2021届高考英语一轮复习第二编专题一词法篇第2讲名词学案含解析外研版

1、第2讲名词单句语法填空单句写作1.(2019·全国卷)when they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it.答案：competition根据空格前的形容词interesting可知，此处应填名词形式。2.(2018·江苏高考)try to understand what's actually happening inste

2、ad of acting on the (assume) you've made.答案：assumption根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处应填所给词的名词形式。3.(2017·全国卷)she has turned down several (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.答案：invitationsinvitation为可数名词，其前有several修饰，故应填其复数形式。4.(2017·全国卷)this development was only possi

3、ble with the (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.答案：introduction根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此处应填所给词的名词形式。5.(2016·浙江高考)it is important to pay your (electric) bill on time, as late payments may affect your credit.答案：electricity空格前的your为形容词性物主代词，其后需跟名词。electricity bill意为“电费；电费单”。1.(2019·

4、;全国卷)操场上的所有足球选手都大声欢呼all on the playground cheered loudly . 答案：the football players2.(2018·全国卷)去年冬天我再次去那里的时候，他们为了养几十只鸡单独弄了一个大院子。last winter when i went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . 答案：chickens3.(2018·全国卷)小时候，星期五的晚上是我们家的游戏之夜。when i was little, was our famil

5、y game night.答案：friday night4.(2017·全国卷)此外，他们经常从网上获得一些有用的信息。besides, they often get from the internet.答案：some useful information5.(2016·全国卷)我叔叔告诉我说他成功的关键是诚实。my uncle tells me that the key to his success is .答案：honesty考点 1 名词的分类及功能1名词的分类详解：个体名词：表示单个人或物的名词集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词物质名词：表示无法区分个体的物质

6、、材料的名词抽象名词：表示物质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词：洲、国、地、人名等团体、机构、节日、报刊、朝代等2名词的功能(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽会到机场接你。the affair remained a complete mystery.这事件仍然完全是个谜。we made him monitor of our class.我们选他做我们的班长。he is considered a good teacher.他被认为是个好老师。(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些

7、名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。a表示类别air pollution 空气污染a coffee cup 咖啡杯body language 身体语言road accident 交通事故b表示身份、时间、地点等doctor jack 杰克医生professor li 李教授evening school 夜校winter sleep 冬眠moscow stadium 莫斯科体育场c表目的、用途、材料等reception desk 接待处，前台sports field 田径场stone table 石桌color tv 彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。the war la

8、sted eight years.这场战争持续了八年。(4)作同位语tom, our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长汤姆去年退学了。考点 2 名词的数1名词的单、复数形式(1)不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun,

9、 luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。注意word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带修饰词。word comes that the meeting will be held on friday.有消息称会议将于周五召开。(2)名词复数形式的变化规则变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加s bookbooks，penpens以s，x，ch，sh结尾词尾加esbusbuses，benchbenches，boxboxes，dishdishes

10、，但stomach例外，其后直接加s以“辅音字母y”结尾变y为i后加esfamilyfamilies，citycities以“元音字母y”结尾词尾加skeykeys，boyboys以f或fe结尾多数变f或fe为v后加esleafleaves，wifewives, knifeknives少数词尾加schiefchiefs, roofroofs, beliefbelief s以字母o结尾词尾加esheroheroes, potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes词尾加sphotophotos, kilokilos, pianopianos, zoozoos以sis结尾的外来词变si

11、s为ses basisbases, analysisanalyses，crisiscrises不规则变化种类例词单复数同形 deer, sheep, chinese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters单数形式复数意义people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义news, physics, politics合成词变复数passer­bypassers­by，son­in­lawsons­in­law, looker­onlookers­on,

12、 go­betweengo­betweens, grown­upgrownups词形变化manmen，childchildren，toothteeth, footfeet, mousemice, mediummedia，bacteriumbacteria2特殊情况下名词复数的用法(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼

13、貌)等。(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for为做准备take pains尽力，刻苦make (both) ends meet使收支相抵take turns轮流be in high spirits兴致勃勃；兴高采烈make repairs修理考点 3 名词的格所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式：­'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。1­'s所有格­'s所有格的构成规则：构成例子单数名词词尾通常加­'s；复数名词词尾没有­s时，也要加­'

14、;sthe boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包；the children's toys那些孩子的玩具以­s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”teachers' office 教师们的办公室以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或­'s均可my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划；james'/james's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加­'smy brother­in­law's birthday

15、我姐夫的生日续表构成例子表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助­'s表示所有关系a week's holiday 一周的假；thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加­'san hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else时，­'s加在else之后somebody else's bag别人的包注意(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加­'s；如果表示

16、共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加­'s。kate and mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间kate's and mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间(2)下列情况下，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。this bike is not mine， nor tom's.这辆自行车不是我的，也不是汤姆的。表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop， house， home等常省去。at the doctor's (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at the

17、 barber's (shop) 在理发店at mr green's (house) 在格林先生家2of所有格详解例句：the window of the room 房间的窗户the arrival of the visitors 参观者的到来the city of beijing 北京市the housing problem of the poor 穷人的住房问题part of the problem 部分问题the cost of living 生活成本3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词­'s”或“名词of名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：(1)

18、表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a, any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the。another house of john's 约翰的另一所房子(2)被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示性代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等。that dog of tom's is really clever. 汤姆的那只狗真聪明。考点 4 抽象名词具体化及名词构词法 抽象名词具体化1抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名

19、词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preference等。2有些物质名

20、词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)drink 饮料two drinks 两杯饮料 rain 雨a heavy rain 一场大雨coffee 咖啡a coffee 一杯咖啡 paper 纸a paper 一张纸tea 茶two teas 两杯茶 wind 风a cold wind 一阵寒风 名词构词法(构成名词的后缀)后缀例词­enceexistexistence存在­anceacceptacceptance接受­tionproduceproduction生产­sionexpressexpression表达­mentdevelopde

21、velopment发展­nessblindblindness失明­agemarrymarriage婚姻­thwarmwarmth温暖­urepleasepleasure快乐departdeparture离开­domwisewisdom智慧误区名词“数”的误用(1)【误】during the past few days, many visitor just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.【正】during the past few days, many v

22、isitors just like me have come here to experience the distinctive scenery.分析visitor是可数名词，被many修饰，故用复数形式。(2)【误】the beauty of the village consists in its clean airs and peaceful environment.【正】the beauty of the village consists in its clean air and peaceful environment.分析air是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故airs改为air。(3

23、)【误】it is reported that woman doctors don't like to be exposed to the medias.【正】it is reported that women doctors don't like to be exposed to the media.分析woman doctor在变成复数形式时，两个词均要变成复数形式，即women doctors; media本身即为复数形式，不可再加s。误区名词“格”的误用【误】a girl comes in. she's got a small, brown, leather w

24、allet in her hand. she thinks it's peter.【正】a girl comes in. she's got a small, brown, leather wallet in her hand. she thinks it's peter's.分析it指代wallet，与peter不能构成同一关系，根据句意可知，此处应是“彼得的钱包”，故peter应改为所有格形式peter's。误区物质、抽象名词“具体化”的误用【误】she went into my room and got big surprise when she

25、saw all those books on the floor.【正】she went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor.分析surprise本来是不可数名词，此句中为抽象名词具体化的用法，意为“一件令人惊讶的事”，故在big前加a。误区名词功能或词性误用(1)【误】there is fierce competition among the three shoes shops in the street.【正】there is fierce competition among the three shoe shops in the street.分析此处指商店的性质，用名词的单数形式作定语。(2)【误】it had a great affect on him.【正】it had a great effect on him.分析affect为动词，而effect为名词，另外“have an effect on .”为固定短语，意为“对有影响”。1.单句语法填空the (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.due to the (