Unit 3汽车专业英语(变速器)

1、Specialized English for AutomobileUnit 3-1Main Components of Engine ContentsPre-questionsII. Text ExplanationIII. Exercises Pre-questionsv Power Train System（传动系统）（传动系统）v The power train system (Figure 3.1) applies to the components needed to transfer the drive from the engine to the road wheels, in

2、cluding clutch, transmission, drive shaft, universal joint, drive axle, axle shaft and so on. 传动系统主要指汽车部件，发动机的动力传动到车轮 上，包括离合器、变速器、传动轴、万向节、驱动轴、半轴等。Gearbox（变速器）（变速器） Manual Transmission (MT, 手动变速器手动变速器) (Figure 3.3) Automatic Transmission（AT, 自动变速器）自动变速器） (Figure 3.4)v Power train system v Clutch v Tr

3、ansmissionv Manual transmission(MT)v Automatic transmission(AT)v Drive shaftv Universal jointv Axle shaftv Differential v Final drivev 传动系统v 离合器v 变速器v 手动变速器v 自动变速器v 传动轴v 万向节v 半轴v 差速器v 主减速器Shift leverSynchronizerInput shaftOutput shaftFront bearingRear bearingDrive gearCountershaftHousingReverse shaf

4、tReverse gear 换挡杆同步器输入轴输出轴前轴承后轴承传动中间轴（从动轴）壳体倒档轴倒档齿轮v Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT)v A continuously variable transmission, or CVT, is a type of automatic transmission that provides more useable power, better fuel economy and a smoother driving experience than a traditional automatic. v 连续

5、可变变速器，或称CVT，是能够比传统汽车变速箱提供更有效动力、更高燃油经济性、更顺畅驾驶感受的一种汽车变速箱。v History of the CVTv Leonardo Da Vinci sketched the first CVT in 1490. Dutch automaker DAF first started using CVTs in their cars in the late 1950s; however technology limitations made CVTs unsuitable for engines with more than around 100 horse

6、power. In the late 80s and early 90s, Subaru offered a CVT in their Justy mini-car, while Honda used one in the high-mileage Honda Civic HX of the late 90s. v 莱昂纳多.达芬奇于1490年设计出第一个CVT。在50年代末，荷兰汽车制造商达夫最早在他们的汽车中使用CVT。但受到当时技术的限制，CVT对超过100马力的发动机不适用。到了80年代末90年代初，斯巴鲁在他们的约斯帝微车中提供了CVT。而本田于90年代末，在其高里程的本田思域HX中

7、提供了一款CVT。v Improved CVTs capable of handling more powerful engines were developed in the late 90s and 2000s, and CVTs can now be found in cars from Nissan, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM, and other automakers. v 90年代末21世纪初，研究出了能够操纵更强劲发动机的改良过的CVT。现在，在日产、奥迪、本田、福特、通用和其它汽车制造商的汽车中，都可以找到CVTv Driving a car with a C

8、VTv The controls for a CVT are the same as an automatic: No clutch pedal and a P-R-N-D-L-style shift pattern. But while an automatic transmission has a set number of gear ratios (a.k.a. speeds), usually 4, 5 or 6, the CVT can constantly change the relationship of engine speed to car speed. v CVT的控制机

9、构与传统变速箱相同：两个踏板（不带离合）和一个带P-R-N-D-L档位的波箱。传统变速箱有一整套齿轮速比（用多少速来表示），通常是4速，5速或6速，而CVT能够持续地改变发动机速度与汽车速度的比率。v Driving a car with a CVTv When driving a car with a CVT, you never hear or feel the transmission shiftit simply raises and lowers the engine speed as needed, calling up higher engine speeds (or RPMs)

10、 for better acceleration and lower RPMs for better fuel economy while cruising.v 驾驶一辆带CVT的汽车时，你不会听到或感觉到变速箱的换档它只是简单地按需要提高和降低发动机速度，为了得到更好的加速而提升发动机速度（或转速），在巡航时为了得到更好的燃油经济性而降低转速。 v When you step on the accelerator, the engine races as it would with a slipping clutch or a failing automatic transmission.

11、This is normalthe CVT is adjusting the engine speed to provide optimal power for acceleration.v 当你踩上油门时，发动机象带上空转的离合器或损坏的汽车变速箱一样转动。而这是正常的CVT正在调节发动机速度，以便为加速提供最佳动力。 Suspension System （悬架系统（悬架系统）v Steering armv Suspension memberv Coil springv Shock strutv Stabilizer shaftv Ball jointv 转向节臂v 悬架横梁v 螺旋弹簧v

12、滑柱（减震支柱）v 横向稳定杆v 球节Steering System（转向系）（转向系）v Steering gearv Steering shaftv Steering wheelv Universal jointv Tie rodv 转向器v 转向传动轴v 转向盘v 万向节v 转向横拉杆Power Steering Gear（动力转向系）（动力转向系）v Steering gearv Pitman armv Drag link v Steering knucklev Ackerman armv Steering shaftv Steering cylinderv Steering pump

13、v Steering tie rodv wheelv 机械转向器v 转向摇臂v 转向直拉杆v 转向节臂v 梯形臂v 转向轴v 转向油缸v 转向油泵v 转向横拉杆v 转向盘Brake System（制动系）（制动系）v Brake fluid reservoirv Master cylinderv Brake linev Vacuum power boosterv Brake pedalv Handlev 制动液储箱v 制动总泵v 制动管路v 真空助力器v 制动踏板v 拉手v Caliperv Slide pinv Discv Wheel studv Brake drumv Wheel cyli

14、nderv 卡钳v 导向销v 盘v 车轮紧固螺栓v 制动鼓v 制动分泵v How CVT Worksv Traditional transmissions use a gearset that provides a given number of ratios (or speeds). The transmission (or the driver) shifts gears to provide the most appropriate ratio for a given situation: Lowest gears for starting out, middle gears for a

15、cceleration and passing, and higher gears for fuel-efficient cruising.v 传统变速箱使用提供既定比率（或速度）的整套齿轮。变速箱（或传动箱）变换齿轮，对既定的情况提供最适当的比率：最低的齿轮用于起步，中间的齿轮用于加速和超车，更高的齿轮用于省油的巡航。 v Though there are several types of CVTs, most cars use a pair of variable-diameter pulleys, each shaped like a pair of opposing cones, wi

16、th a metal belt or chain running between them(Fig.9-6) 1. One pulley is connected to the engine (input shaft), the other to the drive wheels (output shaft). v 虽然有几种CVT型号，大部分汽车都是使用一对可变径滑轮，形状象一对相向的圆锥，而且在两者之间有一条金属带或链在运转。一个滑轮连接着发动机（输入轴），另一个连接着驱动轮（输出轴）。v The halves of each pulley are moveable; as the pul

17、ley halves come closer together the belt is forced to ride higher on the pulley, effectively making the pulleys diameter larger.v 每个滑轮的半部都是可移动的：当滑轮的两个半部相互移近时，传动带被推向滑轮上更高的地方，从而有效增大滑轮的直径。v Changing the diameter of the pulleys varies the transmissions ratio (the number of times the output shaft revolve

18、s for revolution of the engine), in the same way that a 10-speed bike routes the chain over larger or smaller gears to change the ratio. v 滑轮直径的变换，改变了变速箱的比率（随着时间的推移，输出轴随着发动机的转动而转动），就像十速自行车将车链放在更大或更小的齿轮上以改变比率。v Making the input pulley smaller and the output pulley larger gives a low ratio (a large nu

19、mber of engine revolutions producing a small number of output revolutions) for better low-speed acceleration. As the car accelerates, the pulleys vary their diameter to lower the engine speed as car speed rises. v 将输入滑轮变小和输出滑轮变大，可以提供低比率（发动机的大量转动带动少量输出转动）以得到更好的低速加速度。当汽车加速时，滑轮改变直径，以便在汽车速度提升时降低发动机速度。 v

20、 This is the same thing a conventional automatic or manual transmission does, but while a conventional transmission changes the ratio in stages by shifting gears, the CVT continuously varies the ratio - hence the name continuously variable transmission.v 这与传统变速箱或手动变速箱的工作相同，但是传统变速箱是通过变换齿轮、按档位改变比率时，而C

21、VT不断地改变比率正如其名。 v Advantages of the CVTv Engines do not develop constant power at all speeds; they have specific speeds where torque, horsepower and fuel efficiency are at their highest levels. Because there are no gears to tie a given road speed directly to a given engine speed, the CVT can vary the

22、 engine speed as needed to access maximum power as well as maximum fuel efficiency. v 发动机并不是在所有的速度下都连续产生动力。v 在扭矩、马力和燃油经济性最佳的情况下，发动机有特定的速度。由于没有齿轮可以把车速直接和发动机的速度绑定，无极变速器可以通过调节发动机的速度以获取最佳的动力和最好的燃油经济性。v This allows the CVT to provide quicker acceleration than a conventional automatic or manual transmissi

23、on while delivering superior fuel economy.v 这使得CVT比传统变速器或者手动变速器提交更快的加速度，同时燃油经济性也更好。v Disadvantages of the CVTv The CVTs biggest problem has been user acceptance. Because the CVT allows the engine to rev at any speed, the noises coming from under the hood sound odd to ears accustomed to conventional

24、manual and automatic transmissions.v CVT最大的问题在于用户接受性。由于CVT够能使发动机在任何速度下加速， 从引擎盖下传出的声音，对于习惯了传统变速器或者手动变速器的人来说，听起来很奇怪。v Flooring an automatic car brings a lurch and a sudden burst of power, whereas CVTs provide a smooth, rapid increase to maximum power. To some drivers this makes the car feel slower, wh

25、ile in fact a CVT will generally out-accelerate an automatic.v 自动变速器油门踩到底的时候，会使人忽然倾斜，动力忽然爆发，但是无极变速器能顺畅地、快速地加速到最大动力。 对某些司机来说，这使得车速感觉较慢，但是事实上，CVT的加速速度比自动加速器要快v Automakers have gone to great lengths to make the CVT feel more like a conventional transmission. Most CVTs are set up to creep forward when t

26、he driver takes his or her foot off the brake.v 汽车制造商们竭尽全力使CVT感觉更像传统的变速器。大部分的CVT在司机们把脚从刹车上拿下来以后还能爬行前进。v This provides a similar feel to a conventional automatic, and serves as an indicator that the car is in gear. Other CVTs offer a manual mode that simulates manual gear changes. v 这使得CVT感觉更像是传统的变速器

27、，并且给人感觉，汽车还有变速器齿轮。 有的CVT提供手动模式，模拟手动换挡。v Because early automotive CVTs were limited as to how much horsepower they could handle, there has been some concern about the long-term reliability of the CVT.v 由于早期的变速器仅限于关注能应对多大马力，因此就有人质疑CVT的长期可靠性。v Advanced technology has made the CVT much more robust. Niss

28、an has more than a million CVTs in service around the world and uses them in powerful cars such as the 255 horsepower Maxima, and says their long-term reliability is comparable to conventional transmissions. v 先进的技术使得CVT更加牢固。尼桑在全世界拥有一百万台无极变速器，并使用于大功率的汽车上，比如255马力的Maxima，并认为它们的长期可靠性可以和传统变速器媲美。v go to

29、great lengths to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事竭尽全力做某事v They went to great lengths to keep the affair secret.v Hell go to great length to get the job done.v serve as充当,用作,成为,起作用v She has served as a model for several painters.v Let this incident serve as a reminder to future generations.v concern about v 对对 . 的关心；

30、的关心； 对对 . 忧虑忧虑v He is full of concern about his sick mother.v The son gives himself no concern about his fathers illness.v Providev Sheep provide us with wool.v The hotel provides a reservation of tickets for its customers.v Continuously variable transmissions are more efficient and provide more tor

31、que and power than traditional transmissions.v 和传统变速器相比，无极变速器效率更高，并且能提供更大的扭矩和动力。v By 2012, CVTs are expected to have a 20 percent share of the Japanese market, a 4 percent share of the North American market and less than a 5 percent share of the European market.v 到2012年为止，CVT在日本的市场份额有望达到20%，在北美的份额达到

32、4%，在欧洲的份额应该小于5%。vWhat impression of the engine?complicated power Pre-questionsvWhat are the types of the engine?velectric motors, steam engines, and internal combustion engines vWhats the internal combustion engine? vburns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion

33、into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. Pre-questionsWords & phrasesv Intake manifold mnfld 进气管v throttle rt()l valve vlv 节气门v Cylinder slnd head cover 气缸盖罩v Distributor dstrbjt 分电器v Cylinder cover 气缸盖v Vent-pipe ventpaip 排气管v Cylinder block 气缸体v Spark plug plg 火花塞v timing driving room cov

34、er 正时传动室盖v Timing belt 正时齿轮带Words & phrasesv Camshaft kmft 凸轮轴v Cam pulleypl 凸轮带轮v Crankshaft krkft 曲轴v Crankshaft timing belt gear wheel 曲轴正时齿形带轮v Flywheel 飞轮v Water jacket 水套v Piston pst()n 活塞v Sump smp 油底壳v Mechanism mek()nz()m 机械装置，原理v Connecting rod 连杆v lubricating lu:brikeiti system 润滑系统Si

35、ngle-cylinder enginecylinderpistonPiston pinConnecting rodcrankshaftOil pipeIntake valveExhaust valve Timing gearOil pumpvwhat is the power source of automobile and how to produce?piston piston pin connecting rod crankshaft EnginePower is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. The

36、connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion. Pre-questionsvThe engine comprises two mechanism and five systems, what are they ?v crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism（曲轴连（曲轴连杆装置）杆装置）, v valve gear (阀动装置）阀动装置）, v cooling syste

37、m, v lubricating system, v fuel system, v starting system, v ignition system Pre-questions9connecting rodflywheelcrankshaftpistonintake valveexhaust valvepush rodtappettiming gears Valve gear Connecting rod Engine cooling systemEngine lubricating systemFuel supply systemValve gearv pistonv crankshaf

38、tv distributorv sumpv timing gearv crankshaft and connecting rod mechanismv valve gearv fuel systemv Spark plugv exhaust manifoldIII. ExercisesTranslate the following expressions into Chinese.u活塞u曲轴u分电器u油底壳u正时齿轮u曲柄连杆机构u配气机构u燃油系统u火花塞u排气歧管v 1-cylinder head cover v 2-pistonv 3-timing beltv 4-water pump

39、v 5-sumpv 6-oil pumpv 7-crankshaftv 8-flywheelv 9-distributorv 10-valveIII. ExercisesReading v How an Engine Worksv The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. The

40、actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be classified into four stages, or stroke. “stroke” refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. v propel prpel v. 推动，驱动v limiting position 极限位置vThe internal combustion engine, as its name in

41、dicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.v译文：译文：内燃机，内燃机，顾名思义顾名思义，就是燃料在气缸内部，就是燃料在气缸内部燃烧，并且把燃烧时的膨胀力转化为驱动车辆的燃烧，并且把燃烧时的膨胀力转化为驱动车辆的旋转力。旋转力。II. Text Explanationv Co.v 转变；变换转变；变换v That building has bee

42、n converted into a school. v 那座楼房改成学校了。那座楼房改成学校了。v 兑换兑换 v I want to convert some Hong Kong dollars into American dollars. v 我想把一些港元换成美元。我想把一些港元换成美元。v 改变信仰、党派或意见等改变信仰、党派或意见等 v She managed to convert him to her opinion. v 她终于设法说服了他接受她的意见。她终于设法说服了他接受她的意见。II. Text ExplanationReading v How an Engine Work

43、sv . v The actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be classified into four stages, or stroke.v 发动机气缸内的工作过程可以分为四个过程或冲程发动机气缸内的工作过程可以分为四个过程或冲程。v be classified into.v 分类为、被分成分类为、被分成v Memory can be classified into short-term and long-term memory.v 记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆。记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆。II. Text Explanatio

44、nReading v How an Engine Worksv “Stroke” refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. v “冲程”指的是活塞的运动。当活塞从一个极限位置移动到另一个极限位置，即完成了一次冲程。Reading v The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC(top dead center). The lower limit of piston movem

45、ent is called BDC(bottom dead center). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. v 活塞运动的上极限位置被称为活塞运动的上极限位置被称为TDC（上止点）。（上止点）。v 活塞的下极限位置被称为活塞的下极限位置被称为BDC（下止点）。（下止点）。v 一个冲程是指活塞从上止点运动到下止点或者从下止点运一个冲程是指活塞从上止点运动到下止点或者从下止点运动到上止点。动到上止点。Reading v In other words, the piston completes a st

46、roke each time it changes its direction of motion.v 换句话说，活塞每完成一次冲程就会改变运动方向。vIn other words v In other words, they remain relatively constant or static. v 换句话说，它们相对的稳定、静止。换句话说，它们相对的稳定、静止。v In other words, we have adhered to scientific socialism. v 也就是说，我们坚持了科学社会主义也就是说，我们坚持了科学社会主义Reading v Where the e

47、ntire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power and exhaust.v 气缸内的全部循环运动需要四冲程（或称为二次曲轴转动），这种发动机称为四冲程循环发动机。活塞的四冲程分别为进气行程、压缩行程、做功行程和排气行程。Readingv Intake s

48、troke. On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.v Vaporized v

49、eprazd adj. 汽化的v carburetor ,kbjret n. 汽化器Readingv On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. v “在进气行程中，进气门打开，活塞向下移动，可燃混合在进气行程中，进气门打开，活塞向下移动，可燃混合气通过进气门进入气缸。气通过进气门进入气缸。R

50、eadingv The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor.v 适当浓度的可燃混合气是由燃料系统和化油器提供的。适当浓度的可燃混合气是由燃料系统和化油器提供的。v Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel. It begins to move upwards. As this happens, the int

51、ake valve closes. The exhaust valve is also closed, so that the cylinder is sealed. As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compressed to as little as one-tenth of its original volume, or even less. When the air-fuel mixture is

52、compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder to up, but the temperature of the mixture also increases.v revolving rvlv adj. 旋转的v volume vljum n. 量v After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel. It begins to move upwards. As this happens, the intake valve closes. The exhau

53、st valve is also closed, so that the cylinder is sealed. v 在活塞到达下止点时或者是活塞下限时，活塞开始向上运在活塞到达下止点时或者是活塞下限时，活塞开始向上运动。同时，进气门关闭，排气门也关闭，所以这时的汽缸动。同时，进气门关闭，排气门也关闭，所以这时的汽缸是封闭的。是封闭的。v As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compressed to as

54、little as one-tenth of its original volume, or even less. v 当活塞向上运动时当活塞向上运动时(这时是由转动的曲轴和连杆推动活塞这时是由转动的曲轴和连杆推动活塞)，可燃混合气被压缩。当活塞到达上止点时，可燃混合气，可燃混合气被压缩。当活塞到达上止点时，可燃混合气被压缩到有原体积的十分之下甚至更少。被压缩到有原体积的十分之下甚至更少。v When the air-fuel mixture is compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder to up, but the tem

55、perature of the mixture also increases.v 当油气混合燃料被压缩时，不仅汽缸里的压力上升，可燃混合气的温度也随之增加了。v Power stroke. As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, and electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spar

56、k. The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increased to as much as 3-5MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the cranksh

57、aft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.v As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, and electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. v 当活塞

58、到达压缩行程的上止点时，火花塞产生电火花。v 电火花是由点火系统向火花塞提供高压电脉冲而产生的。vv The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture. It now begins to burn very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increased to as much as 3-5MPa or even more. v电火花点燃可燃混合气。可燃混合气开始发生剧烈燃烧，气缸内压力达到3-5兆帕，甚至更高。v This terrific push against the piston forces it downward

59、, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it.v 作用于活塞上强大的推动力推动活塞向下运动，并将这一推力通过连杆传到曲轴上的连杆轴颈上。v 因此，当活塞受压向下运动时，推动曲轴转动。v Exhaust stroke. As the piston reaches BDC again, th

60、e exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust-valve port. Then, when the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closed and the intake valve opens. Now, a fresh charge of air-fuel mixture will be drawn into the cyli