英语二考研二真题

1、 PAGE PAGE 92011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readfollowingtext.Choosebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackand markA,B,CorDon ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheInternetaffordsanonymityusers,ablessingprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthat anonymityalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas 1 acros

2、stheWeb.Canprivacy bepreserved 2 bringingsafetyandsecurityaworldthatseems increasingly 3 ?Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenationscyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta 4 maketheWeb asaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”thatwouldbethehigh-tech 5 ofaphysicalafingerprint andaIDcard,allrolled 6 one.Thesyst

3、emuseasmartcard,oradigital credential 7 a specificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideato 8 afederationofprivateonlinesystems.User 9 whichsystemjoin,and onlyregistereduserswhosehavebeenauthenticatedcouldthosesystems.Theapproach contrasts onethatwouldrequireanInternetdriv

4、erslicense10bythegovernment.andMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthat possibleforusers 11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices. 12.theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,safe“neighborhoods”and establishasenseofa 13 Schmidtdescribedasa“voluntaryecosystem”whi

5、ch“individualsandorganizationscancomplete onlinetransactions 14 theofeachotherandtheoftheinfrastructure 15 whichthetransactionruns”.theadministrationsplanhas 16 privacyrightsSomeapplaudtheapproach;othersare concerned.Itseems clearthatsuchaschemeaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould 17 beacompulsory Intern

6、et“driveslicense”1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.C.D.3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.C.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.B.discoverC.createD.9.A.recall1.A

7、.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.C.D.3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.C.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.B.discoverC.createD.9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.10.A

8、.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carryonBonC.setD.log12.A.InB.IneffectC.InreturnD.contrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.C.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequentlyB.incidentallyC.occasional

9、lyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.relevanceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA Directions:Readfollowingfourtexts.AnswerquestionsaftereachtextchoosingA,B,CorD.Markyour answersonANSWERSHEET1.(40point

10、s)Text1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Simmons was under for having sat on Goldmans compensa

11、tion committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February thenextyearSimmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchshesaid.Outside directors are supposed as helpful, less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputation

12、s elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence disagree the chiefexecutivesproposals. the andtheshareprice outsidedirectorsshouldbeableadvice basedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 and than 64,000 different direct

13、ors between 1989 and 2004. Then they checked which directors from one proxy statement the The most reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that t

14、he company subsequently have restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of beingnamed a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,andthe stock perform worse. Theeffect tended be for acorrelation between them andsubsequentbad performance at the suggestive, does not mean that such dire

15、ctors are off a sinking ship. Often they “tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerforandmorestableBut the researchers that outside directors have an easier of avoiding a blow their reputations they a before bad news breaks, even a review of history shows they were on the board at the any wrongdoing occurred.

16、 Firms who want keep their outside directors through may have create incentives. Otherwise outside directors follow the example of Simmons, once popular on campus.AccordingParagraph1, Simmonswascriticized for. AgainingexcessiveprofitsBfailingherduty Crefusingcompromises DleavingtheboardlearnfromPara

17、graph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedbe. AgenerousinvestorsBunbiasedexecutives Csharepriceforecasters DindependentadvisersAccordingtheresearchersfromOhioafteranoutsidedirectorssurprisedeparture,the .Abecomemorestable BreportincreasedCdolesswellthestockmarket DperformworseItcanbeinferredfromthelastpa

18、ragraphthatoutsidedirectors. AmaystayfortheattractiveoffersfromtheBhaveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsthe Careaccustomedstress-freeworkthe DwilldeclineincentivesfromtheTheauthorsattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectors. ApermissiveBpositive Cscornful DcriticalText2Whatever happened the death of newspape

19、r? A year the endseemed near. The recessionthreatened remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled the internet. Newspapers the San Francisco Chroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.AmericasFederalTrade commissionlaunchedaroundof about how newspapers. Should they become charitable corpo

20、rations? Should the them ? It holdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.Inmuchoftheworldthere the ofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapers haveshruggedofftherecession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the troubled come of the global have not only survived butoftenreturnedprofit.Notthe

21、20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame. has not been much fun. Many papers afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying for products. Some papers even had the nerve refuse dis

22、tant suburbs. Yet these desperate measureshaveprovedtheonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been unusual their reliance on ads. 87% of their revenue

23、s camefromadvertising2008,accordingtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation &Development(OECD). InJapantheproportion35%.NotJapanesenewspapersaremuchstable.The that swept through newsrooms harmed but much of the has been concentrated areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and reviewers have go

24、ne. have scienceand general business reporters. bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result.Butcompletenessnolongeravirtuethenewspaperbusiness.By“Newspaperstheirowndoom”(LinesPara.1),theauthorindicatesthat newspaper.Aneglectedtheof Bfailedsubsidies Cwerenotcharitable

25、corporations DwereadesperateSomenewspapersrefuseddistantsuburbsprobablybecause. AreadersthreatenedpaylessBnewspaperswantedreducecosts Cjournalistsreportedabouttheseareas DsubscriberscomplainedaboutproductsComparedtheirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchstablebecausethey. Ahavemoresourceso

26、frevenueBhavemorebalancednewsrooms Carelessdependentonadvertising DarelessaffectedbyreadershipWhatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness? ADistinctivenessanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.BCompletenessforthefailureofnewspaper. CForeignbureausplayacrucialrolethenewspaperbusine

27、ss. DReadershavelosttheirinterestcarandreviews.The appropriatefor wouldbe. AAmericanNewspapers:forSurvival BAmericanNewspapers:Gonethe CAmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness DAmericanNewspapers:AHopelessText3 tend think of the decades immediately following War as a of prosperity and soldiers returnin

28、g home by the off on the G. I. and up at the bureaus.But when came their houses, was a of common sense and a belief that less could be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned less, and that restraint, combination thepostwarconfidencethefuture,madeefficienthousingpositivelyEcon

29、omic was only a for the trend toward efficient The phrase “less more” was actually popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig der Rohe, who other people associated theBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtheUnitedbeforeWarand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came exert

30、enormous influence on thecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.Miesssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyorganized, has impactthata Elegance, hebelieved,didnot fromabundance. othermodernarchitects, heemployedmetal, glassandlaminated wood-materials that we for granted today buy

31、 that the 1940s symbolized the future. Miess sophisticated presentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedwereandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenThe apartments the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Shore for example, were smaller-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthosetheir olderneighbors

32、alongthecitysGold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularattheThe trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank started building mod

33、est and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed the1890sandtheearly20thcentury.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were another homegrown influence

34、 on the “less more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright his Case Study House, Ralph everyday - few American families acquired helicopters, though eventually clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.The

35、postwarAmericanhousinglargelyreflectedtheAmericans. AprosperityandgrowthBefficiencyandpracticality Crestraintandconfidence DprideandfaithfulnessWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus? AItwasfoundedbyLudwigderRohe.BItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWarII. CMostAmericanarchitectsused

36、beassociated DIthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitectural. AwasrelatedspaceBwasidentifiedemptinessCwasnotreliantonabundantdecoration DwasnotassociatedefficiencyWhattrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicagosLakeShoreDrive? ATheyignoreddetailsandproportions.BTheywe

37、rebuiltmaterialspopularatthat CTheyweremorespaciousthanneighboring DTheysharedcharacteristicsofabstractart.Whatcanwelearnabouttheofthe“CaseStudyHouse”? AMechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.BNaturalsceneswereconsideration CDetailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect. DEco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.Text4

38、Will the European Union The question would have sounded not long ago. Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lowerAs well as those chronic problems, the faces an acute economic core, the 16 countries that use the single

39、currency. Markets have lost that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, one dayconverge thanks the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick ofdevaluation.Yet the debate about how Europes currency from disintegration It stuck because the euro zones

40、dominant powers, France and agree on the need for greater harmonization the eurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhatharmonies.Germany the euro must be saved by rules onborrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These include threats freeze funds f

41、or poorer regions and mega-projects and even the suspension of a countrys voting rights ministerial councils. It that economic co-ordination should all 27 members of the club, among whom there a small for free-market and economic the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small favourFrenchinterference.

42、A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government” an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer poorer members, cheaper borrowing for governments through common E

43、urobondsor complete fiscal transfers. figuresclose theFrance governmenthave murmured,euro-zone members should agree fiscal and social harmonization: curbing competition corporate-tax rates or labourcosts. too soon off the remains the worlds trading block. At best, the European project remarkably lib

44、eral: built around a market of 27rich andpoor countries, internal bordersare far more open goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It an ambitious attempt blunt the sharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalismbenign.Thefacedso manyproblems that. AhasmoreorlesslostBevensupporter

45、sfeelconcernedCofmembercountriesplanabandoneuro DintendsdenytheofdevaluationThedebateovertheEUssinglecurrencystuckbecausethedominantpowers. AarecompetingfortheleadingpositionBarebusyhandlingtheirowncrisesCfailreachanagreementonharmonization Ddisagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration theeuroproblem,Ger

46、manyproposedthat. AfundsforpoorregionsbeincreasedBregulationsbeimposedConlycoremembersbeinvolvedeconomicco-ordination DvotingrightsofthemembersbeguaranteedTheFrenchproposalofhandlingthethat. ApoorcountriesarefundsBmonetarypolicybeappliedpoorcountries CloansbereadilyavailablerichcountriesDrichcountri

47、esbasicallycontrolEurobondsRegardingthefutureofthetheauthorseemsfeel. ApessimisticBdesperateCconceited DhopefulPartB Directions: going to a of headings and a text about what supposed to to guide into adulthood. Choose a heading A-G that best fits meaning of each numbered part of text（41-45）. twoextr

48、a headings that you not need to use. Mark youranswers onANSWERSHEET1. （10points）Leading doctors today on the debate over the governments role promoting public health by demanding that impose on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings children aboutthedangersofapoordiet.The demands foll

49、ow comments last week by the health Andrew who the government could not force people make healthy choices and promised free businesses from health regulations.Butseniormedicalfigureswantstopfast-food outletsopeningnearschools,restrictadvertising ofproducts fat,saltorandsponsorshipofsportseventsbyfas

50、t-foodproducerssuchasMcDonalds.They that government action necessary curb Britains addiction unhealthy food and help halt spiraling ratesofdiabetes andheartdisease.Professor Stephenson,presidentofthe Royal ofPaediatrics andHealth,saidthattheconsumptionofunhealthyfoodshouldbeseenbejustasdamaging assm

51、okingor years ago, would have been inconceivable have imagined a ban on smoking the workplace or pubs, and that what we have Are we willing be just as courageous respect of I would suggestthatweshouldbe,saidtheleaderofthechildrensdoctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by he wants industry ra

52、ther than government the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also the celebrity chef Jamie high-profile attempt school lunches England as an example of

53、how lecturingpeoplewasnotthebestwaychangetheirStephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning advertisements for foods fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and them on billboards or cinemas. we were really bold, we even think of high-calorie fast food the way as cigarettes b

54、y stringent on advertising,productplacementandsponsorshipofsportsevents,hesaid.Such a could affect such as McDonalds, which sponsors the coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop inducements such as cute and mobilephonecreditlureyoungcustomers,Stephensonsaid.

55、Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal of Psychiatrists, said: children are taught about theimpactthatfoodhasontheirgrowth,andthatcanharm,atleastinformationupfront.He also councils impose fast-food-free zones around schools and hospitals areas which cannotopen.A Department of Health spokesp

56、erson said: need create a new vision for public health where all of society together healthy and includes creating a new responsibility deal business, built on social not regulation. Later we a paper outhowweachieveThe food industry be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especi

57、ally the call use ofthetacticsthathavebeendeployedagainstsmokingoverthelastdecade.A“fattaxes”shouldbeimposedon fast-foodproducerssuchas McDonaldsBthegovernmentshouldbanfast-foodoutletstheneighborhood ofschools41.AndrewLansleyheldthatC“lecturing”wasaneffectiveway schoollunches England42.TerenceStephe

58、nsonagreedthatDcigarette-stylewarningsshouldbe introducedchildrenaboutthe dangersofapoordiet43.JamieOliverseemed thatEtheproducersofcrispsandcandies couldcontributesignificantlythe Change4Life44.DineshBhugrasuggestedthatFparentsshouldsetgoodexamples fortheirchildrenbykeepinga healthydietathome45.ADe

59、partmentofHealth spokespersonproposedthatGthegovernmentshouldstrengthen thesenseofresponsibilityamong businessesC In isa inityour on 2.Whowouldhavethoughtthat, theITindustryproducesaboutthe ofgreenhousegases as theworldsairlinesdo-roughly2percentofallCO2emissions?Many everyday a surprising on the en

60、vironment. A search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 ofCO2, dependingonhowmanyattempts areneeded the“right”answer. results users then, has maintain data centres round the world, packed powerful computers. producing quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need be well