英语修饰语及三大从句

1、Review of Lecture I Comparative studies of English and Chinese Translation techniques Diction Amplification Omission Conversion Restructuring Passive voice vs. active voiceLecture II Translation of Subordinate Clauses Nominal clauses/appositive clauses Attributive/relative clauses Adverbial clauses

2、Sample translations Exercises Translation of Chinese Sentences: stages and strategiesCONTENTS Nouns and Nominal Clauses Appositive clauses Modifiers and Attributive Clauses/ relative clauses Adverbial Clausesnouns Countability and Number Proper and Common Nouns Abstract and Concrete Nouns Gender Num

3、erals Possessive Case Pronouns1. 用名词替代动词可以使行文和表意更为简洁，用名词替代动词可以使行文和表意更为简洁，这符合现代英语总的发展趋势。这符合现代英语总的发展趋势。 Eric Partridge认为，将动词转化为名词是英语极普遍、极有效认为，将动词转化为名词是英语极普遍、极有效的构词方法。的构词方法。Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself from the cala

4、mities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man. 探索科学，也就是追求知识，使人类获得了避免探索科学，也就是追求知识，使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的能力。天灾人祸的能力。 I gave the situation a big think for about two seconds.The film is an absolute must-see.Another departure from the recent White House practices is the absence of dancing.If you step o

5、ver to window 4, youd have a shorter wait.2. 名词用作形容词名词用作形容词mood music moonlight stroll government viewslove match college bills all-night discussion3. 成语名词替代短语动词成语名词替代短语动词：flunk-out 考试不及格考试不及格 work-in 静坐罢工静坐罢工walk-in 简易门诊部简易门诊部 walk-off 退席，退场退席，退场wipe-out 失败失败 set-up 组织，团体组织，团体lead-in创举，开篇创举，开篇 brea

6、k-down 故障故障upkeep 维修维修Whoever comes to our public library will be welcome.什么人到我们公共图书馆来都欢迎。什么人到我们公共图书馆来都欢迎。I understand that he is well qualified, but I feel that he needs more experience.我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多经验。我知道他完全够条件，但我觉得他需要更多经验。 We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.

7、关于他走哪条路线，我们还没有确切消息。关于他走哪条路线，我们还没有确切消息。 They are very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender.对于他宁可自杀也不投降的这种假设，他们很怀疑对于他宁可自杀也不投降的这种假设，他们很怀疑。英语名词从句的译法英语名词从句的译法 The fact that the gravity of the earth pulls everything towards the center of the earth explains many thi

8、ngs.地球引力把一切东西都吸向地心这一事实解释了地球引力把一切东西都吸向地心这一事实解释了许多现象。许多现象。 An order has been given that the researchers who are now in the skylab should be sent back. 已下命令将现在在航天实验室的研究人员送回来已下命令将现在在航天实验室的研究人员送回来。翻译英语形容词时，要注意一下几点：翻译英语形容词时，要注意一下几点：汉语部分重叠式形容词是英语所没有的，英译汉语部分重叠式形容词是英语所没有的，英译时只能采取近义词表达。例如：时只能采取近义词表达。例如：乱蓬蓬的胡子

9、乱蓬蓬的胡子 unkempt (scraggly) beard亮堂堂的亮堂堂的 brightly lit绿油油的绿油油的 rich green; glistening green1. 冷冰冰的冷冰冰的 ice cold英语修饰语的译法英语修饰语的译法2. 注意比较下面词组的不同含义：注意比较下面词组的不同含义：A golden age/a gold watch; silken hair/ silk stockingsA wooden face/ a wood floor; her pleasing manner/her pleased lookI have time enough./I hav

10、e enough time.He is sure of his own success. / He is sure to succeed. The late Mr. Smith/ He is late again.The proper thing to do/ China proper/ grammar properThe man responsible/ the responsible man英语形容词的译法 意义载量较大的形容词的译法意义载量较大的形容词的译法Dawn met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride

11、. He had some cheerful wine at the party.She became a poor third in the English-speaking contest.The two ladies gave each other agegroup looks. 起起“重心修饰重心修饰”作用的形容词的译法作用的形容词的译法 The chapter ensuing treats of the comparative application in predicting plot runoff. A tiny staggerer came suddenly rocking i

12、nto the yard. Pressing down the button of the alarm-clock, he curled up for a last warm moment under the bed clothes. Choosing a strategy to cope with the grown-up world, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 在矛盾修饰语中的形容词的译法在

13、矛盾修饰语中的形容词的译法glorious defeat; sweet sorrow; walking corpse; mercy killing; cruelly kind; living death; open secret; busy idleness; painful pleasure; a cheerful pessimist; creative destruction; delicious tiredness; eloquent silent; conspicuous absence; 英语副词的译法某些副词修饰形容词时可以表达丰富的信息，汉译某些副词修饰形容词时可以表达丰富的信息

14、，汉译时要尽量多地传达信息，并尽量表达得自然流畅。时要尽量多地传达信息，并尽量表达得自然流畅。His history is unchallengedly true.The unbelievably beautiful scenery of that place attracts a lot of tourists every day.Few people consider her justifiably wrong.1.This fact is brutally true. He is admittedly reliable. We were pleasantly surprised at t

15、he profit we made. He was a small man, deceptively frail-looking for one of his immense energy. This plan is open to discussion budgetwise.比较级的特殊翻译法比较级的特殊翻译法1. 比较级用作比喻：当形容词、副词的比较级用于不比较级用作比喻：当形容词、副词的比较级用于不同事物的比拟时，需要用表示比喻意义的词语进行翻同事物的比拟时，需要用表示比喻意义的词语进行翻译。译。Our village is not less beautiful than this pi

16、cture.A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.Your father is not Lord Driver any more than my uncles president.2.比较级用于委婉否定：表示委婉的批评，温和的责比较级用于委婉否定：表示委婉的批评，温和的责备和含蓄的否定备和含蓄的否定You might

17、have been more careful.I knew better than to more another leg.3.比较级表示对照，对比某人或某物的不同特性或特比较级表示对照，对比某人或某物的不同特性或特征，肯定前者，否定后者。征，肯定前者，否定后者。You got more nerve than brains!Your comment is more bravely made than correct.4. 比较级表示强调比较级表示强调There is a woman like a dewdrop, shes so purer than the purest.英 语 定 语 从

18、句 译 法兼有状语职能的定语从句译法兼有状语职能的定语从句译法 The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few person whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. Men

19、 become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. Exercises状 语 从 句 译 法 英语的副词性从句无论在结构外形上和内涵表意英语的副词性从句无论在结构外形上和内涵表意上都与汉语的状语从句大致对等，但仍要强调以下上都与汉语的状语从句大致对等，但仍要强调以下要注意的问题要注意的问题:1. 如果条件状语从句或让步状语从句在整个句子中如果条件状语从句或让步状语从句在整个句子中的语气较弱的语气较弱,可以把主句译到前面，而把从句译到可以把主句译到前面，而把从句译到后面，

20、这种欧式句型借用以后，已经成了汉语的一后面，这种欧式句型借用以后，已经成了汉语的一种组句方式，例如：种组句方式，例如：（1）他非坚持把活干完不可，尽管（虽然）他已）他非坚持把活干完不可，尽管（虽然）他已连续工作了十多个小时了。连续工作了十多个小时了。（2）明天我们一定去长城游览，如果（要是）天）明天我们一定去长城游览，如果（要是）天不下雨的话。不下雨的话。但译成这样的句式要根据上下文的语境，不能刻意但译成这样的句式要根据上下文的语境，不能刻意为之。为之。2. 翻译中对于连词的使用能省略就省略，以便发挥翻译中对于连词的使用能省略就省略，以便发挥汉语的汉语的“意合意合”优势。使用的连词越少，汉语译

21、文优势。使用的连词越少，汉语译文就越能符合汉语的表达习惯。就越能符合汉语的表达习惯。3. 英语的状语从句译成汉语时，其在汉语中的位置英语的状语从句译成汉语时，其在汉语中的位置可灵活处理。可灵活处理。He must be ill, for he is absent.As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship.When we were about to get away a police car came to the front door. Most comets are so dim that they cannot be

22、seen by the naked eye.I wont go when it rains.They have it but you dont so they are very haughty.He is mad to such an extent that he beat his father.When Lister read of these experiments he saw that in them, as he had long suspected, lay the final clue to his own problems.Scientists believe that lif

23、e on earth began before its atmosphere was transformed from hydrogen and hydrogen compounds to oxygen and nitrogen.He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour.Lover of town as I am, I realize that

24、 I owe a debt to my early country life.exercisesexercises李斯特在读到有关这些实验的报告时，从中找到李斯特在读到有关这些实验的报告时，从中找到了最终解决他的问题的线索了最终解决他的问题的线索这正是他长期以来这正是他长期以来未敢肯定的。未敢肯定的。科学家们相信，地球上的生命在大气由氢和氢化科学家们相信，地球上的生命在大气由氢和氢化合物变为氧和氮之前就已开始。合物变为氧和氮之前就已开始。他轻轻推开房门，悄悄溜了出去，以免惊醒她。他轻轻推开房门，悄悄溜了出去，以免惊醒她。迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。迟到一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。我

25、虽然热爱城市，但我仍承认早年的乡村生活使我虽然热爱城市，但我仍承认早年的乡村生活使我受益不浅。我受益不浅。 1When Im having trouble with a story and think about giving up or when I start to feel sorry for myself and think things should be easier for me, I roll a piece of paper into that cranky old machine and type, word by painful word, just the way Mo

26、ther did. What I remember then is not her failure, but her courage, the courage to go ahead. (1) 每当我写文章有麻烦想放弃时每当我写文章有麻烦想放弃时，或是开始为自己觉得遗或是开始为自己觉得遗憾和认为事情对我本应容易一些时，我就往那台破旧的打字憾和认为事情对我本应容易一些时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像母亲当年那样，打着一个又一个痛苦的机里卷进一张纸，像母亲当年那样，打着一个又一个痛苦的字。这时，我想起的不是母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种字。这时，我想起的不是母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种

27、一往无前的勇气。一往无前的勇气。 (2) 每当我因文章难写想每当我因文章难写想打退堂鼓，打退堂鼓，或是或是自叹命不如人、老自叹命不如人、老天不公时，天不公时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像母亲我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像母亲当年那样，当年那样，一个字一个字吃力地打着一个字一个字吃力地打着。这时，我想起的不是。这时，我想起的不是母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种一往无前的勇气。母亲的失败，而是她的勇气，那种一往无前的勇气。Cobra in the RoomuThe country is India. A colonial official and his wife are givi

28、ng a large dinner party. They are seated with their guestsarmy officers and government attaches and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.uA spirited discussion springs up

29、 between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown the jump-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a colonel who says that they havent.u“A womans unfailing reaction in any crisis,” the colonel says, “is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has the ounce more of nerve control

30、 than a woman has. And that last ounce is what counts.”uThe American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. With a slight gesture she sum

31、mons the native boy standing behind her chair, and whispers to him. The boys eyes widen, he quickly leaves. uOf the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors.uThe American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a b

32、owl means only one thingbait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the raftersthe likeliest placebut they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place leftunder the tab

33、le.uHis first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so arresting that it sobers everyone.u“I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundredthats f

34、ive minutesand not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready!”uThe 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying “two hundred and eighty” when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as

35、 he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.u“You were right, Colonel!” the host exclaims. “A man has just shown us an example of perfect control.”u“Just a minute,” the American says, turning to his hostess. “Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?”uA faint smile lights up the

36、womans face as she replies, “Because it was crawling across my foot.”筵席设在宽敞的饭厅里，室内大理石地筵席设在宽敞的饭厅里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯，顶上是敞露的橡木，板上没有铺地毯，顶上是敞露的橡木，两扇宽大的玻璃门通向走廊。就座的宾两扇宽大的玻璃门通向走廊。就座的宾客中有陆军军官、政府官员及夫人们，客中有陆军军官、政府官员及夫人们，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。u57Magnesium and its alloys are quite late arrivals for enginee

37、rs to use.镁及其合金是工程师们使用的新型工程材料。镁及其合金是工程师们使用的新型工程材料。u58From life to death is a mans reach.人生历程就是从生到死。人生历程就是从生到死。u59I dont think we have asked for anything that they havent done.我认为我们要求的事情，他们都一一办到了。我认为我们要求的事情，他们都一一办到了。u60Mother, I told him in no uncertain terms that I wouldnt marry him.母亲，我很坚决地告诉他了，我不愿

38、意嫁给他。母亲，我很坚决地告诉他了，我不愿意嫁给他。u61There had been a meeting of minds.大家取得了一致的看法。大家取得了一致的看法。u62News came through on the wireless of a rich oil field near the sea.无线电传来了近海发现丰富油田的消息。无线电传来了近海发现丰富油田的消息。u63Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要替家里人争口气。我们的儿子一定得上学，

39、一定要替家里人争口气。u64These men are taking from me in ten minutes what it takes a week to make.这些人用十分钟从我手里夺走的东西，我得花一星这些人用十分钟从我手里夺走的东西，我得花一星期才能弥补。期才能弥补。u65She makes a good teacher, as she has a good student.她原她原先是个好学生，现在是个好老师。先是个好学生，现在是个好老师。u66They parted enemies.他们不欢而散，成了仇敌。他们不欢而散，成了仇敌。u67It was an uphill j

40、ob.这件事办起来如同爬山，吃力得很。这件事办起来如同爬山，吃力得很。u68Further delay would cause us greater losses. 我们如果再耽我们如果再耽搁，将会蒙受更大的损失。搁，将会蒙受更大的损失。u69The year 1871 witnessed the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune. 1871年爆发了英勇的巴黎公社起义。年爆发了英勇的巴黎公社起义。u70Some say fear and caution are now a part of their daily routine.有人说，现在总是提心吊胆地

41、过日子。有人说，现在总是提心吊胆地过日子。u71The sight of his native place called back his childhood.见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。u72Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.电动机发明之后，电才开始造福于人类。电动机发明之后，电才开始造福于人类。u73Such subtle flattery got him almost everything.他溜须他溜须拍马的手段运用得娴熟自如，想

42、捞到的东西几乎都捞到了。拍马的手段运用得娴熟自如，想捞到的东西几乎都捞到了。u74There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character.他的性格既残暴又狡猾。他的性格既残暴又狡猾。u75His preoccupation with business left little time for his family.他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。u76He is a dapper sixty-three.他今年已六十三岁，但身子骨他今年已六十三岁，但身子骨却很硬朗。却很

43、硬朗。u77He had some cheerful wine at the party.聚会时他喝了些酒，聚会时他喝了些酒，于是便浑身来劲儿。于是便浑身来劲儿。u78His story is unchallengedly true.他的话是无可辩驳的事实。他的话是无可辩驳的事实。u79Few people consider her justifiably wrong.几乎没人认为她的错误几乎没人认为她的错误是情有可原的。是情有可原的。u80We were pleasantly surprised at the profit we made.我们获得了我们获得了利润，惊喜交加。利润，惊喜交加。

44、u81This plan is open to discussion budgetwise.这一方案就预算而言这一方案就预算而言还有待讨论。还有待讨论。u82The children are always up to amusing tricks.孩子们总喜欢调皮孩子们总喜欢调皮捣蛋寻开心。捣蛋寻开心。u83As I was sitting down to supper, the telephone must ring.正当我正当我坐下来用晚餐时，偏偏电话铃响了。坐下来用晚餐时，偏偏电话铃响了。u84It would amount to putting the cart before the

45、horse.这不是本末这不是本末倒置吗？倒置吗？u85The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。u86 Children should be taught to speak the truth.应该教导儿童讲老应该教导儿童讲老实话。实话。u87You are being stupid.你故意装傻。你故意装傻。u88Youre being merely childish.你这

46、样做简直是孩子气。你这样做简直是孩子气。u89My brother is not what he used to be.我弟弟不是他从前的那个我弟弟不是他从前的那个样子了。样子了。u90What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.过去认为不可能的事，已成了现实。过去认为不可能的事，已成了现实。u91It isnt much whether he works; the question is whether he works at all.他干多少并不重要，问题是他到底有没有干。他干多少并不重要，问题是他到底有没有干

47、。u92When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他常常聚精会神地工作，他常常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。这时他会废寝忘食。u93He is a professor, as is clear from his manner.他是个教授，这他是个教授，这可以从他的举止明显地看出来。可以从他的举止明显地看出来。u94She tiptoed to the bed where the child lay asleep.孩子睡着了，孩子睡着了，她踮着

48、脚尖走到他床前。她踮着脚尖走到他床前。u95The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policemen. 小偷正要逃跑时，被警察抓住了。小偷正要逃跑时，被警察抓住了。u96Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy.当把电供给电灯时，电能就会变成光能。当把电供给电灯时，电能就会变成光能。u97Nothing is difficult in the world for anyone, who dares to scale

49、 the height.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。世上无难事，只要肯登攀。u98He likes Miss Nancy, who despises him.尽管南希小姐讨厌他，尽管南希小姐讨厌他，他却很喜欢她。他却很喜欢她。u99She had a balance at her banks which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行里的存款，足够使她到处受到欢迎。她在银行里的存款，足够使她到处受到欢迎。u100As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship.沙沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。

50、漠似海，骆驼似舟。u101A bad book is the worse that cannot repent.一本坏书因一本坏书因为无法消除其影响，所以更加有害。为无法消除其影响，所以更加有害。u102I could understand his point of view, in that Id been in a similar position.我能理解他的观点，因为我自己也有过类似的处境。我能理解他的观点，因为我自己也有过类似的处境。u103The boy fell down from the ladder before he knew it.那那个男孩不知怎么就从梯子上摔了下来。个

51、男孩不知怎么就从梯子上摔了下来。u104He has made what I am.我之有今日都是他给的。我之有今日都是他给的。u105You are posted in what had preceded all this, but I was not.你你现在已经明白了这件事的全部原委，但我当时却全然不知。现在已经明白了这件事的全部原委，但我当时却全然不知。u106I haunted all the meetings in London where debates followed lectures.伦敦的集会，凡是演讲结束后接着进行辩论的，我都参加。伦敦的集会，凡是演讲结束后接着进行辩论的，我都参加。u107It is no time for me to hide anything.什么东西都来不什么东西都来不及藏起来。及藏起来。u108The fog made it difficult to calculate the distance.雾雾大得看不出距离来。大得看不出距离来。u109Rumor has it that there w