研究生英语第九单元Unit9WhatDoesSexGenderHavetoDoWithYourJob

1、unit 9 what does sex/gender have to do with your job?background informationabout the author and the text labor lawyer jeffrey bernbach is specializing in discrimination and sexual harassment cases, a booming business throughout corporate america. since he graduated from cornell law school, bernbach

2、has practiced law for more than 25 years and is called workplace warrior. since striking out on his own, he has mostly represented management, but in the last few years hes accepted employees cases too, including several well-publicized complaints against his former employer, the hearst cooperation.

3、 he published job discrimination ii: how to fight how to win in 1998.the womens rights movement in the usa (1848-1998)1.a tea launches a revolutionthe womens rights movement marks july 13, 1848 as its beginning. a young housewife and mother from upstate new york, elizabeth cady stanton, was invited

4、to tea with four women friends and she poured out her discontent with the limitations placed on her own situation. stantons friends agreed with her, passionately. two days later, this small group decided to hold a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman.2

5、.a declaration of sentiments and the first womens rights conventionelizabeth cady stanton used the declaration of independence as the framework for writing what she titled a declaration of sentiments.she carefully enumerated areas of life where women were treated unjustly, such as: women were not al

6、lowed to vote; most occupations were closed to women and when women did work they were paid only a fraction of what men earned; women had no means to gain an education since no college or university would accept women students. her draft continued: . we insist that they have immediate admission to a

7、ll the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these united states.the convention was convened at the wesleyan chapel in seneca falls on july 19 and 20, 1848, and the declaration of sentiments received unanimous endorsement. the call for womens enfranchisement also won enough votes

8、 to carry. the womens rights conventions were held regularly from 1850 until the start of the civil war.3.after the vote was wonthe campaign for woman suffrage met such staunch opposition that it took 72 years for the women and their male supporters to be successful. after the vote was finally won i

9、n 1920, the organized womens rights movement continued on in several directions.in 1920, the womens bureau of the department of labor was established to gather information about the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes that the bureau found were needed.in 1923, alice paul, the lea

10、der of the national womans party, drafted an equal rights amendment (era) for the united states constitution. such a federal law, it was argued, would ensure that men and women have equal rights throughout the united states.the second wing of the post-suffrage movement was the birth control movement

11、, initiated by a public health nurse, margaret sanger.4.the second wavethe womens rights movement did not begin in the 1960s. what occurred in the 1960s was actually a second wave of activism.first: esther peterson was the director of the womens bureau of the dept. of labor in 1961. with her encoura

12、gement, president kennedy convened a commission on the status of women. the report issued by that commission in 1963 documented discrimination against women in virtually every area of american life.then: in 1963, betty friedan published the feminine mystique. this book evolved out of a survey she ha

13、d conducted for her 20-year college reunion and documented the emotional and intellectual oppression that middle-class educated women were experiencing because of limited life options. it inspired thousands of women to look for fulfillment beyond the role of homemaker.next: title vii of the 1964 civ

14、il rights act was passed. with its passage, the equal employment opportunity commission was established to investigate discrimination complaints. in 1966, the national organization for women (now) was organized. during this same time, young women on college campuses were playing active roles within

15、the anti-war and civil rights movement. many were finding their efforts blocked by men.during the second wave, small groups of women in hundreds of communities worked on establishing womens newspapers, bookstores and cafes, creating womens shelters and rape crisis hotlines, forming child care center

16、s and opening womens clinics to provide birth control and family planning counseling, etc.with the inclusion of title ix in the education codes of 1972, equal access to higher education and to professional schools became law. in many fields, especially in finance, we can find great improvements and

17、liberation for women.5. the equal rights amendment is re-introducedin 1972, the era with the wording equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex. was finally passed and sent to the states for ratification.millions of women a

18、cross the nation became actively involved in the womens rights movement in their own communities and the ranks of now and other womens rights organizations swelled to historic sizes.however, when the deadline for ratification came in 1982, the era was just three states short of the 38 needed to writ

19、e it into the u.s. constitution.6.1998: living the legacyby 1971, women were still less than three percent of our congressional representatives. today, women hold only 11% of the seats in congress, and 21% of the state legislative seats. yet, women have successfully changed thousands of local, state

20、, and federal laws that had limited womens legal status and social roles. at the same time, more than three million women now work in occupations considered nontraditional until very recently.notes1. not until some thirty years ago did title vii (in addition to prohibiting discrimination based on ra

21、ce, color, religion, and national origin) establish federal uniformity, making it unlawful to discriminate against females or, for that matter, males on the basis of their sex. (para. 1): it was not until some 30 years ago that title vii (besides prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, reli

22、gion and national origin) made it unlawful throughout the whole country to discriminate against anyone because of his/her sex.uniformity: condition of being the same throughout 同样，一致(性)e.g. it is pushing language towards greater uniformity, a trend that is all but irreversible.the scientist is quite

23、 sure that dolphins have varied personalities or behavioral traits, despite the uniformity of their bodies. uniform adj. &n.: 一致的，制服e.g. the air-conditioning system maintains a uniform temperature.all of us wore the school uniforms for the ceremony.for that matter: so far as that is concerned 就那件事而言

24、，关于那一点 e.g. dont tell mary the story, or anyone else for that matter.we have to accept that within the uk, and for that matter in most of the rest of the world, there is no such thing as a natural environment.2. this is wage inequality, not to be confused with the glass ceiling, which denies women t

25、he opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder (which also, of course, impinges on wage increase). (para. 2): this is wage inequality, and is different from the glass ceiling. the latter takes away from women the opportunity to be promoted to a higher position in the corporate world. of course th

26、e glass ceiling will adversely affect wage increases.impinge on: have an effect on, influence 影响，触动e.g. to impinge on others privacy is strongly repelled in this group.this is not to ignore the value of knowing about and understanding the expression of other faith traditions, especially those which

27、may impinge on the life of the pupil.3. although you are worth as much as your male colleague in terms of employee value (or conversely, maybe he is worth only as much as you), . (para. 4): although you are equally valuable to your male colleague as an employee, or put it in the opposite way, perhap

28、s he is equally valuable to you.in terms of: with regard to, from the point of view of 按照，依据e.g. china came up to the forth place in the world in terms of economic aggregate. the ramifications in terms of outcrossing are clear.4. . and protesting could lead to dismissal or, at the very least, rockin

29、g the corporate boat to your detriment. (para. 4): . and if you protest against this unfairness, you might be fired, or at the very least, you will cause some trouble for yourself because of bringing troubles to your boss.rock the boat: make sth worse, ruin 弄坏，搞糟e.g. i dont rock the boat, but i dont

30、 want to merely be an outsider either.cautious by nature, he was not going to rock the boat more than necessary. to the detriment of: to the condition of suffering harm or damage 对不利，有害e.g. the professor traveled frequently, which was to the detriment of his health.some 53 per cent of american marri

31、ages end in divorce, usually to the detriment of the women.5. this goes on at every level of employment, from factory workers to upper-echelon managers. (para. 5): the wage inequality occurs at each layer of employees, from factory workers to managers on the top level of a corporation.upper-echelon:

32、 on the top of the ladder 高级的，高等的e.g. the upper-echelon didnt learn from the failure.i have been to a few of the upper-echelon restaurants in the city.6. this is enough to make executives at even the grandest corporations quake in their boots because such plaintiffs fall into three categories protec

33、ted by federal and state laws: age,sex, and race. (para. 6): a minority female over forty will bring massive troubles to the employer if she is discriminated. the litigant will terrify the most powerful corporations, since she is protected by federal and state laws. any discrimination against her on

34、 the basis of her age, sex and race is unlawful.quake:1)v. tremble or shiver, as with cold or from strong emotion 发抖，颤动e.g. when the murder happened, i stood there, quaking with fear.the hooligan quaked every time he saw police or soldiers.2)n. an instance of quaking; an earthquake 发抖，颤动，地震e.g. the

35、most powerful vibrations from a quake range from 0.5 hertz to about 5 hertz. while the chances of a major quake are low, the consequences would be great.7. so workplace discrimination based on gender (sex) can work both ways. (para. 7): so both male and female can be discriminated against in the wor

36、kplace solely because of their gender (sex).8. . female protests have less to do with wage inequalities and more to do with the way they are perceived, or treated by their peers. (para. 9):. females protest more about how their male colleagues think of them or treat them rather than about their uneq

37、ual pay.perceive: become aware of, have the knowledge of especially through the eyes or the mind 认知，理解e.g. he was able to perceive change as opportunity, uncertainty as challenge and corruption as disease.we perceive things as we know them to be, not necessarily as they are.perception n.: formal) th

38、e action of perceiving; the ability to perceive well, keen natural understanding 感觉，知觉，了解，领悟力 e.g. my perception was that nothing had been changed.his analysis of the problem reveals his extraordinary perception.perceptive adj.: (appreciation) showing an unusually god ability to notice and understan

39、d 有知觉的，有理解力的e.g. she is the most perceptive among us.the director gave us a perceptive account of the relationship between our center and theirs.perceptible adj.: formal) that can be perceived; noticeable 能感觉到的，可察觉的，显而易见的e.g. our living standard has had a perceptible improvement.its perceptible that

40、 you are wrong. peer: equal in rank, merit or quality 同辈，同等的人 e.g. many children are easily influenced by their peers.it is difficult to find his peers in the university. peerless adj.: unequalled, unrivalled 无匹敌的，无双的e.g. to be a peerless man is very difficult.his chinese kong fu is peerless.9. anot

41、her policewoman reported that although she outscored two men on physical tests, and tied with another man on written tests; the men were hired promptly, while it took her five years (and a lawsuit) to gain her rightful place on the force. (para. 10): another policewoman reported that despite her bet

42、ter performance than that of two men on physical tests and equal grades on written tests with another man, it took her five years plus a lawsuit to get the job while all the three men were employed quickly.tie with: be equal to an opponent in a competition 战平e.g. ashley tied with benjamin in a thril

43、ling encounter.since the two teams tied with each other, a rematch was planned.10. a few years ago he reportedly told a senate panel he would rather fly with a less-qualified male pilot than with a topnotch woman aviator. (para. 11): it was reported a few years ago that he had told a senate panel th

44、at he would rather fly with a less-qualified male pilot than with an excellent female pilot.topnotch: first-rate; best possible 第一流的，最棒的e.g. her place will be taken by another topnotch player, who will resign next year. many topnotch models refuse to take part in the exhibition.11 the time-worn excu

45、se of denying certain jobs to females in order to protect them from damage to their reproductive systems or possible harm to an unborn fetus has been held by the courts to constitute sex discrimination. (para. 13): the courts have held that this outdated excuse constitutes sex discrimination against

46、 women. such an excuse claims that women are not allowed to take certain jobs because their reproductive systems or an unborn fetus need to be protected.12 speaker of the house of representatives newt gingrich committed verbal discrimination while infuriating millions of men and women in 1995. (para

47、. 14): speaker of the house of representatives newt gingrich made the mistake to use some discriminative words against women and this irritated millions of men and women in 1995.infuriate: fill with rage and fury 使狂怒，激怒e.g. he always returned very late recently, which infuriated the doormen of the b

48、uilding. to join the axis might infuriate servia.13. aside from speaker gingrichs skewed view, some common sense considerations should and do apply. (para. 15): except for the unreasonable opinion from gingrich, sensible considerations should apply and do apply in our real life.aside from: except fo

49、r, as well as 除以外e.g. aside from tennis and swimming, she also fancies dancing and reading. aside from a mild fever, the patient felt fine this morning.14in either of these examples, sex would be a bona fide occupational qualification. (para. 15): sex of the applicants is the legal and necessary req

50、uirement for the job in both of the examples above.bona fide: genuinely, sincerely, in good faith 真正（的） 真诚（的） 真实（的）e.g. initially, he established himself in our eyes as a bona fide journalist.we try to ensure that only bona fide members are allowed to use the logo.15.but stereotypical perceptions pe

51、rsist. (para. 16): but the thought that a woman should not drive an eighteen wheeler and a man should not work as a nursery school educator is deeply rooted in our minds and still functions.stereotypical: of a fixed set of ideas about what a particular type of person or thing is like, which is wrong

52、ly believed to be true in all cases 陈词滥调的，固定印象的e.g. this small amount of coverage was overwhelmingly negative and stereotypical.the stereotypical role-playing in our families and society may affect our fear of rejection.stereotype n.: a conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion

53、, or image定型的看法，观念，信仰，形象e.g. the john wayne stereotype was rejected, along with his conservative values.he doesnt conform to the usual stereotype of the city businessman. persist: continue to exist 持续，存留e.g. the fog is likely to persist in most areas, so be careful when driving.under all the various

54、 forms, the sexual act and natural fertility cycles persist.persist in: carry forward 坚持，固执e.g. it is necessary to persist in using it to propel industrialization.the little girl persisted in wearing that red skirt.key to exercisesi. reading comprehension1. title vii protects the citizens equality r

55、egardless of their race, color, religion and national origin. when discussing gender equality, it ensures that no one will be discriminated against because of his/her gender. since it is federal, this title also settles the difference between states about gender discrimination.2. more women are less

56、 paid than men because of their gender.3. these are two different types of gender discrimination against women and should not be confused with each other. however, the glass ceiling has negative effect on the wage increase. thus these two types are related to one another to some extent.4. the first

57、sentence means that woman has to adjust herself to mans standard of employee value. this is what is actually happening now. however, the second sentence indicates that a feminist may adopt the standard of womans employee value and man has to adjust himself to it.5. since the whole article doesnt men

58、tion sexual harassment except in this paragraph, it remains complete without this paragraph. however, sexual harassment has something to do with ones job, which is responding to the question cast in the title: what does sex/gender have to do with your job? so in this point, it is necessary.6. it is ironical since in these positions that women do the same jobs and wear the same or similar uniforms as men, and this sameness implies that women should not be differentiate