设计思路：本单元的Grammar主要讲的是不定式和动名词的用

1、设计思路：本单元的Grammar主要讲的是不定式和动名词的用法。目的在于让学生了解动词不定式在句中的六个主要作用以及否定式、完成式、进行式、一般式被动、完成式被动、不定式复合结构。第二个语法内容是动名词在句中的四个功能和否定式、完成式、一般式被动、完成式被动、动名词复合结构。在课件的开始用一个flash(过山车)作为导入激发学生的兴趣,由此展开对动词不定式的学习。在整个过程中，始终坚持曹老师22字教学法中先练后讲的原则，在实践中由学生自己总结，老师再作适当的补充。作为高二的学生，适当了解一些高考题考查该语法的热点和考点是十分必要的。 Unit 1 Module 4Grammar and usa

2、geTo-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun南京市第三高级中学南京市第三高级中学 秦永法秦永法 吴涛吴涛Part 1 To-infinitive 1.to do as a subjectThe cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”. 不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形作形式主语。式主语。 The cat

3、said, “Its terrible to take roller coaster.”How long did it take you to take roller coaster?How terrible it is to take roller coaster!过山车. wmv不定式作主语常见句型：不定式作主语常见句型： a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式不定式b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式不定式c) It takes/needs/r

4、equires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式不定式It requires patience to be a good teacher.Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School. 2.to do as a predictiveOur most important task now is to make a plan.当句子的主语是当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion

5、, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或等或者主语是者主语是what引导的名词性从句引导的名词性从句时，后面可时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。容。注：注：作表语的不定式都带作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分，但当主语部分有实义动词有实义动词do时，时，to可以省略可以省略。Now the only thing we can do is wait.3.to do as an object The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定

6、为不定式否定为not to)a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish2005年天津卷年天津卷12题：题：I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.A. to sound B. to be s

7、ounded C. sounding D. to have sounded 当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it作形式宾语，常用动词有作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。等。The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.b) 只有少数介词如只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都

8、带带to，但，但如果如果but或或except所在句子里的谓语动所在句子里的谓语动词含有词含有do, does, did时，通常省略时，通常省略to。We have no choice but to wait.Cf. We can do nothing but wait.4. to do as an object complementYou should get them to help you .(They will help you.)They believed him to be honest.(He was honest.)(常用谓语动词有常用谓语动词有: get,ask,force,

9、 order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等等。)但在谓语动词但在谓语动词believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面等后面 跟跟to be作宾补作宾补,不跟不跟to doThe boss made her work long hours. 主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补She主语主语was made 谓语谓语to work 主补主补long hours (by her boss).2005全国卷全国卷(I)No

10、.18While watching television, _.A. The doorbell rangB. The doorbell ringsC. We heard the doorbell ringD. We heard the doorbell rings2005福建卷福建卷No.23If anyone happens to drop in while Im out, _ him or her leave a message.A. have B. get C. ask D.tellTips:有些动词后面须接有些动词后面须接不带不带to的不定式做宾语补足语的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词

11、有常用的动词有:make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等等,但是句子变成被动语态后但是句子变成被动语态后, 不定式不定式成为句子的主语补足语成为句子的主语补足语,需带需带to.I would rather _ (go) swimming.You had better _ (tidy) your bedroom.Why not _ (visit) your cousin in Japan?gotidyvisitTips:有些句型后面须接有些句型后面须接不带不带to的不定式。的不定式

12、。She told me _(be) cheerful and _(look) on the bright side.We had nothing _(do) but _(watch) TV.to belookto dowatchTips: 当两个不定式当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than或或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式连接起来时，第二个不定式符号符号省略。省略。5. to do as an attributive能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有以带不定式作定语。常见的有attemp

13、t, decision, promise, plan等等He has not kept his promise _(write) to his parents regularly.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：She made a decision _(go)abroad for a year.to writeto go常与不定式搭配的形容词，其常与不定式搭配的形容词，其 同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有常见的有ability, determin

14、ation, anxiety, eagerness等等His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.序数词序数词,形容词最高级或被形容词最高级或被only, last, next等等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动

15、词，它后面需要加上如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词适当介词。Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主谓关系主谓关系)I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位关系同位关系)She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting)Theres nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(动宾关系动宾关系

16、) 6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作状语，不定式可以作状语， 表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。so as to (不能放句首不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语作目的状语2005年辽宁卷年辽宁卷22题：题：All these gifts must be mailedimmediately _ in time for Christmas.A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be re

17、ceiving在在soas to, suchas to, only to 结构中不定式作结构中不定式作结果状语，其中结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。用于表示意想不到的结果。He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone.A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have foundenough to, tooto结构结构The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.

18、形容词（形容词（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）等）+ 不定式结构作原因不定式结构作原因状语状语Im glad to meet you.7. 作插入语作插入语，用来说明说话人的，用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如如to be frank（坦白地说），（坦白地说），to be sure（确实）（确实）等。等。To tell you the truth, I hate you.8. 作同位语作同位

19、语The order to start the general attack soon came.不定式复合结构不定式复合结构:以以it为形式主语或形式宾语引为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质就用：就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可这种复合结构在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状等。作主、表、宾、定、状等。It is necessary for us to go there.(主语主语)There is no need for him to leave.(定语定语)My suggestion is for

20、you to do the job.(表语表语)如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中。这种句式中的常用形容词有：的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。等。Its very kind of you to come to see me.It was foolish of him to beli

21、eve her.I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.Tips:连接代（副）词连接代（副）词+不定式不定式（包括包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包不包括括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动等动词后作主、宾或表语。词后作主、宾或表语。No one can tell me where to find John.When to the e

22、xam is still unknown.The problem is how to get enough money.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式：to be + V-ing, 用来表示用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。行。Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.不定式完成式：不定式完成式：to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。构成，用来表示动作发生

23、在谓语动作之前。2005年江苏卷年江苏卷No.25 - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left2006年四川卷年四川卷No.26The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008.A. hold B. holding C. held

24、 D. to be heldThe book is said to have been translated into many languages.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。不定式的被动式分为一般式被动不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和和完成式被动完成式被动to have been V-edThe question is difficult to answer.=The question is difficult for me to answer.=It is d

25、ifficult for me to answer the question.He is hard to get along with.=It is hard to get along with him.表语表语主语主语宾语宾语不定式宾语补足语宾语补足语定语定语状语状语Homework:P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to-infinitives. P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives.Part 2Verb-ing form as a noun1.动名词的句法功能：动名词的句法功能：动名词由动词加动名

26、词由动词加ing构构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。语和定语。作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用作主语，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。置。Seeing is believing. (眼见为实眼见为实)Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯

27、表答法：It is no use (good) + 动名词动名词：做某事没用：做某事没用(不好不好)Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收覆水难收)Its no good spitting in public.There is no + 动名词动名词 (= It is impossible to do sth.)There is no knowing what may happen.（未来（未来的事无法知道）的事无法知道）作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobb

28、y is collecting stamps. (此句为此句为SVC结构结构) 可改为可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓是谓语动词进行时，此句为语动词进行时，此句为SVO结构结构) 不能改为不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.2005年上海卷年上海卷No.32He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _ the good opportunity. A. to

29、lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost2006年北京卷年北京卷No.35.I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stoppingB. to work; stopping C. working; to stopD. To work; to stop作宾语作宾语A.作及物动词的宾语作及物动词的宾语 (stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, conside

30、r, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss)2006年江苏卷年江苏卷N0.32-There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.-My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old.A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been Tips:有些动词（有些动词（ continue, prefer,b

31、egin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。具体某一种动作。I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving to riding.有些动词，如有些动词，如forget

32、, remember, regret等，后面接动等，后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。作后于谓语动词。2005年北京卷年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：在下列句型中动名词作真正宾

33、语：动词动词+it（形式宾语）（形式宾语）+宾补宾补+动名词（真正宾语）动名词（真正宾语）B. 作介词的宾语作介词的宾语 2005年浙江卷年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the businessmeeting for nearly an hour without _ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying onbe used to doing 习惯于做；习惯于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；盼望做；devote ones life to doing

34、 致力于做；致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花时间做；花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；擅长做；be proud of doing 为做为做而自豪；而自豪；be tired of doing 对做对做感到厌倦；感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做；欲想做；go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；继续做（原来的事）；keep on doing 不停地做；不停地做；what about doing 做做怎么怎么样；样；think of doing 考虑做；考虑做；be interested i

35、n doing 对对做做感兴趣；感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；忙于做；instead of doing 做做而不做而不做2005年江苏卷年江苏卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up作定语作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作改写；而现