初中英语语法句子成分

1、句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语主要成分：主语和谓语1、主语是动作或状态的主语。主语的位置：一般位于句首由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词和从句充当。The school is far from here.名词做主语She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语Eight is a lucky number.数词做主语Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语What we shall do next is not yet de

2、cided. 从句充当主要2、谓语表示主语的动作或状态.动词由动词或动词短语充当谓语动词有人称、数、时态、语态的变化。分析句子的主语和谓语His parents are teachers . 系动词和表语构成谓语Mr. Li teaches English. 行为动词做谓语He can play the piano. 情态动词和行为动词构成谓语We have finished reading the book.助动词和实义动词构成谓语3、宾语是动作的对象或承受者。及物动词必须跟宾语.对谓语对的进一步解释说明及物动词：直接接宾语的谓语动词.不及物动词：不能直接带宾语的谓语动词.宾语可由名词、代词

3、、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成I saw a plane in the sky just now.名词做宾语We often help him .代词做宾语He likes to play basketb all.不定式做宾语I want three. 数词做宾语I enjoy going shopping .动名词做宾语He said that he felt sick .从句做宾语4、表语用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。表语的位置：动，be和系动词后。系表结构合起来共同组成谓语I an a teacher.The are on the playground now.It sound

4、s interesting.Your pen is on the desk.He got very angry.My dream is to have a robot.常见的系动词1 . be动词2 .与感觉有关的动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3 .表示状态变化的动词，意为 变得“变成”如get, grow, turn等上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语，千万不能用副词。5、宾语补足语（宾补）有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外，还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语（宾补），有时候句子的意思就不完整。充当宾补的有：1 .形容词作宾语补足语The sun k

5、eeps us warm .2 .介词短语作宾语补足语：I found her in the room .3 .名词作宾语补足语。We made him monitor of the class .4 .动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。I asked him to come.6、定语修饰名词或代词（即在汉语里的 的）定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物的，动词不能有定语，形容词也没有定语可以是一个词，也可以是几个词，或一词组，也可能是一个从句1 .形容词作定语（一般放在被修饰语之前，修饰不定代词时放在后面）They have a clever son.I have something import

6、ant to tell you.2 .名词作定语：名词作定语一般用单数形式，如：school bus, ticket office, paper flowers但也有例夕卜，如：sports meeting, clothes shopman和woman修饰的名词如果是复数，它们总以复数的形式作定语，如：men drivers , women doctors3 .代词作定语：This song is better than that one .4 .数词作定语：There are only thirty students in our class.带有数字的复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时

7、，其中的名词要用单数形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5 .副词作定语（放在被修饰词之叵）：Do you know the young man over there ?6 .介词短语作定语（放在被修饰词 5）:The students in our class like swimming.7、状语说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等。有的修饰全句，用以说明地点、时间、 方式、程度、 原因、目的、 结果、 条件、 让步位置比较灵活，句首、句中和句末。 1 .副词作状语：The old man is walking slowly . 表方式The bo

8、y is very clever. 表程度2 .介词短语作状语：I have lived in Shanghai f or five years . 表时间3 .不定式作状语I come here to see you. 表目的4 .现在分词作状语The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand . 表方式5 . 状语从句t rain tomor.rowWel l go shopping if it doesn 状语的位置1. 在一般情况下,用于句末。We like our school very much .2. 为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首I

9、 usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中, 如 always, usually, often, hardly, never,行为动词前，be动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副词, 如 already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly 等用法相似sometimes, now 可以位于句首,句中或句末o

10、nly 在句中的位置比较灵活, 但位置不同, 意义也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后.We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语, 其顺序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词

11、, 时间副词She sang very well at the meeting last night .时间和地点状语也可以位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.动词-ed形式作定语，表语，宾语补足语和状语一、动词-ed形式作定语过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧，渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词（the ParticipleAdjective）,实际上相当于一个单纯的形容词，除表示 完成”的动作之外，还表示

12、 被动”的意义。如：spoken English （英语口语）;iced beer （冰冻啤酒）；cooked food （熟食）;fried chips （炸土豆条）;但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示完成”的动作，而不表示 被动”意义。如：boiled water（开水）;fallen leaves（落叶）;the risen sun（升起的太阳）等。前置定语 单个的动词-ed形式，一般放在被修饰的名词的前面，作前置定语。The excited people rushed into building.激动的人们冲进大楼。（=the people who were excited）Lost

13、time can never be found again . 虚度的时光 ，无法挽回。 （=time which is lost）（2）后置定语 少数单个动词的-ed形式，如left等，只能作后置定语。1. Everything used should be marked .所有用过的东西应该做好标记。2. Among the invited were some ladies .被邀请的人中，有些是女士。3. The books left are for my students .剩下的书是给我的学生的。动词-ed形式短语彳定语时，通常要放在被修饰的名词的后面，在意思上相当于一个定语从句。及

14、物动词的过去分词作定语用来表示被动，可改为带被动语态的定语从句；不及物动词的过去分词（仅限于单个过去分词，且不能后置）则表 示完成，可改为带有完成时态的定语从句。1. Is there anything planned for tonight?今晚有什么活动吗 ？ （=that has been planned for tonight）2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success .这次会议有很多人出席，开得很成功。（=which wasattended by a lot of people）3. We drank som

15、e boiled water （=which had boiled ）and went on with our work.我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作。注意:这里的过去分词的逻辑主语应是被修饰的词，改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致。二、动词-ed形式作表语 过去分词作表语并无完成或被动”之意，而是表示主语的状态或思想感情等。如：He looked worried after reading the letter .看完信后，他显得很忧虑。When we heard of it, we were deeply moved .当我们听到这件事时 ，被深深地感动了。He seemed quite d

16、elighted at the idea .听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。常见的作表语的过去分词有：amused（愉快的）; broken（碎了的）；closed（关闭的）;astonished（吃惊的）;crowded（拥挤的）;experienced（有经验 的）;delighted（高兴的）；lost（丢失的）；gone（遗失的）；disappointed（失望的）;worried（担忧的）;interested（感兴趣的） tired（疲劳的）pleased（高兴的）；satisfied（满意的）； surprised（吃惊的）;married（已婚的）； known（著名的）等等 三、

17、动词-ed形式作宾语补足语能用作宾语补足语的过去分词一般都是及物动词，表示被动意义或已完成意义，有时候两者兼而有之。作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。She found the door broken in when she came back .她回来时发现有人破门而人。My grandfather had his old house rebuilt .我爷爷找人重修了一下他的旧房子。少数不及物动词的过去分词用作宾补时，强调动作完成后的状态.They found all the guests gone when they woke up.当他们醒来时

18、，发现所有的客人都走了。动词-ed形式作宾语补足语的基本用法动词的-ed形式可以在 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一结构中，动词-ed形式和它前面的宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系。如果这种句子改为被动语态，原来的宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。1. I must get my bike repaired .我必须请人修理自行车。（宾语补足语）2. The girl was found beaten black and blue .人们发现那女孩被打得青一块紫一块。（主语补足语）动词-ed形式可作表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语补足语，这类动词包括 see, hear, watch

19、, notice, feel, find,think, suppose, consider 等。We thought the game lost .我们认为球赛输了。I have never heard him spoken ill of others.我从未听过有人说他的坏话。They considered the matter settled .他们认为这问题解决了。（2）动词-ed形式可作使役动词的宾语补足语，这类动词包括 make, get, have, keep, leave, hold 等。I have my hair cut once a month .我每个月理一次发。He w

20、as trying to make himself understood .他正努力使别人听懂自己。h have侵语+done”结构有三个含义：（请人）把某事做完。She had her house repaired ,她请人把屋子修好了。Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理的发 ？遭遇某种意外情况。He had his hat blown away on his way home .在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。She had her wallet stolen yesterday. 昨天她的钱包被偷 了。完成某事（自己也可能参与）。I have ha

21、d all my spelling mistakes corrected .我把所有的拼写错误都改正了。He has had one thousand yuan saved this year . 他今年已存了 1000元。（3）动词-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等动词的宾语补足语，这类动词包括like , want, wish, expect, order 等”这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语。He won t lie such questions discussed at the meeting . 他不喜欢在会议上讨论这样的问题。The students wish the TV seri

22、al plays continued .学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去。（4）过去分词用在“with优语+宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.小偷被带进来了，双手被反绑在后面。四，过去分词作状语1 .过去分词作状语表示被动或完成，但有些过去分词（短语）因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样的过去分词（短语） 常见的有: lost （迷路 ）; seated （坐 ）; absorbed in （全神贯注于）; dressed in （穿着）; tire

23、d of （ 厌烦 ）等。如：Absorbed in deep thought, he didn t hea因用源OUnd思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。2 .过去分词作状语来源于状语从句，在句中一般能作五种状语，即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如：Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。（Caught in a heavy rain 相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain）Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fas

24、t. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。（Grown in rich soil 相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil）注意：当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，才可以把从句的主语省略，且省略掉的主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲的表示状态。把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成 连词+过去分词”结构作状语，即“while （when, once,until, if, though 等连词）+过去分词”结构。如：When given a medical examination, you should keep ca

25、lm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didn t lose heart.尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了，但他们并没有灰心。 练一练 I. 用所给词的适当形式填空，并与A-D 的汉语翻译相匹配。impress; pour; speak 1. Once , a word becomes a promise.3 . Once , water cannot be taken back again.4 . by the beautiful scenery, I forgot to go back home in time.A.覆水难收B.流连忘返 C.一言既出，驷马难追II. 用所给词的适当形式填空。1. （see） from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful to us.2. （give） time, he ll make a first class tennis player.3. （look） out of th