英语句型结构

1、句型结构按照句子结构可以分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。一、简单句：基本句型结构：主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;例如：Our English teacher is thirty years old. The

2、 cake tastes delicious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still.He was at work. She is in good health.It is beyond my ability. I was at a loss. You are under arrest。主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun

3、rises in the east.2. They had to travel by air or boat.3. She sat there alone.4. He came back when we were eating.5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go ne

4、xt. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago 双宾语结构 主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成He brings me cookies every day.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring

5、, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps

6、 us warm. I heard him singing.They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.My mother asked me to clean my room.The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with

7、 your family.I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。There be 句型：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有存在着”。它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如：There stands a hill in the mid

8、dle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 the

9、re seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 二、并列句结构：1.由分号连接。eg. Some people cry; others laugh.Lets start ea

10、rly; we have a long way to go.2.由并列连词及词组连接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework to do.Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed.Both my father and mothe

11、r are teachers.Its very good, yet I dont like it.三、复合句构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。名词性从句：性质相当于名词的从句.注意：1.名词性从句的一般引导词1. 连接词 that 引导名词性从句时，只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词

12、性从句时通常不省略。如：I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。2. 连接词 whether 引导名词性从句也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如(from )：He asked whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要

13、看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用 if 代替 whether)3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等引导名词性从句时，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如：Thats why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等引导名词性从句，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如：The questi

14、on is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。2.名词性从句的重要引导词1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“所的”，相当于一个先行词后

15、接一个关系代词。如：I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如：I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。注：what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词

16、=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物”等。如：Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help

17、him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：任何人来都欢迎(from )。误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论”、“不管”，其意相当于 no matter who what, which。如：Whatever happens, you mus

18、t be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)He won't eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)注：whoever 引导名词性从句时既用作主格也用作宾语；作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因。如：I had a cold. Thats why I didn

19、9;t come. 我感冒了，因此我没来。I didnt come. Thats because I had a cold. 我没有来，那是因为我感冒了3名词性从句的语序名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如：Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭？I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。4名词性从句的时态问题1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从

20、句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如：She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意(from )。2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态；但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如：I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you.

21、 我不知道他什么时候，但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义；第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。主语从句(Subject Clause):一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句。句子在复合句中充当主语That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. Who will

22、 be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. Whom we must study for is a question of great importanceWhat caused the accident remains unknown. Whatever you did is right. Whose watch was lost is unknown. What we need is time.小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三人

23、称单数。注意：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末It is certain that he will win the match.It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.It is strange that he should do that.It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun

24、powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某

25、些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)总结：1that 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。that引导主语从句，it 作形式主语，that 不能省略。That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导主语从句，that不能省略。这句话可以改为用it 作形式主语的句型。请同

26、学们改写：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.2.从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的3whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if.如：Whe

27、ther I knew John doesnt matter. = It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系Whether or not shell come isnt clear. = Whether shell come or not isnt clear. = It isnt clear whether她是否来还不清楚It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这是主语从句还是宾语从句？it 是形式主语吗？it 是代词，whether 引导的是宾语从句，作介词on

28、 的宾语，不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句，介词宾语，不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。She asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。宾语从句: 在句子中起宾语作用的从句构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, wheth

29、er, how.He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.宾语He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm. 间接宾语 直接宾语He told me where he was going to travel that summer.间接宾语 直接宾语He told that he would go to the college the next year.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.Nobody

30、knew whether he could pass the exam.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?I dont know whom you should depend on.The book will show you what the best CEOs know.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?He didnt tell me when we should meet again.Could you please tell

31、 me how you read the new book?None of us knows where these can be bought.注意：1.用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.I have made it a

32、rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.He will have it that our plan is really practical.We take it that you will agree

33、 with us.2.介词的宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.3.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有

34、: sure, certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.4. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.在不定式前只能用whether.I cant decide whether to stay.避免歧异时,我们常

35、用whether而不用if.5.宾语从句的否定转移动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式

36、.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?6.宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时的时候,从句用相应的过去时态I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.H

37、e told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.如果从句是一个客观真理,那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时,不能按正常语序安排,经

38、常将这类引导词置于句首Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?7.建议 suggest , advise 要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 决定 decide; 命令 order、command; 坚决主张 insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气） eg I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at on

39、ce 同位语从句一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won I had no idea that you were here二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able

40、 to see you this afternoon三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming t

41、o inspect them The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city注意：同位语从句的that 只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定语从句中的that 除了引导定语从句外，还是定语从句的一个成分，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.有些民族优越于其他民族这种想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）T

42、he idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在会议上提出的这个想法简直荒谬。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 没有人对他发现的事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（定语从句）No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.没有人对他将成为他们的老板这一事实感到高兴。（请辨别是同位语从句还是定语从句。）（同位语从句）表语从句

43、 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。The problem is puzzling.主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how.He has become a teacher.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained there for an hour.She has r

44、emained where I stood yesterday for an hour.His suggestion is good.His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is confusing.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Why he cried yesterday.How I can persuade her to join us in the party.注意

45、：1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.2.不用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.Right: It looked

46、as if he had understood this question.3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.4.that 在表语从句中不能省掉。表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。Thats not what I want. 那不是我要的  Thats why I have come.那就是

47、我为什么来了My opinion is that things will improve.我的意见是事情会好起来的The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们此外，表语从句还可由as if

48、 （好像）引导； It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虚拟语气）形容词后的that 从句that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried，glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等I am sure/certain that h

49、es at home now.我肯定他现在在家He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他会赢She is aware that I cant help her. 她知道我帮不了她的忙I am glad that youve come. 你来了我很高兴I am afraid that I cant promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保证什么We were rather disappointed that

50、you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你没能来我们有点失望I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情六、what 从句的小结1  意思是“所.的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that, that which, 或those which 可以用于以下情况：(1)     引导主语从句      What she saw frightened her

51、. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实What Im afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他们带他到那地方去What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我们担心的是她的幼稚But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最伤我们感情

52、的是法官的私下评论What will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的（谚语）   What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了(2)     引导表语从句      Thats what I hope. 那就是我希望的I should like to be a teacher. Thats what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了  He

53、s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好(3)     引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语  He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受   Well, Ill do what I can. 好吧，我尽力I cant do what youve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事And having got what h

54、e wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市

55、和十年前不同了It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方I dont care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state   他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家2  用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分T

56、hen I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Marys niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去Hes an interesting speaker, and, what is more important

57、, he knows his subject thoroughly.他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking.他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵Youll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, whats more, youll get no sympathy from anybody.你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己；还有，你得不到任何人的同情。3  引导让步状语从句，