofthemountainiscoveredwithsnowallthroughtheyear.与被动语态的区别Allthedoorsarelocked.(作表语，表示状态)Allthedoorswerelockedbytheguard.(被动语态，表示动作)同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别-ed:

主要表示主语(多指人)的心理感觉或所处的状态-ing:

多表示主语(多指物)具有的特征ThebookisinterestingandI'minterestedinit.用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.1.Theboylookedupwithapleasedexpression.2.Theoldman,withamovedface,thankedhimagainandagain.动词原形

-ing形式

-ed形式disappointdisappointingdisappointedpleasepleasingpleasedamazeamazingamazedExercise1.Hebecame_________(兴奋)whenheheardhehadwonthefirstplaceinthecompetition.2.Iam_________(interest)inthe__________(interest)story.3.Whenwegotthere,theshopwas_________(关门).excitedinterestedclosedinteresting作定语1.单个过去分词用作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.1.Wemustadaptourthinkingtothechangedconditions.2.Allthebrokenwindowshavebeenrepaired.2.过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句.1.Theconcertgiven

bytheirfriendswasasuccess.(=whichwasgiven)2.Themeeting,attended

byoverfivethousandpeople,welcomedthegreathero.(=whichwasattended…)同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作定语时的区别-ed:

表示动作已经完成-ing:

表示动作正在进行therisingsun正在升起的太阳therisensun升起了的太阳boilingwater正沸腾的水boiledwater开水developingcountries发展中国家developedcountries发达国家Exercise1._________(污染的)airandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Theproblem__________(discuss)yesterdaywasverydifficulttosolve.3.Themeeting______________(discuss)tomorrowisveryimportant.4.Doyouknowtheman__________(站)besidethedoor?Polluteddiscussedtobediscussedstanding作为宾语补足语(表示的动作和宾语是被动关系

)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有:1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等.IheardthesongsunginEnglish.Hefoundhishometowngreatlychanged.2.表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have,make,get,keep,leave等.I‘llhavemyhaircuttomorrow.

Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.Don'tleavethosethingsundone.3.也可用在with/without结构中作宾补Witheverythingwellarranged,helefttheoffice.Withoutanymoretimegiven,wecouldn’tfinishthetaskinthreeweeks.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.Withthemattersettled,weallwenthome.Exercise我还没有洗我的衣服。他感觉自己被抬进了一辆车。他没做完作业就离开了。(with)我大声喊来让别人听见我。Ihaven’tgotmyclotheswashedyet.Hefelthimselfcarriedintoacar.Heleftwithhishomeworkunfinished.Ishoutedaloudtomakemyselfheard.作状语1.时间状语Whenaskedbytheteacher,hestoodupandmadenoanswer.

=Whenhewasaskedbytheteacher,…Comparedwiththesechildren,wearemuchluckier.=Whenwearecomparedwiththesechildren,…2.原因状语

Greatlymovedbythefilm,theyallcried.=Becausetheyweregreatmovedby…Surroundedbyagroupofyoungpeople,theoldmanfelthappy.=Becausehewassurroundedby…3.条件状语Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.=Ifwearegivenmoretime…Paintedwhite,thehousewillappearnicer.

IwillnotgotoTom'spartyunlessinvited.=Ifitispaintedwhite...=…unlessIaminvited.4.让步状语Badlywoundedintheleg,thesoldierrefusedtowithdraw.

Protectedby3fences,Mr.Robinsonstillfeltunsafe.=Thoughhewasprotected…Takengoodcareof,manyteenagersarenotsatisfied.=Thoughtheyaretakengoodcareof…=Althoughhewasbadlywounded…5.方式、伴随状语Theteacherwentout,followedbysomepupils.

=…andhewasfollowedbysomepupils.注意：有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,并不表被动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);lost/absorbedin(沉溺于);born(出身于);dressedin(穿着);tiredof(厌烦);filledwith(充满了)Lost/Absorbedindeepthought,hedidn’thearthesound.Filledwithsorrow,shedidn’teatanything.Dressedinawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.Exercise2.Ifthetownisseenfromthetopofthehill,itlooksmorebeautiful.3.Asthewatchisusedforalongtime,itneedsrepairing.1.Theboywillbeblindinbotheyesunlessheistreatedontime.Theboywillbeblindinbotheyesunlesstreatedontime.Seenfromthetopofthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.Usedforalongtime,thewatchneedsrepairing.如果主句和从句的主语不一样时，必须把从句的主语留下来作为分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.Thekeytothehouseleftintheoffice,hehadtofetchit.Ifourhouseispaintedwhite,wewilllikeitbetter.Afterallthingswereconsidered,theysettowork.Becausethekeytothehousewasleftintheoffice,hehadtofetchit.Ourhousepaintedwhite,wewilllikeitbetter.Allthingsconsidered,theysettowork.___inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose2.If___thesametreatmentagain,he’ssuretogetwell.