土木工程专业英语讲稿Lesson-2 Building and Architecture

PAGEPAGE5Lesson2BuildingandArchitecture建筑物和建筑学BuildingThepurposeofabuildingistoprovideashelterfortheperformanceofhumanactivities．建筑物的作用就是为人类活动提供一个庇护场所。Fromthetimeofthecavedwellerstothepresent，oneofthefirstneedsofmanhasbeenashelterfromtheelements．从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要的需求之一就是有个躲风避雨的地方。Inamoregeneralsense,theartofbuildingencompassesallofman’seffortstocontrolitsenvironmentanddirectnaturalforcestohisownneeds．有努力。Thisartincludes，inadditiontobuildings，allthecivilengineeringstructuressuchasdams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，andbridges．除了建筑物，这门艺术还包括所有的土工结构，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁等。Thescientificbasisforthedesignofbuildingsassheltersandforthedesignofcivilengineeringstructuresforotherpurposesisidentical．对于作为庇护用的建筑和作为其他用途的土工结构，其设计的科学依据都是相同的。Itisonlyasaresultofthespecializedrequirementsofourmodernsocietythatthesetwofieldshavedevelopedalongseparatepaths．只是由于现代社会的特殊需求，这两个领域才沿着不同的方向发展。Inasimilarmanner，themasterbuilderconcernedwiththebuildingasashelterisnolongeranindividual；instead，hisworkisdonebyateamofseveralspecialists：theplanner，thearchitect，theengineer，andthebuilder．家（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成的团队来完成的。Theexecutionofamodernbuildingdependsonthecollectivetalentsofthisteam．一座现代化建筑的完成要依靠团队的集体智慧。The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and socioeconomicfactors．建筑物的形式是其功能、环境和各种社会经济因素的产物。Anapartmentofficeaschooldifferinformbecauseofthedifferencethefunctionstheyfulfill．一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在形式上各有不同，因为它们要完成的功能不同。Inanapartmentbuildingeveryhabitablespace，suchaslivingroomsandbedrooms，musthavenaturallightfromwindowswhilebathroomsandkitchenscanhaveartificiallightandthereforecanbeintheinteriorofthebuilding．照明，因此可以布置在建筑内部。Thissetofrequirementsplacesanaturallimitonthedepthofanapartmentbuilding．这些要求自然就限制了公寓的进深。Inofficebuildings，ontheotherhand，artificiallightisacceptedformoreuniformillumination，andthereforethedepthofsuchbuildingsisnotlimitedbyaneedfornaturallight．相反，办公楼为了亮度统一都使用人工照明，因此其进深就不受有无阳光的约束。Environmentmayaffectboththeshapeandappearanceofabuilding．环境可能影响到建筑的形状和外观。Anurbanschoolmaycreateitsownenvironmentbyusingblankwallstosealoutthecitycompletely，andacountryschoolmaydevelopasanintegralpartofthelandscape，eventhoughbothschoolsfulfillthesamefunction．城里的学校用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开以创造一个自己的环境乡村学校则可与周边景统一来发展 即使这两地的学校的功能是相同的。Aprestigeofficebuildingwillbemoregenerouslybudgetedformthanotherofficebuildings．一幢豪装的办公大楼采用的形式所花的预算将比其他办公楼要多得多。Thebulkofabuildinganditsoutlinemaybelimitedbyzoningrestrictions.建筑物大小和轮廓可能为区划所限制。Inalltheseexamples，buildingswithsimilarfunctionstakeondifferentforms．在上述例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物却采用不同的形式。ArchitectureArchitectureistheartofbuilding．建筑学是建筑的艺术。Virtuallyallarchitectureisconcernedwiththeenclosureofspaceforhumanuse.实质上建筑学是与供人使用的围合空间有关的科学。Thepreciseactivitiestobehousedinanyspecificbuilding--rangingfromanassemblylineinafactorytoalivingroominahome--shoulddictatethesizeandshapeoftheseveralareaswithin．（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室部某些空间的大小和形状。Thesespacesalsomustbearrangedinsomelogicalrelationtoeachother．这些空间的彼此间存在着合理的关系。Furthermore，themovementofhumanbeingswithinthebuilding-- “circulation”inarchitecturalparlance--requireshalls，stairs，orelevatorswhosesizeisgovernedbytheexpectedloadoftraffic．另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）要求楼内设有走廊、楼梯或电梯（轿厢大小与设计负载有关）。Theplanofastructure，alwaysthefirstconsiderationofanarchitect，istheresolutionofthesedifferentpurposesintoanorganizationofspacesthatwillfulfilltheintentofthebuilding．建筑师首先要考虑的是建筑规划，它综合考量了建筑空间、功能以体现建筑物的用途。Goodplanningguidesthevisitortohisdestinationinthestructureandimpresseshim subconsciously，byvisiblyrelatingtheseveralunitsoftheedifice．留下良好印象。Conversely，abadplanresultsininconvenience，waste，andvisualconfusion．相反，规划较差将造成不便、浪费和视觉混乱。Furthermore，astructuremustbewellbuilt；itshouldhavesuchpermanenceasthepurposeforwhichitisintendeddemandsandasthemateedificematerialschosenmayallow．选择。Therawmaterialsofarchitecture—stone，brick，wood，steel，orglass—inpartgoverntheformsofthebuildingandareexpressedbythem．建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）在某种程度上决定着建筑物的形式，并形成效果表达（即建筑表现）。StoneStonecanresistcompression，theforcethatsqueezestogether，almostindefinitely．石材几乎可以无限地承受压力。Whileitispossibletocrushstoneinalaboratory，forpracticalpurposesitscompressivestrengthisunlimited．即使在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是无限大。Ontheotherhand，stoneisweakinwithstandingtension，theforcethatpullsapart．然而其抗拉性能却极差。Anybeamspanningavoidtendstobenddownwardbetweenthesupports，puttingthelowerhalfofthebeamundertension．横跨空间的支撑梁都会出现下弯情形，从而使梁的下半部处于受拉状态。Itfollowsfromthetensileweaknessofstonethatbeamsofthismaterialmustbecomparativelyshortandsupportedatfrequentintervals．由于石材抗拉性能差，因此石材梁跨度小且支点多。Moreover，stonecolumnsmustbesturdy，rarelymorethan10timesashighastheyarewide．还有，石柱必须粗而短，其高度很少超过宽度的十倍。Instonethespacesbetweencolumnsarealmostcompelledtotallerthantheyarewide—theverticalrectangleofthestoneaesthetic．在石材建筑中，门、窗以及支柱间的空间，其高度不得不超过宽度，从而形成具有石头建筑美学的狭长矩形。StonehasbeensodominantinthearchitectureoftheWesternworldthatformsappropriatetoithavebeenpreservedeveninbuildingsconstructedofwood，asintheAmericanGeorgianperiod．乔治王朝时期。itselftothekindofconstructioninwhichwallssupportthefloorsandpostandlintelconstructionwithrathercloselyspacedcolumns，andtoarchconstructionwherestressesarepredominantlycompressive．在这个时期，石料主要用于支撑楼板和屋顶的墙、与密排柱一起施工的柱和过梁及拱梁。WoodandSteelWood，afibrousmaterial，withstandstensionasreadilyasitdoescompression.木材是一种坚韧的材料，既可抗拉也可抗压。Woodenbeamsmayberelativelylongerthanstonebeams，andwoodenpostsslenderandspaced．木梁比起石梁要相对长些；木柱比较细，且间距大。AhorizontalthanitisfromthenaturalpropertiesofbeseeninJapanesearchitecture．Steelalsohastensilestrengththatisequaltoorgreaterthanitscompressivestrength．钢材的抗拉强度并不小于其抗压强度。Anyonewhohasobservedasteelbuildingunderconstructionmusthavenoticedthegridironofhorizontalrectanglesproducedbytheslender，widelyspacedcolumnsandthelongbeamsoffloor．长梁形成的矩形网格结构。Thenatureofwoodandofsteelsuggestsframeconstruction—askeletontosupportfloorsandroof—withwhateversurfacingmaterialmaybenecessary．木材和钢材的性能适于做框架（一种支撑楼面和楼板的结构），当然还需要其他材料。Woodandsteelalsopermitcantileverconstructioninwhichbeamsprojectbeyondthelastpointofsupport．木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，它可向外伸出更远。Finally，architecturemustdomorethanmeetthephysicalrequirementsofstrengthandspace；itmustalso，contentthespiritofman．最后，建筑艺术不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需求。Thebuildingshouldformanaestheticunitytowhichtheseveralpartscontribute．建筑物的各个部分应当形成建筑美学的统一。Thus，thesidesandrearofastructureshouldbearsufficientcorrespondencetothefronttomakethemallrelatedpartsofasinglewhole．ThemajorinternaldivisionstoorequiresomeexpressionintheexternaldesigThenavaisles，radiatingchapelsofGothicallvisibleonthesothatthevisitorissubconsciouslypreparedforwhathewillfindinside．室内主要部分要表现于外部设计上。例如，哥特式大教堂的正厅、侧廊、耳室和四周的小礼拜堂都从外部可见。这样，游客对其内部所见就会有所预期。Architecturecallsforgoodproportions—apleasingrelationshipofvoidstosolids，ofheighttowidth，oflengthtobreadth．建筑要求比例恰当，虚与实、长宽高关系要令人愉悦。Manyattemptshavebeenmadetoexplaingoodproportionsbymathematicalformulas ，suchthegoldensection．人们作了种种尝试才通过数学公式（如黄金分割）阐明这种良好的比例关系。Theseeffortshavenotfoundgeneralacceptance，however，althoughgoodresultshavebeenachievedthroughtherepetitionofsomedimension(formodulethatishalfthediameterofcolumn)throughoutthedesign．Suchrepetitionshelptoproducethevisibleorderthatthehumanmindseemstocrave．（如以柱子半径为模数能得到普遍认可。然而，总有一天，这些研究对于人们渴望见到的效果会有帮助。Abuildingalsoshouldhavewhatarchitectscallscale；thatis，itshouldvisuallyconveyitstruesize．建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度效应”，也即，建筑物必须在视觉效果上表达其实际尺寸。Suchelementsasbenches，steps，orbalustrades，thoughslightlyvariableinsize，are，bytheirverypurpose，relatedtothenormaldimensionsofhumanbeings．诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等物件，尽管其尺寸稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人的空间感是息息相关的。Theythereforebecome，almostimperceptibly，unitsofmeasurementforgaugingthesizeofthewholeedifice．不知不觉地，这些物件就成为评判整个大厦规模的度量单位。Becausetheseunitsaresosmallincomparisontothewholebuilding，otherelementsofintermediatesizeareneeded．由于这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此需要有中等尺寸的其他物件。Stairsandabalustrademaygiveacluetothesizeofadoorway；that，inturn，totheheightofcolonnade；andfinally，thecolonnadetothewholestructure．物的尺寸。ThePetitTrianonatVersaillesisperfectinscale．TheabsenceofsmallelementsinSt．Peter’sinRomemakesitdifficulttoperceiveitsvastness．凡尔赛的小特例安农宫殿就是一个符合尺度要求的完美例子。罗马的圣·有小物件，因而它的宏大程度很难被人们意识到。DecorationAlthoughalldecorat