中英文文献翻译-消防

1、 英文原文Fire FightingAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the peoplelevel unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to facethe direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials a

2、ndthe way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gasconsumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricterrequest. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system

3、design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important designcontents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in thehigh level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standardunclear true detail

4、 shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basis:The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the sametime also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the followingdesign basis:1st,

5、 must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard,the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and theadministration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and inpractical understanding

6、present country related standard and standard positive word: Must, besupposed, to be suitable, may and the reverse side word: Strictly prohibits, should not,not have, not to be suitable the meaning. 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function,use and the protection object fire protection ran

7、k, earnestly carries out the present national relatedstandard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillancedepartment the examination and approval opinion. Second, fire auto-alarm system equipmentestablishment Fire detector establishment Opens wide either the se

8、al or the stair hall should alonedivide the search coverage, and each 2 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fireelevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes inhandy) and th

9、e aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front theroom and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze tobe easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fireprevention, therefore s

10、hould install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of roomalthough is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, hastime the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverageand installs the fire dete

11、ctor.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation thechannel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, forthis, the high level civil construction design fire protection standard and the civil constructionelectricit

12、y design standard separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the constructionand in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specificallythe difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremelyessent

13、ial, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 3 or each levelinstalls. The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the importantvertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three liftwell exi

14、stence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, thebetween permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Itsfour when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy tothreaten the

15、 elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishesthe fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment (Including guards againstin front of smoke stair hall

16、in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevatorroom, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) ishas when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should reportto the police the button first choice

17、spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the roomalso should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police thebutton.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multipurpose hall and so on) andthe main thoroughfare and so on place,

18、 the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly dispersesthe channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places mainaccess establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfarereports to the police the button to guarantee to a

19、manual fire which most is close to reports to thepolice the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to bebigger than 30 meters.3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place perso

20、nnel very are allcentralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places to arecent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot andin the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal

21、 distancethe establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire inthe public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fireelevator room, fire elevator with guards

22、against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the frontroom) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, alsohas the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore shouldestablish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker.

23、 In front of the common elevator the roomalso should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also ishas when the fire the personnel to dispersewhich saves goal with the fire prevention, also thesounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establis

24、h the fire emergency tobroadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishment The establishment fire emergency broadcast fireauto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its cont

25、rolprocedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or theautomatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops thealarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast andbroadcasts to the

26、people disperses the instruction. The fire alarm installment establishmentposition, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire tobe same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone est

27、ablishment Installs the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequentlywith the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room,matches substation, mainly ventilates with

28、 air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engineroom, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operatesthe equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the securitymanages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box

29、 the fire elevator and in the ordinaryelevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and theelevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevatorsedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions

30、 is reliable to speaks thecorrespondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevatormonitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speakscorrespondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity

31、 to theelevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls. Is equippedwith the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button alsoshould install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linka

32、ge control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also shoulddemonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction.When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spotalso should demonstrate the fire

33、pump the working mode active status (namely establishment firepump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the wateratomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work andthe malfunction and the fl

34、uent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valveworking mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carryon the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, theauthor thought should use the belt ele

35、ctric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate itopens the condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry outthe present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiring In order to pre

36、vent the fire occurs when the fire control,the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable tocarry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression interference (for exampletransformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influenc

37、e which produces to the fireauto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, thecorrespondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, andshould use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positi

38、vegoverning installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should usethe metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming , should takes the fireprotection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remarkT

39、he author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the designbasis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, firelinkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fireauto-alarm system the desi

40、gn quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented andreduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety. Ultrasonic CleaningUltrasonic cleaning is a good fit for a wide range of applications, from removing swarf andgrinding and polishing residue to treating part

41、s covered in oil, grease, or layers of paint.Ultrasonics can be used to clean miniature watch parts or to support the overhaul of jumbo jetengines. And from an industry perspective, the fields of electrotechnics, precision mechanics andlight engineering, optics, metal processing, and medical equipme

42、nt have proven particularlyreceptive to the ultrasonic concept. So the impact of ultrasonic cleaning is clearly recognizable.But to truly understand the value of ultrasonics, one must understand how ultrasonic cleanersreally work.Ultrasonic Cleaning ExplainedThe cleansing effect of ultrasound is the

43、 product of a phenomenon called cavitation. Billionsof minute gas bubbles implode, causing shock waves that undermine dirt and blast it off a partssurface. One of the key advantages of this process is that it allows users to clean part surfaces thatare completely inaccessible to a manual cleaning pr

44、ocess. Ultrasound frequencies generally rangebetween 20 kilohertz and 50 kilohertz, depending on application requirements. Ultrasonic cleaningis typically performed at temperatures between 122 F and 176 F . In an ultrasonic cleaningsystem, cavitation is produced by introducing sound waves into a cle

45、aning liquid by means of aseries of transducers mounted to a cleaning tank. The sound travels throughout the tank andcreates waves of compression and expansion in the liquid. In the compression wave, the moleculesof the cleaning liquid are compressed together tightly. Conversely, in the expansion wa

46、ve, themolecules are pulled apart rapidly. The expansion is so dramatic that the molecules are rippedapart, creating microscopic bubbles. The bubbles contain a partial vacuum. As the pressure aroundthe bubbles becomes greater, surrounding fluid rushes in and collapses the bubble. When thisoccurs, a

47、jet of liquid is created, resulting in temperatures as high as 9,032 F (roughly thetemperature of the surface of the sun). The extreme temperature, combined with the liquid jetsvelocity, provides a very intense cleaning action. However, because the bubble expansion andcollapse cycle is so short, the

48、 liquid surrounding the bubble quickly absorbs the heat, preventingthe tank and cleaning liquid from becoming overly hot during the cleaning process.Secrets to Ultrasonic SuccessThere are seven major concerns related to successful ultrasonic cleaning:1.Time2.Temperature3.Chemistry4.Part Fixture Desi

49、gn5.Ultrasonic Output Frequency6. Watts Per Gallon7. LoadingTime Cleaning times can vary tremendously in an ultrasonic process, depending largely onhow dirty the part is and how clean is clean. A normal trial period is two to 10 minutes, since veryfew parts are sufficiently clean in a shorter period

50、 of time.Precleaning may be required to remove gross contamination or to chemically prepare the partsfor a final clean. Some applications require more than one ultrasonic treatment to complete therequired cleaning. Ultrasonic rinsing may also be required in some cases to more thoroughlyremove wash c

51、hemicals.Temperature & Chemistry Temperature and chemistry are closely related. Generally, ultrasoniccleaning in an aqueous solution is optimized at 140 F . Some high pH solutions require higher temperatures. The chemical pH is a good place to start; but a thorough examination of chemistry isbeyond

52、the scope of this article.In brief, the following should be considered the main components of aqueous ultrasonic cleaningchemistry:A.Water (hard, soft, DI, or distilled)B. pHC. SurfactantsWetting agentsDispersantsEmulsifiersSaponifiersD. Optional IngredientsSequestrants InhibitorsBuffering agentsDef

53、oamersThe chemical formulation must consider all of the above characteristics. Some chemicalsdesigned for spray cleaning or that include rust inhibitors are not suitable for ultrasoniccleaning. Part Fixture Design The procedure for ultrasonic cleaning is generally as follows: Putparts in basket and

54、place basket through three or four process steps (i.e., ultrasonic wash, sprayrinse (optional), immersion rinse, dry). Some parts loaded in baskets can mask or shadow from theradiated surface of the ultrasonic transducers. Most ultrasonic cleaning systems are designed forspecific applications. Botto

55、m-mounted transducers or side-mounted transducers are importantconsiderations during the process design stage. Automated systems must specifically address thelocation of the transducers to ensure cleaning uniformity. Some parts require individual fix turningto separate the part for cleaning or subse

56、quent processes. Some parts require slow rotating orvertical motion during the cleaning to ensure critical cleanliness.Ultrasonic Output Frequency The majority of the ultrasonic cleaning that is done in industrialapplications today uses 40 kHz as a base frequency. Lower frequencies, such as 20-25 kH

57、z, areused for large masses of metal where ultrasonic erosion is of little consequence. The large massdampens or absorbs a great amount of the ultrasonic cleaning power.Watts Per Gallon In general, smaller parts require higher watts per gallon to achieve the desiredlevel of cleanliness. Most industr

58、ial ultrasonic cleaning systems use watt density from 50 to 100watts per gallon. However, tanks over 50 gallons usually require only about 20 watts per gallonbecause ultrasonic processes traditionally have shown diminishing returns in large tanks sizes.Loading of the parts to be cleaned must be cons

59、idered when developing an ultrasoniccleaning process. A large dense mass, for example, prevents internal surfaces from beingthoroughly cleaned (i.e., metal castings). A rule of thumb is that the load by weight should be lessthan the weight of half the water volume. So, for example, in five gallons (

60、approximately 40 lbs .)of water, the maximum workload should be less than 20 lbs . In some cases, it is better toultrasonically clean two smaller loads rather than one larger load.Each of the factors outlinedhere must be considered when specifying an ultrasonic application to ensure a high level ofc