测量平差课程设计

1、types: one is the lack of capacity, cannot be. Full stopped cutting Hou, some people spirit slack, in its bit not conspiracy to its political, not Dan thing, and not steward, and perfunctory, some cadres on innovation development six big industry, and advance supply side structural reform, and three

2、 to a drop a fill and PPP mode, new knowledge not familiar, and not learning, and not study, skills panic, carried out work to no avail, and loss, on in there, by to. Second, lack of motivation, dont want to. Pipe tightening now, not seeking privileges, some cadres enthusiasm weakened progressive co

3、nsciousness, and do the work, look dry; some of the older, long-serving officials, ship to dock at the station, no longer willing to endure hardship to get tired, advance into the remainder State. In particular, some cadres do not clean all day, scary, absent-minded, in no mood for officers. Three a

4、cts as the lack of dare. Some cadres responsibility consciousness not strong, cant play hardball face difficult problems, fear hit interests, and offend, fear work errors, and take risk, fear media hype, and into hot, encountered contradictions on around, met problem on hiding, see trouble on push,

5、work up timid, and timid, and swayed, pursues more a thing than less a thing, not seeking active but seeking no had, even trying to avoidance thing avoidance accountability. Second, the dialectical strategy, positive change. Now some officials for the officers not to phenomenon has become a prominen

6、t issue, a few local and political ecology in a sub-healthy or unhealthy condition, colleagues of the circle, and the relationship, some peopletypes: one is the lack of capacity, cannot be. Full stopped cutting Hou, some people spirit slack, in its bit not conspiracy to its political, not Dan thing,

7、 and not steward, and perfunctory, some cadres on innovation development six big industry, and advance supply side structural reform, and three to a drop a fill and PPP mode, new knowledge not familiar, and not learning, and not study, skills panic, carried out work to no avail, and loss, on in ther

8、e, by to. Second, lack of motivation, dont want to. Pipe tightening now, not seeking privileges, some cadres enthusiasm weakened progressive consciousness, and do the work, look dry; some of the older, long-serving officials, ship to dock at the station, no longer willing to endure hardship to get t

9、ired, advance into the remainder State. In particular, some cadres do not clean all day, scary, absent-minded, in no mood for officers. Three acts as the lack of dare. Some cadres responsibility consciousness not strong, cant play hardball face difficult problems, fear hit interests, and offend, fea

10、r work errors, and take risk, fear media hype, and into hot, encountered contradictions on around, met problem on hiding, see trouble on push, work up timid, and timid, and swayed, pursues more a thing than less a thing, not seeking active but seeking no had, even trying to avoidance thing avoidance

11、 accountability. Second, the dialectical strategy, positive change. Now some officials for the officers not to phenomenon has become a prominent issue, a few local and political ecology in a sub-healthy or unhealthy condition, colleagues of the circle, and the relationship, some people主要原因就是由于该中心所培养

12、的硕士生是从地理类录取的学生里选取的，想挑战北大的可以试下这个方向，但题出的比较难，复试还要考城市规划现场设计，需要一定的绘画制图能力sit, stood watching, slack. We cant wait, drag, dialectical, and strive for an early reverse. To strengthen education and training. Leading cadres should have a professional thinking, professionalism, professional way. District Commi

13、ttee party school and county level theoretical study Central Group of the Party Committee leaders to address gaps in knowledge, experience blind, weakness, precision of theoretical training, policy training, it training, management training, and regulatory training, highlights the pertinence and eff

14、ectiveness of ensuring political qualities of leading cadres to keep up, thinking to keep up with, knowledge structure to keep up with and ability to keep up with, expert economic and social management. Discipline must be strengthened. Party committees at all levels should adhere to the overall stri

15、ctness, discipline . And political rules, effectively enhance political par core awareness, situation awareness, consciousness and awareness. To strengthen care and support. From love starts with protection on cadres, strict management of cadres at the same time, cadres on political motivation, work

16、, psychological care, General relief, shelter, security, promoting the cadres and feel comfortable, confident, positive, and dare to play. To established fault-tolerant exemption mechanism, let officer of people not chilling, seriously implementation主要原因就是由于该中心所培养的硕士生是从地理类录取的学生里选取的，想挑战北大的可以试下这个方向，但题

17、出的比较难，复试还要考城市规划现场设计，需要一定的绘画制图能力types: one is the lack of capacity, cannot be. Full stopped cutting Hou, some people spirit slack, in its bit not conspiracy to its political, not Dan thing, and not steward, and perfunctory, some cadres on innovation development six big industry, and advance supply si

18、de structural reform, and three to a drop a fill and PPP mode, new knowledge not familiar, and not learning, and not study, skills panic, carried out work to no avail, and loss, on in there, by to. Second, lack of motivation, dont want to. Pipe tightening now, not seeking privileges, some cadres ent

19、husiasm weakened progressive consciousness, and do the work, look dry; some of the older, long-serving officials, ship to dock at the station, no longer willing to endure hardship to get tired, advance into the remainder State. In particular, some cadres do not clean all day, scary, absent-minded, i

20、n no mood for officers. Three acts as the lack of dare. Some cadres responsibility consciousness not strong, cant play hardball face difficult problems, fear hit interests, and offend, fear work errors, and take risk, fear media hype, and into hot, encountered contradictions on around, met problem o

21、n hiding, see trouble on push, work up timid, and timid, and swayed, pursues more a thing than less a thing, not seeking active but seeking no had, even trying to avoidance thing avoidance accountability. Second, the dialectical strategy, positive change. Now some officials for the officers not to p

22、henomenon has become a prominent issue, a few local and political ecology in a sub-healthy or unhealthy condition, colleagues of the circle, and the relationship, some peopletypes: one is the lack of capacity, cannot be. Full stopped cutting Hou, some people spirit slack, in its bit not conspiracy t

23、o its political, not Dan thing, and not steward, and perfunctory, some cadres on innovation development six big industry, and advance supply side structural reform, and three to a drop a fill and PPP mode, new knowledge not familiar, and not learning, and not study, skills panic, carried out work to

24、 no avail, and loss, on in there, by to. Second, lack of motivation, dont want to. Pipe tightening now, not seeking privileges, some cadres enthusiasm weakened progressive consciousness, and do the work, look dry; some of the older, long-serving officials, ship to dock at the station, no longer will

25、ing to endure hardship to get tired, advance into the remainder State. In particular, some cadres do not clean all day, scary, absent-minded, in no mood for officers. Three acts as the lack of dare. Some cadres responsibility consciousness not strong, cant play hardball face difficult problems, fear

26、 hit interests, and offend, fear work errors, and take risk, fear media hype, and into hot, encountered contradictions on around, met problem on hiding, see trouble on push, work up timid, and timid, and swayed, pursues more a thing than less a thing, not seeking active but seeking no had, even tryi

27、ng to avoidance thing avoidance accountability. Second, the dialectical strategy, positive change. Now some officials for the officers not to phenomenon has become a prominent issue, a few local and political ecology in a sub-healthy or unhealthy condition, colleagues of the circle, and the relation

28、ship, some people主要原因就是由于该中心所培养的硕士生是从地理类录取的学生里选取的，想挑战北大的可以试下这个方向，但题出的比较难，复试还要考城市规划现场设计，需要一定的绘画制图能力types: one is the lack of capacity, cannot be. Full stopped cutting Hou, some people spirit slack, in its bit not conspiracy to its political, not Dan thing, and not steward, and perfunctory, some cadre

29、s on innovation development six big industry, and advance supply side structural reform, and three to a drop a fill and PPP mode, new knowledge not familiar, and not learning, and not study, skills panic, carried out work to no avail, and loss, on in there, by to. Second, lack of motivation, dont wa

30、nt to. Pipe tightening now, not seeking privileges, some cadres enthusiasm weakened progressive consciousness, and do the work, look dry; some of the older, long-serving officials, ship to dock at the station, no longer willing to endure hardship to get tired, advance into the remainder State. In pa

31、rticular, some cadres do not clean all day, scary, absent-minded, in no mood for officers. Three acts as the lack of dare. Some cadres responsibility consciousness not strong, cant play hardball face difficult problems, fear hit interests, and offend, fear work errors, and take risk, fear media hype

32、, and into hot, encountered contradictions on around, met problem on hiding, see trouble on push, work up timid, and timid, and swayed, pursues more a thing than less a thing, not seeking active but seeking no had, even trying to avoidance thing avoidance accountability. Second, the dialectical stra

33、tegy, positive change. Now some officials for the officers not to phenomenon has become a prominent issue, a few local and political ecology in a sub-healthy or unhealthy condition, colleagues of the circle, and the relationship, some people课程设计课程名称： 误差理论与测量平差基础 学 院： 矿业学院 专 业： 测绘工程 姓 名： 胡思华 学 号： 年 级

34、： 2012 任课教师： 张俊 2014年 6月 8 日测量平差课程设计任务书一、 本课程设计的性质、目的、任务误差理论与测量平差基础是一门理论与实践并重的课程，该课程设计是测量数据处理理论学习的一个重要的实践环节，它是在学生学习了专业基础课“误差理论与测量平差基础”课程后进行的一门实践课程。其目的是增强学生对误差理论与测量平差基础理论的理解，牢固掌握测量平差的基本原理和基本公式，熟悉测量数据处理的基本技能和计算方法，灵活准确地应用于解决各类数据处理的实际问题，并能用所学的计算机理论知识，编制简单的计算程序或借助常用软件，如Matlab、Excel等解决测绘数据处理问题，从而为将来走向工作岗位

35、，进行工程实测数据资料的处理打下基础。二、 课程设计内容和重点根据上述的教学目的和任务，本课程设计主要是要求学生完成一个综合性的平面控制网的平差处理问题，如目前生产实践中经常用到测角网严密平差及精度评定，通过此次课程设计，重点培养学生正确应用公式、综合分析和解决问题的能力，以及借助计算机解决实际问题的能力。具体内容如下：根据题目要求，正确应用平差模型列出观测方程和误差方程、法方程并解算法方程，得出平差后的未知点坐标平差值、点位中误差、在控制网图上按比例画出误差椭圆。三、课程设计要求总体要求：课程设计必须体现平差过程，每一步不得直接给出结果，课程设计过程中如有问题，可以向指导老师请教或同学之间讨

36、论解决，但不得相互抄袭，必须独立完成。具体要求如下：1. 设计说明书必须严格按照贵州大学矿业学院课程设计格式要求进行认真、按时撰写完成（课程设计截止时间：2013年6月17日-2013年7月5日）。2. 完成课程设计报告一份，报告中必须包括以下内容：近似坐标计算过程误差方程系数计算过程（可自行绘制表格，并辅以文字计算说明）。法方程的建立过程。权的确定。必须求出所有待定点坐标平差值、所有角度观测值的平差值计算所有未知点的点位中误差，绘制控制网略图，并在相应未知点上绘制点位误差椭圆。3. 报告中必须附有以下打印资料：1) 误差方程系数阵2) 法矩阵的逆矩阵3) 权阵（本例权阵为单位阵，无需附）4)

37、 控制网略图及未知点的误差椭圆5) 平差成果（包括精度评定结果）6) 参数平差值的协因数阵4. 本次课程设总结或心得体会5. 本次课程设计需提交资料课程设计报告纸质文档和电子文档各一份（电子文档一律提交word2003版，且文档需有目录）（封面不必彩色打印）四、课程设计数据S2S1S3S4S5S6图1 控制网略图表1 起算数据点名 纵坐标x（m） 横坐标y（m）A31048.79353050.093B31132.575 53060.388I31039.216 53410.371H31108.310 53387.889表2 角度观测数据角度编号角度观测值角度编号角度观测值 180 23 3312

38、54 25 14247 01 221361 11 33352 35 11 1462 52 10452 14 171555 56 23575 45 071657 05 19652 00 381763 42 41749 45 211859 12 04865 22 551948 30 33964 51 312060 05 551054 41 402171 23 371170 53 01表3 边长观测数据边编号边长观测值（m）1104.7812105.113388.620488.930594.059691.933图1 为一测角网，网中共有控制点9个，其中A、B、H、I均为已知控制点，其坐标列于表1。C

39、、D、E、F、G为未知点；同精度独立观测了网中所有角度，共有观测角度21个，观测角值列于表2。为保证精度，还观测了部分边长，观测结果列于表3，且边长观测中误差为5mm+10-6S。要求通过测量平差完成任务书中各项要求的内容。目录摘要-第7页1.待定点的近似坐标计算-第8页2.测角网函数模型-第8页3.误差方程的建立（采用间接平差）-第9页3.1法方程的建立-第9页3.2.误差方程的系数矩阵-第11页4.平差后的坐标及角度观测值-第15页5.精度评定及控制网略图-第16页待定点点位中误差计算-第16页待定点C、D、E、F、G的误差椭圆要素-第17页控制网略图及误差椭圆-第19页6.参考文献-第2

40、1页7.心得体会-第21页CONTENTSAbstract-第7页1.Caluation of the fixed point coordinate-第8页2.Goniometric Network Function Model-第8页3.Observation Equations( Adopt Adjustment of Indirect Observaton)-第9页3.1Linearization of Function Model and Normal Function-第9页3.2 Coefficient Matrix of Error Equation-第11页4.Coordina

41、te Adjustment of the angle and coordinate value-第15页5. Precision and Control Network sketch-第16页Mean Square Position Error-第16页The enssentional factors of Error Ellipses-第17页Control Network and Error Ellipse-第19页6. Reference Books-第21页7.Course Design Summary-第21页摘要：采用间接平差的方法求解，误差方程的形式统一，规律性强，便于使用Exc

42、el软件处理数据，而且所选参数就是平差后需要的最后成果，例如画出误差椭圆。本课程设计应用平差模型列出观测值条件方程、误差方程和法方程；解算法方程，求出未知点坐标改正数平差值、观测值的平差值，并进行相关精度评定，求出未知点点位中误差。我体会到了平差思想的价值，所谓“失之毫厘差之千里”，稍微不注意的时候，也许一个小数点的位数保留不够精确，就会导致实际中很大的误差。Abstract Adjustment of Indriect Observation has regular forms, and by adopting this kind of Function Model, We can easi

43、ly use the Microsoft office software to calculate our data and draw some simple pictures, such as Error Ellipses.By Adopting Adjustment of Indriect Observation, list the equation of Observation, 1Linearization of Function Model, Normal Function. Calculate Coordinate Adjustment of the angle and coord

44、inate value, and precisionI realize the value of Adjustment, so called “A miss is as good as a mile”,也许一个小数点的位数保留不够精确，就会导致实际中很大的误差。 Intermittently, and without warning, the number one decimal point retention is not accurate enough, will cause the error of the great practice.1.待定点的近似坐标计算按照前方交会公式求得待定点

45、近似坐标以求C点近似坐标为例进行说明。按照前方交会公式可得上述求解过程是在按照点B,A,C逆时针编号的情况下求得。余下点的近似坐标求解使用相同的方法。点名 纵坐标（m） 横坐标（m）C31052.32353127.769D31137.64753189.158E31060.62353232.998F31127.49653291.616G31040.06253326.2922. 测角网函数模型本课程设计中给出的是非自由测角网。现以第一个角度观测为例，说明误差方程建立的原理。AC边坐标方位角上式按泰勒公式展开得等式右边第一项是由近似坐标计算得到的近似坐标方位角 。令而同理可得 将上式代入表达式，并顾

46、及全式的单位3.误差方程的建立（采用间接平差）3.1法方程的建立.角度观测为等精度观测，故权阵为单位阵角度观测是等精度观测，故权阵为单位阵，我是在Excel表格中处理的数据。间接平差的误差方程和平差的准则为 间接平差的基础方程为: 解此基础方程的数学原理：按照最小二乘法原理，使用数学上求函数自由极值的方法，得 转置后得求解参数。消去并令符号统一点的法方程为：平差结果为： 由2. 测角网函数模型的推导可知每个角度观测值的误差方程依次为： 3.2.误差方程的系数矩阵代入3.2中的公式数据得系数阵矩阵-264.99812.0428800000000126.572150.749500000000138

47、.4261-162.79200000000-126.572-150.75159.9328-6.29944000000241.1764-8.53801-114.604159.2876000000-114.604159.2876-45.3284-152.98800000080.19904143.9223114.6044-159.288-194.80315.365240000114.6044-159.288-229.729-42.9795115.125202.26710000-194.80315.36524115.125202.267179.6784-217.632000000-84.2348182

48、.5156-115.125-202.267199.3598-19.75150000-115.125-202.267268.017527.8432-152.892174.42390000199.359819.75152-152.892174.4239-46.4673-19495761220.893152.8925-174.424-210.85-46.46910000152.8925-174.424-233.737-29.422780.84481203.84660000-210.85-46.469180.84481203.8466130.0053-157.37800000

49、0-125.221162.7802-80.8448-203.847000000-80.8448-203.847231.168237.29187000000-206.066-41.0664150.3234-166.5550000000094.9746169.022900000000150.3234-166.55500000000-245.298-2.46818法方程系数阵.3027-17584.75483-82251.62373-355.-17950.8411466808.48830000-17584.75483.937424504.52177-37750.51668-45150.2649-33

50、351.200980000-82251.6237324504.52177.437314426.28421-91238.54504-21155.11976-8454.97571-57127.5483500-355.-37750.5166814426.28421.336-36045.01935-94264.2014366393.57621-42720.4273600-17950.84114-45150.2649-91238.54504-36045.01935.00312964.-.187921121.71982-27271.4289961656.4412566808.4883-33351.2009

51、8-21155.11976-94264.201432964.573918099.52403-67886.782-66717.80293-38507.2261500-8454.9757166393.57621-.187918099.52403.2373-20335.14289-80165.41108-10642.1268100-57127.54835-42720.4273621121.71982-67886.782-20335.14289.0283-5556.-63917.49880000-27271.42899-66717.80293-80165.41108-5556.2063-2497.00

52、0061656.44125-38507.22615-10642.12681-63917.4988-2497.446.62866E-06-5.11977E-084.76953E-06-2.30391E-063.95108E-06-2.95259E-063.06353E-06-7.87853E-076.07629E-07-1.9109E-06-5.11977E-081.06451E-051.55709E-066.1261E-063.2227E-065.80925E-064.36652E-073.73086E-062.20717E-061.39975E-064.76953E-061.55709E-0

53、61.3643E-055.74424E-078.77135E-061.70135E-065.98235E-063.90979E-063.51722E-06-7.824E-07-2.30391E-066.1261E-065.74424E-071.48714E-051.23907E-071.10618E-05-3.72921E-067.7682E-062.05094E-064.50315E-063.95108E-063.2227E-068.77135E-061.23907E-071.31123E-053.71589E-077.95055E-061.1099E-064.2017E-06-3.2131

54、2E-06-2.95259E-065.80925E-061.70135E-061.10618E-053.71589E-071.48418E-05-1.87842E-069.08618E-063.77511E-065.72338E-063.06353E-064.36652E-075.98235E-06-3.72921E-067.95055E-06-1.87842E-061.13747E-051.01747E-094.11901E-06-2.20551E-06-7.87853E-073.73086E-063.90979E-067.7682E-061.1099E-069.08618E-061.017

55、47E-091.18797E-052.95538E-065.36197E-066.07629E-072.20717E-063.51722E-062.05094E-064.2017E-063.77511E-064.11901E-062.95538E-067.07858E-066.994E-07-1.9109E-061.39975E-06-7.824E-074.50315E-06-3.21312E-065.72338E-06-2.20551E-065.36197E-066.994E-078.89859E-06W4029.573-909.239-2729.58-3259.7-1790.752508.

56、8682288.254-10273.319964.913192.8454.平差后的坐标及角度观测值间接平差的误差方程和平差的准则为 间接平差的基础方程为: 解此基础方程的数学原理：按照最小二乘法原理，使用数学上求函数自由极值的方法，得 转置后得求解参数。消去并令符号统一点的法方程为：平差结果为： 点名 纵坐标（m） 横坐标（m）C31052.32653127.77D31137.64853189.15E31060.62853233F31127.50553291.61G31040.07353326.29边长平差值S1=104.7836S2=105.1047S3=88.62789S4=88.92731S5=94.06623S6=91.93005平差后的角度