《备考英语语法大全》word版

1、精品高中重点语法精讲高中英语语法现象很多。为了便于区别，不同的语法现象被赋予了不同的语法概念或名称每个语法现象对应着一个自己的 “名字。语法概念或名称是语法现象的高度浓缩和概括，准确的理解把握语法概念或名称对解决相关的语法题目，起着事半功倍的作用。下面所述的重点语法问题均从语法概念或名称入手，使得繁琐难懂的语法问题变得通俗易懂便于掌握。主谓一致概念透析:定义：主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。解法指南：1就近原那么-谓语和最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致：1)两个做主语的名词或代词由either or ,neithernor ,not only but also, or 连接时，谓语动词与最近

2、的主语保持一致Not only he but also I am a teacher. Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.The manager or his assistant was planning to go. 2) there be/ here be 结构中be 动词与后面的最近的名词保持一致。There is a pen and two books on the desk.Here is a letter and a book for you.3)倒装结构 He works well in th

3、e factory, so does she. The boy doesnt like playing football, neither/nor does his younger brother.On the top of the hill stands a temple.4) one of +复数名词+which / that /who(引导定语从句) +谓语用复数; that/which 引导定语从句，谓语动词与先行词一致。He is one of students who dare to catch snake.区别： He is the only one of students wh

4、o dares to catch snake.I，who am a warm-hearted man, will do what I can do to help you.2 就远原那么谓语动词的人称和数与最远最前面的主语保持一致：1主语后面跟as well as, with ,together with, in addition to，besides，along with, including ;except, but, not; like 短语时谓语动词和最前面的名词一致A boy with his parents is going to zoo next week.Nobody but

5、the students is in the classroom.She not I likes playing volleyball.2each 作同位语时，它不决定单复数。谓语动词跟前面的主语一致。They each have a dictionary. 区别：each of them has a dictionary.3) the only/very one of +复数名词+which / that /who +谓语用单数He is the only one of students who dares to catch snake.3 意义一致原那么-指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，

6、因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。1集合名词，作为整体时看为单数，强调个体时看作复数。 如：Group/class/committee/family/army/team/audience/government/staffMy family are having lunch now. (family强调个体)My family has moved into the new house. (family强调整体)The basketball team consists of 20 players.team强调球队整体The basketball t

7、eam are having a bath now.team强调个体-球队球员2单复数同形的词，根据主语本身要表达意思来判断谓语动词用单数还是复数。如means, cattle, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, works, species, fish A sheep is running along the riverEvery means of solving the problem needs discussing.The cattle are grazing near the river. 牛在河边吃草3)表示数目，时间，金额或距离的名词复数做主语根据意义将其看作整

8、体谓语动词用单数。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment.4由and 连接的名词短语如果表示同一人或事物，谓动用单数；假设表示两个不同的概念，谓动用复数。如：The bread and butter is my favorite. (同一事物指“黄油面包) The singer and the dancer come from another country. (两个不同身份的人，指那个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家)5分数或百分数+ of + n.；

9、a majority/minority of +n谓语动词跟后面的中心词n. 保持一致。6)不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数，如something，nobody，somebody7)each, either, neither, another, the other 做主语或主语被和他们有关的短语修饰，谓语动词用单数。Neither answer is correct. Each of them likes eating cakes 8)有些以s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news, mathematics, physics, politics等No news is go

10、od news. Maths is popular in our class.9the number of 谓动用单数;a number of /a great many of + 复数名词 (谓动用复数) The number of athletes is 40. A number of / a great many of the students are diligent.10the +adj. 指人用复数,指物用单数.如：the wounded (伤员)，the old(伤员) 谓动用复数；the beautiful(美好的事物)，the good(好的地方优点)谓动用单数。 The o

11、ld need taking good care of. The beautiful is worthy of being remembered.The good in him outweights the bad.11) “forms / kinds / types of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与forms等的单复数一致，此时，假设名词是不可数名词，谓语动词也要用复数形式。如：This kind of book sells well. Two kinds of salt have proved to be harmful to human body. 区别：Books of th

12、is kind sell well 4 形式一致原那么不注重短语表示意思，只注重其形式，形式为单数谓语动词就用单数：many a + n单数 / more than one +n单数 / every(each) +n +and+ each +n/ a majority(minority)/ one and a half +复数名词 以上的短语做主语谓语动词用单数。Many a student likes playing the computer games.More than one student has ever been to Beijing. One and a half hours

13、is enough. Every man and every woman is at work.A majority is expected to be admitted to the famous university.习题精练：1. Either Jane or Steven _B_ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _C_enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.A. isnt B. is C. arent    D

14、. are 3. How many lessons do you usually have a day? Six lessons a day. And each of them B_45 minutes.A. last B. lasts C. have D. are 4. Neither he or I is a professional football player.A. am B. is C. be D. are 5. There _A_ only one difficult sentence and few new words in lesson one. It is very eas

15、y. A. is B. arent C. isnt D. are 6. The number of the students in our school _A_1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have 7. Mathematics _B_ my favorite subject. A. be B. is C. am D. are 8. The boy with the two dogs _A_ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleeping B is sleeping C. was sleeping D. ar

16、e asleep 9.Every one except Tom and John _D_there when the meeting began. A. are B. is C. were D. was 10. That place is not interesting at all, _A_of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some but Jane B_ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have know D. is 12. The office staff_D_ gathered t

17、o hear the president speak.A. is B. are C. be D. will 13. This pair of glasses _C_mine. A. are B. be C. is D. will be 14 Both Lily and Lucy _A_to the party yesterday. A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invited15. Two months A_quite a long time. Yes, Im afraid that he will miss lots of

18、his lessons. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. In the city，the old _C_. A. take good care of B. are taken good care of C. is taken good care of D. are been taken good care of 17. His family _all very kind and friendly, His family _A_a happy one.A. are, is B. is, is C. are, are D. is, are18. The singer

19、 and the dancer _C_come to Beijing. A. has     B. have C. are D. is 19. The children in this class each _C_new school bag. A. have B. has C. has got D. are having 20 If Bob's wife won't agree to go on holiday in winter, C .A. neither he will B. neither won't he C. nei

20、ther will he D. he won't neither21. ApplesA. tastes good B. tastes well C. taste good D. taste well22You as well as he C to blame for the accidentA. are B. is C. have D. has23. I, who _A_your teacher, will try my best to help you with my study.A. is B. are C. be D. am24. Only _ C_ in our school

21、_ been invited to the party.A. one third of the teachers; has B. one third teachers; have C. on third of the teachers; have D. one third teachers; has 非谓语动词术语导航简单句：以句点为标志有且仅有一套句子成份-主语+谓语+其他成分。The machine functions well. 主语+谓语+状语 He is a famous professor in the city.主语+系动词+表语+时间状语下面的句子是简单句么？ Being la

22、te for class, he felt very sorry. He is a professional football player and has won several prizes. The professor was respected by all students, for he is much learned. Blair, though he was born in Chicago, lived and worked in New York. The book I want to get has been sold out.复合句：又称主从复合句包括一个主句和一个或多个

23、从句，主句和从句之间由连接词/关联词连接共同构成一个整体-复合句。What you said is puzzling主语从句.The author thinks (that) the book he wrote is amazing(宾语从句). Though he failed, he never lost heart. (让步状语从句)。The village where I was born has been changing. (定语从句)真实主语：直接位于谓语动词前，是动作的发出者或执行者。逻辑主语：是非谓语动词动作的执行着或承受着，它们与非谓语动词有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。She

24、asked me to read the book. (me 是read的逻辑主语“我读)。Driven by his curiosity, he went to the secret place.(he是drive的逻辑主语，他们之间是逻辑上的动宾关系 意为“他被驱使)概念透析-非谓语动词定义：不能充当谓语的特殊的动词结构形式。理解：1作用：不能充当谓语也就是说可以充当其他成分如主语/表语/补足语或状语或定语。To see is to believe 眼见为实 (不定式充当主语和表语) The man following the woman was obviously in a hurry.

25、 跟在那个女人的男人很显然非常的匆忙 (现在分词短语做定语)He entered the hall followed by several people他进入了这个大厅，后面跟着几个人 (过去分词短语充当伴随状语) 2特征: A)特殊的动词结构形式：to do /doing现在分词/doing(动名词)/ done B非谓语动词的否认式在非谓语的前面+not 如 not to do / not doing C) 非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语(真实主语)。Not knowing anything about his work, he went to work as usual.Not kn

26、owing 为非谓语动词的否认式，he整个句子的真实主语，为非谓动的逻辑主语试一试自己分析下面句子结构：The Olympic Games, first played in 776B.C, didnt include women players until 1912. He did what he could do to help the children in the quake-hit area.I can hardly imagine Tom being caught cheating in the exam.结构意义细化非谓语动词的结构形式：1 to do 1一般式：to do 表目的

27、和将来；表一次性的动作。 I need to buy a pair of shoes. (表目的，表将来)It getting too hot, I like to swim. (表示当时一次性的动作)2完成式： to have done 表动作完成；表不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前 Come to the party to be held next week。(不定式一般式的被动语态表将来表被动)Im sorry to have troubled you. 对不起给你添了那么多的麻烦。 (不定式的完成式表示完成表trouble 发生在be sorry 之前) Im sorry to troub

28、le you. 对不起要麻烦你一下。 不定式一般式表示将来要进行或发生的动作注意：1. So + adj. + as to / such () as to He was so angry as to be unable to speak.We are not such fools as to believe him.2. Only to (常表示未曾料到的事情)He hurried to the bus station only to find the bus were gone.3. 不定式有时可以看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度To be frank, I didnt agree with

29、 you. 2 doing现在分词 1) 一般式：doing 表主动；表进行；表动作的持续和反复性 I wont have you speaking to your mother in that way all the time. 我不允许你总是跟你妈妈用哪种方式说话(表示主动和动作的反复性) Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. (表示主动) 2完成式：having done 表示主动且此动作发生在谓语动词之前。 Not having received her letter, he wrote her again.(receive 发生在wro

30、te之前且表示主动，要用现在分词的完成式)3 done过去分词1及物动词的过去分词 ：表被动；表完成 With a lot of books bought, he left the bookstore.bought表被动，表完成Given more time, I will do it better. (given 表被动)I spoke loudly to make myself heard.2不及物动词的过去分词：只表示完成 4 doing (动名词) 1常用在特殊的动词或短语或介词之后.Avoid / mind/ finish/enjoy/imagine/look forward to

31、/insist on/cant help doing2动名词的复合结构：形容词词性的物主代词/名词s +doing .在此结构中物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑主语。My being late really annoyed my teacher.Would you mind Xiao Wangs smoking in the room. 3做主语或宾语表示经常习惯性的动作。I like swimming.我喜欢游泳 区别：I like to swim today，for it was too hot. Painting is his hobby. 画画是他的爱好。4)时态:Children enjo

32、y watching animated cartoon. (动名词的现在时)I regret having been unable to write to you earlier. (动名词的完成时)解法指南1 句法分析法判定是否使用非谓语动词1假设句子是简单句，那只能出现一个动词做谓语。假设出现其他动词，那么要结合句意用非谓语动词的适当形式也可能用独立主格结构There _ (be) so many problems needing solving, he felt at a loss.解析：简单句，谓语为feel 因此 前面的be 动词采用适当的非谓语动词形式，表示主动用being。2句子

33、是复合句，独立于句子的动词或动词短语局部采用适当的非谓语动词形式。Not having seen him before, she didnt know he was her uncle. 非谓语动词 (复合句)2 形式意义整合法：确定了用非谓语动词之后，根据不同的形式表示不同的意义选择恰当的非谓语动词形式。E.g. These _ (add) to those are 24. 这些和那些加起来是24解析：此句为简单句，谓语局部为be,所以前面的动词add 要采用适当的非谓语动词形式。add 为及物动词常用于add something to something 结构中所以此处应填added 表被

34、动习题精选：1 The ancient Egyptians are supposed _C_ rockets to the moon. A) to send B) sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending 2 I'd rather read than watch television; The programs seem C_all the time. A) to get worseB) to have got worse C) to be getting worse D) getting worse3 Mark often att

35、empts to escape _B_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 4 Your hair wants _B_. You'd better have it done tomorrow. A) cutB) to cut C) cutting D) being cut5 If I had remembered _A_ the window, the thief would not have go

36、t in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed6 _B_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated C) The girl's being educated D) The girl to be educated 7 When I caught him _A_me, I stopped buying things there a

37、nd started dealing with another shop. A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating 8 European football is played in 80 countries , _D_ it the most popular sport in the world.A making B makes C to make D made 9 _B_by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.A having attacked B being attacked C t

38、o be attacked D having being attacked 10. I feel like _B_ a long walk. Would you like _ with me?  A. taking, going      B. taking, to go C. to take, to go    D. to take, going 11. Im afraid your suggestion cant help _A_ the service of their shop

39、.  A. improving      B. in improving      C. improve    D. for improving12 It is considered no good _D_ without understanding.  A. recite         B. to be recited &#

40、160;          C. recited          D. reciting13. _A_ sadly, the little boy raised his head and had the tears _ down on purpose.  A. Seen to cry, fall         &#

41、160;         B. To be seen crying, falling  C. Seen crying, falling                D. To be seen to cry, fall14. Attention must be paid to _B_ the jeweler shop _.  A. prevent,

42、 from robbing          B. preventing, from being robbed  C. prevent, to be robbed           D. preventing, from robbing15. _B_ you the truth, she knows nothing about it.  A. Tell   

43、;       B. Telling         C. To tell    D. Told16. _B to the left and youll see the post office.  A. To turn     B. Turning       C. If turn   D. Tur

44、n17. China is a _B_ country _ to the third world.  A. developed, belongs         B. developing, belonging  C. developing, belongs       D. developed, being belonged18. Six _B_ to nine _ fifteen.  A. added, makes

45、0;    B. adding, makes         C. adds, make      D. adding, make19. _A_ her mother had come, her face lit up.  A. Hearing        B. Having heard     C. When he

46、aring      D. When she heard20. _C_ to loud noises for a long time will have ones hearing _.  A. exposed, harmed              B. being exposed, harmed  C. exposing, being harmed    

47、;   D. expose, be heard21. If _A_ alone on a desert island, what would you do?  A. leaving you B. having left you C. left    D. leaving22. The Italian football team played so successfully _A_ the Russians.  A. as to defeat   B. only to defe

48、at  C. to have defeated    D. as defeating23. The palace, _D_ down in 1485, was never rebuilt.  A. burnt   B. having burnt   C. to be burnt   D. burning24. Generally speaking, _B_ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

49、60;A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take   D. when to be taken25.   There seemed to be nothing _D_ to do but _ for the doctor.A. left, to send B. leaving, send C. leave, send D. left, send独立主格结构概念导入：-观察下面几个句子，重点关注划线局部1 The boy goes to the classroom, (with a) book

50、 in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。2 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。3 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。4 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。5 The test finished, we began our holiday考试结束了，我

51、们开始放假。不难看出上面划线局部的结构是：(with) + n / pron. (逻辑主语) + 其他非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语 这也就是我们要讲解的独立主格结构概念透析：定义：由名词或代词加上其他的成分非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语构成的特殊的复合结构。理解：1 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词，形容词，副词，介词等是逻辑上的主谓关系。 3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。4作用：作状语表原因，条件，方式，伴随独立主格结构细化：1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。 如： The girl sta

52、ring at him, he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved, the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 The signal given, the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名

53、词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： The teacher to help us, we will succeed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如： So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如： Mary was sitting near the fire, her b

54、ack towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。7with +名词/代词宾格+其他(介词短语、分词、不定式、形容词、副词、名词)The classroom is very bright with (all lights turned) on.I cant go out, with a lot of homework to do.Dont talk with your mouth full.The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.习题精练：1. I couldn't do my home

55、work with all that noise _C_.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on                     2. _C_ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor

56、9;s help to end her life.A. Having given up hope of cure   B. With no hope for cure   C. In the hope of cure        3. With a lot of difficult problems _B_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled   B. settling

57、60;  C. to settle   D. being settled      4. He slept well _A_ all the windows open.A. when   B. while   C. with   D. because 5.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _B_ behind his back.A. being tied   B.

58、 having tied   C. to be tied   D. tied               定语从句概念导入：定语：修饰名词或代词的词或短语或从句定语从句用一个句子来修饰名词代词，但要放在名词名词短语或代词的后面，被修饰的名词名词短语或代词叫先行词。先行词和从句之间通过关联词连接关联词：关系代词：who ,whom ,whose, which, that , as (what 不能引导定语从句

59、)关系副词：When, where, why注意：关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担当成分,关系代词可以做主语、宾语、表语；关系副词在从句中做状语。定语从句分类：限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“的通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A做宾语时可省略 B、可用that C、whom可用who代替 A、不可省 B、不用that C、不用who代替whom要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1)His brother who is now a doctor alwa

60、ys encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。他还有其他的哥哥(2)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。他只有一个哥哥解题方法指南：1 关联词确实定：a)根据先行词，看是人是物还是地点 b)看在后面的从句里面做什么成分2意义整合：通过第一步初步定下了关联词之后，结合句子的意思进一步整合确定所选关联词的准确性。分类剖析：1 关系代词引导定语从句：I have a brother that /who likes playing football very much.做主语，指人I have a brot