(繁体)电子商务与供应链ppt课件

1、Chapter 4 E-Commerce and Supply Chain Management第4章 電子商務和供應鏈管理Operations ManagementbyR. Dan Reid & Nada R. Sanders3rd Edition Wiley 2005 Presentation by R.B. Clough UNH M. E. Henrie - UAA.Learning Objectives 學習目標Describe the structure of supply chains說明供應鏈的架構Describe the bullwhip effect說明長鞭效應Describ

2、e the issues affecting supply chain management說明影響供應鏈管理的議題Describe B2B and B2C electronic commerce說明B2B和B2C電子商務Describe global issues in supply chain management說明在供應鏈管理的全球議題.Learning Objectives (continued)Describe the role of purchasing in supply chain management說明在供應鏈管理中採購的角色Describe the ethics of

3、supplier management說明供應商管理的品德Describe sourcing issues說明商源議題Describe strategic purchasing partnerships說明战略採購夥伴Describe supply chain distribution說明供應鏈分佈.Learning Objectives (continued)Describe integrated supply chain management說明整合供應鏈管理Describe supply chain performance measures說明供應鏈績效衡量Describe trends

4、 in supply chain management說明供應鏈管理趨勢.Supply Chains & SCM供應鏈和供應鏈管理A supply chain is the network of all the activities involved in delivering a finished product/service to the customer供應鏈是將已完成的產品/服務遞送到顧客得一切活動的網路Sourcing of: raw materials, assembly, warehousing, order entry, distribution, delivery 商源:

5、原资料、組裝件、倉儲、訂單項目、分佈、遞送Supply Chain Management is the vital business function that coordinates all of the network links供應鏈管理是協調一切網路連結的關鍵企業功能Coordinates movement of goods through supply chain from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors協調透過供應鏈從供應者到製造者到批發商的物品移動Promotes information sharing along chain

6、 like forecasts, sales data, & promotions促進延著供應鏈中如預測、銷售資料、和促銷等資訊分享.Components of a Supply Chain供應鏈的元素External Suppliers source of raw material外部供應商原料的來源Tier one supplier supplies directly to the processor第一層供應商直接供應給製造者Tier two supplier supplies directly to tier one第二層供應商直接供應給第一層供應商Tier three supplie

7、r supplies directly to tier two第三層供應商直接供應給第二層供應商Internal Functions include processing functions內部功能包括處理製造功能Processing, purchasing, planning, quality, shipping處理製造、採購、規劃、品質、運輸External Distributors transport finished products to appropriate locations外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點Logistics managers are responsible

8、 for traffic management and distribution management 後勤經理負責運輸管理和通路管理.Supply Chain Illustration.Components of a Supply Chain供應鏈的元素External Distributors transport finished products to appropriate locations 外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點Logistics managers are responsible for managing the movement of products betwee

9、n locations. Includes;後勤經理負責產品和地點之間貨物移動管理traffic management arranging the method of shipment for both incoming and outgoing products or material運輸管理安排將资料運入或產品運出的運送方法distribution management movement of material from manufacturer to the customer通路管理從製造者到消費者間的貨品移動.A Basic Supply Chain一個根本供應鏈.The Bullwh

10、ip Effect 長鞭效應Bullwhip effect - the inaccurate or distorted demand information created in the supply chain長鞭效應供應鏈中所創造出來的不正確或扭曲的需求資訊Causes are generated by: 產生缘由為：demand forecasting updating, 需求預測更新order batching,訂單整批作業price fluctuations, 價格變動rationing and 配額供應(當需求大於供給時)和gaming 賭注 (因配額所呵斥浮報需求).The Bu

11、llwhip Effect 牛鞭效應Counteracting the Effect: 反制效應Change the way suppliers forecast product demand by making this information available at all levels of the supply chain以供應鏈各階層都可獲得需求資訊取代供應者預測產品需求Share real demand information (POS terminals)分享實際需求資訊 (銷售點終端機)(POS, point on sale)Eliminate order batching

12、消除訂單整批作業Stabilize pricing 穩定價格Eliminate gaming 消除賭注 (依據過去銷售記錄決定配額數量).Issues Affecting Supply Chain Management 影響供應鏈管理的議題Information technology enablers include the Internet, Web, EDI, intranets and extranets, bar code scanners, and point-of-sales demand information 資訊科技賦予才干者包括網際網路、網路、EDI(電子資料交換) 、內部

13、網路和外部網路、讀條碼機、銷售點需求資訊E-commerce and e-business uses internet and web to transact business電子商務和電子化企業运用網際網路和網路執行企業买卖. Types of E-Commerce 電子商務種類E-commerce is defined as the use of the Internet and the Web to transact business電子商務的定義是运用網際網路和網路執行企業买卖Two types of e-commerce are電子商務兩種類型Business-to-business

14、 (B2B) and 企業對企業Business-to-consumer (B2C) 企業對消費者. Types of E-Commerce電子商務的類型Business-to-Business (B2B) Evolution:B2B的演進Automated order entry systems started in 1970s起始於1970年代的自動化訂單輸入系統Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) started in the 1970s起始於1970年代的電子資料交換Electronic Storefronts emerged in the 1990s19

15、90年代電子商店Net Marketplaces emerged in the late 1990s1990年代網路市場Benefits of B2B E-Commerce B2B電子商務的好處Lower procurement administrative costs, 減低採購管理本钱Low-cost access to global suppliers 低本钱接觸全球供應商Lower inventory investment due to price transparency/reduced response time 由於價格透明/回應時間縮短而導致低存貨投資Better produc

16、t quality because of increased cooperation between buyers and sellers, especially during the product design and development 因為購買者和銷售者漸增的协作尤其在產品設計和開發階段，提供更家產品品質. Types of E-Commerce電子商務的類型Business-to-Consumer (B2C): 企業對個人On-line businesses try to reach individual consumers線上企業嘗試可以到達個人消費者B2C revenue m

17、odel sources B2C獲利方式來源Advertising Web site offers providers and opportunity to advertise廣告網站給予提供者和廣告機會Subscription Web site charges a subscription fee for access to the site 訂閱網站收取進入網站者訂閱費Transaction company receives a fee for executing a transaction买卖每執行一筆买卖公司收取一比費用 Sales a means of selling goods,

18、information, or service directly to customers銷售直接販賣物品、資訊、或服務給消費者Affiliate companies receive a referral fee for directing business to an affiliate推薦費公司收取一筆推薦費用因引導企業成為某某會員.SCM Factors SCM要素SCM must consider the following trends, improved capabilities, & realities: SCM必須考慮以下趨勢、改善才干、和實際。Consumer Expecta

19、tions and Competition power has shifted to the consumer消費者期望和競爭力量已轉移到消費者Globalization capitalize on emerging markets全球化資金投注於新興市場Government Regulations and E-Commerce issues of Internet government regulations政府法規和電子商務政府網際網路法規的議題Environment Implications of E-Commerce recycling, sustainable eco-efficie

20、ncy, and waste minimization電子商務環保意涵回收、一定水準的環保效率、和最少浪費.Global SCM Factors 全球SCM要素Managing extensive global supply chains introduces many complications 管理擴張全球供應鏈引進許多複雜議題Geographically dispersed members - increase replenishment transit times and inventory investment不同地點的會員添加補貨轉運時間和存貨投資Forecasting accur

21、acy complicated by longer lead times and different operating practices預測準確度因長前置時間和不同營運方式變得更複雜Exchange rates fluctuate, inflation can be high匯率浮動，通貨膨脹能够更高Infrastructure issues like transportation, communication, lack of skilled labor, & scarce local material supplies基礎建設議題像運輸、通訊、缺乏具有技艺員工、和缺乏當地原料供應Pro

22、duct proliferation created by the need to customize products for each market產品激增 對每一市場因客製化產品需求 .Sourcing Issues 商源議題Which products to produce in-house and which are provided by other supply chain members那些產品本人生產和那些產品由其他供應鏈成員提供Vertical integration a measure of how much of the supply chain is owned by

23、 the manufacturer垂直整合製造者擁有供應鏈中多少的一種衡量Backward integration owning or controlling of sources of raw material and component parts向後整合擁有或控制原资料和零組件來源Forward integration owning or control the channels of distribution向前整合擁有或控制通路管道Vertical integration related to levels of insourcing or outsourcing products

24、or services 垂直整合和產品或服務委內或委外程度相關.Insourcing vs. Outsourcing自製零件或向委採購零件(自製vs.委外)What questions need to be asked before sourcing decisions are made?決定商源之前必須回答以下問題？Is product/service technology critical to firms success?此產品/服務技術能否是公司胜利的關鍵？Is product/service a core competency? 此產品/服務能否是公司中心才干？Is it somet

25、hing your company must do to survive?它能否公司為了生存必須要做的事情？.Make or Buy Analysis自製或外購分析Analysis will look at the expected sales levels and cost of internal operations vs. cost of purchasing the product or service分析將考慮期望銷售水準和內部作業本钱vs.產品採購本钱.Make or Buy Analysis自製或外購分析Analysis will look at the expected sal

26、es levels and cost of internal operations vs. cost of purchasing the product or service分析將考慮期望銷售水準和內部作業本钱vs.產品採購本钱總外購本钱:TC(購買) = FC (購買) + (VC x Q)總自製本钱 TC(自製) = FC (自製) + (VC x Q)總外購本钱 =總自製本钱FC (購買) + (VC x Q) = FC (自製) + (VC x Q)TC: 總本钱 FC: 固定本钱 VC：變動本钱.案例:自製或外購分析-瑪麗和蘇已經決定開設貝果麵包店。他們第一個決定是本人作或自當地麵包

27、廠購買。假设他們決定是外購時，他們將需求密閉容器每年固定本钱是1000美圆。外購貝果每個是0.4美圆。假设是自製時，他們需投資小型廚房設備，固定本钱為15000，自製貝果每個本钱是0.15美圆。他們認為每年可以售出60000個貝果。他認為他們應該是自製或外購?Mary and Sue wants to know if they should make or buy the bagels.瑪麗和蘇想知道他們應該自製或外購貝果 FCBuy + (VCBuy x Q) = FCMake + (VCMake x Q) $1,000 + ($0.40 x Q) = $15,000 + ($0.15 x

28、Q) Q = 56,000 bagelsSince the costs are equal at 56,000 bagels and Mary and Sue expect to use 60,000 bagels, they should make the bagels in-house因為無差異點是56000個貝果，而他們認為可以运用量為60000個，因此他們應該自製。(因為超過56000時，每個本钱自製是0.15，而外購是0.4).The Role of Purchasing採購的角色Purchasing role has attained increased importance si

29、nce material costs represent 50-60% of cost of goods sold因為物料本钱佔銷貨本钱達50-60%，使得採購角色愈來愈重要Ethics considerations is a constant concern品德考量不断遭到持續關注Developing supplier relationships is essential發展供應商關係是必要的Determining how many suppliers to use決定运用多少供應商Developing partnerships發展夥伴關係.Critical Factors in Succe

30、ssful Partnership Relations胜利夥伴關係的關鍵要素Critical factors in successful partnering include;胜利夥伴關係的關鍵要素包括Impact attaining levels of productivity and competitiveness that are not possible through normal supplier relationships衝擊透過正常供應商關係無法達成生產力和競爭力水準Intimacy working relationship between two partners 親密關係夥

31、伴間的任务關係Vision the mission or objectives of the partnership 願景夥伴的使命或目標.夥伴關係的特徵Benefits of Partnering夥伴的利益Early supplier involvement (ESI) in the design process在設計過程中供應商能在早期參與Using supplier expertise to develop and share cost improvements and eliminate costly processes利用供應商專業以發展和分享本钱改善和消除浪費的過程Shorten

32、time to market縮短上市時間Have a long-term orientation具有長期定位Share a common vision分享共同願景Are strategic in nature策略本質Share short/long term plans分享短期/長期計畫Share information資訊分享Driven by end-customer needs以終端顧客需求驅動Share risks and opportunities分享風險和機會.Supply Chain Distribution供應鏈配銷Warehouses involved in supply c

33、hain distributions and include 倉儲包含在供應鏈中，包括Plant warehouses 工廠倉庫Regional warehouses 區域倉庫Local warehouses 當地倉庫Warehouses can either be 倉儲也可以是指General used for long-term storage普通用於長期儲存Distribution used for short-term storage, consolidation, and product mixing配銷用於短期儲存、運輸合併、和產品混合.Supply Chain Distribut

34、ion - continued供應鏈配銷Transportation consolidation warehouses consolidate less-than-truckload (LTL) quantities into truckload (TL) quantities運輸合併倉庫可將少於卡車裝載數合併為一車運送Product mixing warehouse value added customer service of grouping a variety of products into a direct shipment to the customer產品混合倉儲價值可以將顧客

35、不同需求的產品整合起來包裝然後直接運送到顧客手中.Supply Chain Distribution - continued供應鏈配銷Services are offered can improve customer service by moving goods closer to the customer and thus reducing replenishment time倉庫所提供服務可藉由運送離顧客較近的物品以改善服務，如此可減少補貨時間Crossdocking or movement of material without storage and order-picking ma

36、terial while still performing the receiving and shipping functions.接駁式轉運, 為一種商品處理的觀念。亦即商品由倉庫或物流中心收貨時，沒有放到架上儲位而是立刻把商品轉運至零售點 。.Supply Chain Distribution - continued供應鏈配銷Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) automated data collection technology which relies on radio waves to transfer data be

37、tween reader and RFID tag無線射頻辨識技術自動化資料蒐集技術，其仰賴無線電波以傳遞讀寫機和RFID標籤間之資料Third-party Service Providers ease of developing an electronic storefront has allowed the discovery of suppliers from around the world第三方服務提供者提供發展電子商店允許來自於全世界供應商的發現.Integrated SCM整合的供應鏈管理Implementing integrated SCM requires: 實施整合的供應鏈

38、管理需求:Analyzing the whole supply chain分析整個供應鏈Starting by integrating internal functions first首先整合企業內部功能單位Integrating external suppliers through partnerships 透過夥伴關係將外部供應商整合Manufacturers Goals 製造者目標Reduce costs減少本钱Reduce duplication of effort減少重覆任务Improve quality改善品質Reduce lead time減少前置時間Implement cost

39、 reduction programg實施本钱降低計畫Involve suppliers early早期將供應商納入Reduce time to market 降低上市時間Suppliers Goals 供應商目標Increase sales volume 添加銷售數量Increase customer loyalty添加顧客忠誠度Reduce cost減少本钱Improve demand data 改進需求資料Improve profitability改善獲利才干.Supply Chain Measurements供應鏈衡量Measuring supply chain performance

40、衡量供應鏈績效Traditional measures include;傳統衡量包括Return on investment 投資報酬率Profitability 獲利才干Market share 市場佔有率Revenue growth 收益成長Additional measures 另外衡量Customer service levels 顧客服務水準Inventory turns 存貨周轉Weeks of supply 供應周數Inventory obsolescence 過時存貨.Supply Chain Performance Measurement供應鏈績效衡量Customer dem

41、ands for better-quality requires companys to develop ways to measure improvements 顧客對於較好品質需求，公司發展衡量改善的方法Some measurements include 衡量包括Warranty costs 保固本钱 Products returned 退回產品Cost reductions allowed because of product defects 因為產品瑕疵允許降低本钱Company response times 公司回應時間Transaction costs 买卖本钱.Current T

42、rends in SCM供應鏈管理目前趨勢Increased use of electronic marketplace such as 過去幾年來因為電子網路市場添加运用，使得成千上萬的購買者和供應者能聚集在一同E-distributors independently owned net marketplaces having catalogs representing thousands of suppliers and designed for spot purchases 電子配銷商擁有獨立網路市場之仲介者，提供代表成千上萬供應商的電子型錄和提供顧客在網路上採購的據點E-purchas

43、ing companies that connect on-line MRO suppliers to business who pay fees to join the market, usually for long-term contractual purchasing電子採購公司將線上MRO(指辦公室文具維修用品，非產品用资料)供應商與採購MRO用品廠商聯結，通常目的是為了長期合約採購。.Current Trends in SCM - continuedIncreased use of electronic marketplace such asValue chain manageme

44、nt automation of a firms purchasing or selling processes 價值鏈管理公司採購或銷售過程自動化On-line Exchanges marketplace that focuses on spot requirements of large firms in a single industry線上买卖市場連接成千供應商和無數的買者的市場Industry consortia industry-owned markets that enable buyers to purchase direct inputs from a limited set

45、 of invited suppliers產業團體產業擁有市場，其能使買者直接購買來自於有限受邀供應商所提供商品Decreased supply chain velocity due to greater distances with greater uncertainty and generally less efficient.由於較長距離和較大不確定性以及因不具效率，使得供應鏈速度降低.SCM Across the Organization跨組織的SCMSCM changes the way companies do business.SCM改變公司經營企業的方式Accounting s

46、hares SCM benefits due to inventory level decreases由於存貨水準降低，會計分享SCM利益Marketing benefits by improved customer service levels因為改善顧客服務水準，行銷部門因此受害Information systems are critical for information sharing through POS data, EDI, RFID, the Internet, intranet, and extranets對於透過POS資料、EDI、RFID、 Internet, intra

47、net, and extranets，資訊系統是關鍵的。Purchasing is responsible for sourcing materials採購負責物料來源的掌握Operations use timely demand information to more effectively plan production schedules作業部門利用適時的需求資訊以更有效地規劃生產時程.Chapter 4 Highlights 重點Every organization is part of a supply chain, either as a customer or as a supp

48、lier. Supply chains include all the processes needed to make a finished product, from the extraction of raw materials through the sale to the end user. SCM is the integration and coordination of these efforts.每個組織如顧客或供應商都是供應鏈的一部份。供應鏈包括需求製造一個完废品的一切過程，從原料的獲得透過銷售到終端运用者。SCM是一切這些努力的整合和協調。The bullwhip eff

49、ect distorts product demand information passed between levels of the supply chain. The more levels that exist, the more distortion that is possible. Variability results from updating demand estimates at each level, order batching, price fluctuations, and rationing長鞭效應扭曲傳遞供應鏈一切層級的產品需求資訊。層級愈多，扭曲能够性愈大。

50、變異來自於在每一層級因更新需求估計、批次訂單作業、價格變動、和配額供應。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Many issues affect supply chain management. The Internet, the WEB, EDI, intranets, extranets, bar-code scanners, and POS data are SCM enablers.許多議題都會影響供應鏈管理。Internet, WEB, EDI, intranet, extranet, 條碼掃瞄器、和POS資料都是SCM的賦予者B2B and B2C e

51、lectronic commerce enable supply chain management. Net marketplaces bring together thousands or suppliers and customers. Allowing for efficient sourcing and lower transaction costs.B2B 和B2C電子商務使SCM成為能够。網路市場將成千上萬供應商和顧客聚集在一同。使获得原料更有效率和低买卖本钱成為能够。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Global supply chains inc

52、rease geographic distances between members, causing greater uncertainty in delivery times.全球供應鏈添加成員間的地理距離，導致遞送時間的不確定性。Purchasing has a major role in SCM. Purchasing is involved in sourcing decisions and developing strategic long-term partnerships.SCM中採購扮演主要的角色。採購包括商源決策和發展战略性長期夥伴關係。.Chapter 4 Highlig

53、hts (continued)Ethics in supply management is an ongoing concern. Since buyers are in a position to influence or award business, it is imperative that buyers avoid any appearance of unethical behavior or conflict of interest.品德在供應鏈管理是不断遭到關注。因為買者是處於影響或獲得經營的位置，因此買者有義務防止出現不品德行為或利益衝突。Companies make inso

54、urcing and outsourcing decisions. These make-or-buy decisions are based on financial and strategic criteria.公司需執行自製和外購決策。這些決策是依據財務和战略準則而決定。.Chapter 4 Highlights (continued)Partnerships require sharing information, risks, technologies, and opportunities. Impact, intimacy, and vision are critical to successfu