英语八级应试指导-校对与改错.doc

英语八级应试指导 校对与改错 (Proofreading and Error Correction)1语法错误(1)词的误用A.词性的误用1Theres no evidence that slow students are necessary unintelligent, or that unintelligent students are incapable of learning a language.2.But can anyone seriously argue that being an athlete should require the acceptance of unnecessarily physical abuse.3.Bad weather effects peoples health.B.词义的误用1.I am easily hurt because I am very sensible.2.The garage, where there is a distinctive smell of oil, lies on the first floor, next to the shoe house.英语中这样的例子还有很多，形容词如：credibleeconomichistoricefficientimaginativeintelligentcredulouseconomicalhistoricaleffectiveimaginaryintellectual容易混淆的动词和名词的例子，如：maintainrenewinstinctrewardsustainrestoreintuitionaward另一种词义的误用则表现在固定词组中动词的误用，如：get an advantage over: 胜于，优于take advantage of: 利用C.介词的误用1.It was market day, so people and traffic had been pouring into the town from early morning.2.It has been estimated that the earths surface temperature has increased to one quarter to three quarters of a degree since 1805.3.The place did not appear to be popular, for it was completely deserted, and in any case inaccessible for traffic.4.The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplemented with animal foods.D.连词的误用1.Through it all, women in summer clothes threaded their way, laughing and chatting but children darted in and out of the crowds shrieking with laughter or sobbing with fear because they were lost.2.Although she was tired, but she went to work.E.代词的指代错误1.Air and water are also social goods in the sense that when we have used them, we can almost always dispose of it in someone elses backyard.2.No matter what your interests are, you will find that a library can be a great place to enjoy oneself while you learn.F.名词单复数错误1.He is by no means considered to be a great explorer.2.Every means has been tried.3.There are many woman doctors.4.The fire has caused great damages to the factory.(2)词的遗漏A.冠词的遗漏1.They were selling peaches, melons and grapesharvest of their fields.2.The composers themselves banded together into committee and this in turn sponsored a plan.B.连词的遗漏1.Ben is as talented, if not more talented than, the other actors.2.Language provides a means of saying and doing things, teaching is generally divorced from the use we make of language.3.Most people seem to need about eight hours sleep a day, curious and disturbing things begin to happen when the ratio is changed.C.介词的遗漏1.With properly designed courses, students, learning to do what they need to t he language, can rise to unprecedented levels of competence.2.I hate being laughed at.3.I wondered about the cost of building the ship which we were traveling.D.其他形式的遗漏1.Many bribes still believe and abide by ancient laws.2.Henry preferred the hotels in Pittsburgh to in Boston.3.Some say that Ella Pitzgeralds renditions of Cole Porters songs are better than any other.4.Chicago is larger than any city in Illinois.(3)词的多用A.介词的多用1.We teach for an unapplied system, rather than teaching students directly to do things that they need to do through language.2.The ships exterior lights cut lovely shafts through these depths (of the sea), yet even as I admired about the beauty, there seemed something odd about the sight.B.冠词的多用1.Mr. Harold Black, the president of the union, will give a speech next Friday.2.Slum dwellers usually live in the huts, which are built of anything thats available.3.So when we talk about the white or the colored, we are apt to imply and to believe that each adjective tells us more about the person in the question than it can.C.代词的多用1.They believed that they could introduce into politics the note of honesty and human concern that American seemed to need it so badly.2.There seemed something odd about the sight, something lonely that I couldnt initially explain it.D.词的赘述1.His work is more perfect.2.He is more superior to you in every aspect.2句法错误(1)主谓一致错误1.The president of the college, together with the deans, are planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.2.Nevertheless we teach students to do and say things with language, which is fundamentally insignificant to them as persons, and consequently they say these things formally and impersonally.3.80% of all human illnesses is related to diet.(2)时态错误1.E. Wilson (1996) reported that positive rein for cement alone is a less effective teaching technique than a mixture of positive rein for cement and constructive criticism. 2.Tolemy taught that the sun revolves around the earth.(3)语态错误1.The fact that sleep is essential to life has known for hundreds of years.2.During the latter part of last century the roads were fully capable of meeting all demands made on them by the horse-drawn traffic for which they built.(4)语气错误1.In part, technology has caused the population explosion; many of us wont now be alive if it werent for advances in medical care, agriculture and industry.2.We strongly suggest that Smith is told about his physical condition as soon as possible.(5)平行结构错误A.并列连词引导的平行结构中的错误1.At Lincoln High School, vandalism can result in suspension or even being expelled from school.2.Many states are reducing property taxes for homeowners and extend financial aid in the form of tax credits to renters.B.关联词引导的平行结构中的错误1.The shutters were not only too long but also were too wide.2.I was advised either to change my flight or take the train.C.比较连词引导的平行结构中的错误1.It is easier to speak in abstractions than grounding ones thoughts in reality.2.He couldnt persuade me that giving is as much a joy as to receive.D.选择连词引导的平行结构中的错误1.I believe it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.2.I decide to write rather than telephone.3.I would rather stay at home than go for a walk.4.I always prefer starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.(6)其他形式的句子结构错误A.混淆限定定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别1.The bridge was destroyed by the flood, that made it impossible for people to cross the river.2.By 1914 women had the right to vote in 11 states, and their efforts were crowned with final success in the 19th Amendment to the constitution, that was ratified in 1920.B.混淆单句与独立结构的差别1.Tome soon appeared again, his blue eyes bore no trace of the agony that had earlier filled them.C.分词使用错误1.Some grammarians have called grammatical words “empty” words as opposed to the “full” words of vocabulary. This is rather a misled way of expressing the distinction.2.The tribes consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods.3逻辑错误(1)逻辑前后矛盾(2)逻辑混乱附件1. His urge to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest.(97)2. Frequently, committees rely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings(04)3. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education.(05)4. serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference between these noises and language proper.(07)5. practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling. (02)6. When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any other infant, provided neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. (98)7. The English speaker has at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers.(06)8. We begin the “natural” learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours(02) 9. For this reason, biologists now suggest that language be “species specific” to the human race.(98)10. to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues. (04)11. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meaning as well as agreed conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message(06)12. after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom”（03）13. It is often said, of course, that the language originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, but the necessary evidence is entirely lacking;. (07)14. Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media. (04)15. The biggest cost of being in the school is foregoing income from a job (05)16. Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. (01)17. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than. (03)18. His politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him raise.(97)19. there is a sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile” and “the man is veil”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. (00)20. It had happened too often that they sold their wheat shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. (01)21. and it often comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves.(02)22. their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. (03)23. There are important corollaries to the investigative power. One is the power to publicize investigations and its results.(04)24. A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues, irrespective of fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of business firms. 25. This is “natural”, therefore ,that our speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle;(02)26. our handwriting is something which we almost always know. (02)27. As we know, life would only be possible on the surface of a planet had temperatures somewhere with this range.(96)28. The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, students evaluations of teachers,(05)29. .sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human infant they very quickly grow the capacity to fend for them.(98）30. whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.（07）31. they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in such a way that it can acquire language. (02)32. The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.(01)33. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their European counterparts. (03)34. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience.(06)35. there are no remote tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with a large proportion of such cries than we find in English. (07)36. the poor ones job prospects, the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education, in order to make oneself more marketable.(05)37. And these are among most striking of human achievements. (06)38. our prehistoric human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animals foods.（99）39. There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient language show us language in a new and emerging state. (07)40. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months afterbirth.41. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories,(99)42. the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe.(03)43. Plant foods provide for 60 percent of the Kung diet.（99）44. outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings and to make out detailed studies of issues. (04)45. If he did not care of his guests feelings, he would simply get up out of his chair and announce his departure.(97) 46. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds like when we speak, (04)47. It is true that the absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds too the theory is not very attractive. (07)48. People of all races and languages make rather similar noises in return to pain or pleasure.(07) 49. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival.(98)50. This is what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him rise.(97)51. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for markers to improve. (01)52. One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously. (02) 53. There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient languages(07)54. Less noted but more significant, the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak;(03) 一可数名词与不可数名词beauty-a beauty paper- a paper necessity-a necessityyouth-a youth antuority-an authority power-a power antuority-an authority ice-an ice iron-an ironinterest an interest二名词的复数形式1.特殊名词的复数形式Sis为ses analysis-analyses basis-bases crisis-crises diagnosis-diagnoses -um为a bacterium-bacteria datum-data curriulum-curruicula medium-media-on为-a criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena-us为-istimulus-stimuli nucleus-nuclei-a 为-aeantenna-antennae (天线) formula-formulae-ix 为ices appdenix-appendices (附录)2. 单复同形词： Chinese, Japanese, deer, fish, sheep, headquarters, means, series, species.3. 单数的集合名词：merchandise, machinery, foliage, equipment, furniture.4. 复数的集合名词:police, cattle, people, vermin, poultry 三易混淆的词1.部分近形异义词adapt-adopt affect-effect confirm-conform contact-contract beside-besides former-formal moral-morale diary-dairy industrious-industrial personal-personnel desert-dessert personal-personnel desert-dessert intelligent-intelligible principal-principle conscious-conscientious stationary-stationeryconsiderate-considerable2. 部分近形近义词late-later farther-further healthy-healthfu effective-efficient latter-lately continual-continuous respectable-respectful historic-historical rise-arise-raise-arouse sure-insure-ensure-assure-surely3.兼有两种形式的副词。hard-hardly first-firstly late-lately close-closely sure-surelyhigh-highly clear-clearly四以ly 结尾的形容词brotherly deadly earthly friendly likely leisurely lovely manly weekly yearly五形容词比较级用“to” 的词prior to, superior to, inferior to, senior to, junior to, perferable to六 只接不定式的动词 afford agree ask attemp choose decide hope expect intend learn long manage offer plan pretend promise refuse want wish 七只接动名词的动词magine, insist on mind miss practise put off risk set about suggest admit appreciate avoid cant help stand consider enjoy escape excuse finish give up 冠词的习惯用法一、不定冠词连用的词语：as a whole have a colda few 一些,少数几个 a bit 一点儿a lot(of) 许多,大量 a little 一点儿a piece of 一片/块 have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃顿饭 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步have a good time 过得愉快;玩得高兴a long time, a little , a few, in a word, in a hurry, take a break, in a way(在某种程度上, 稍稍), have a rest, have a cold, have a fever, its a pity, have a good time, make a fire（生火）, make a study of sth, keep an eye on(照看)，have a try.have a gift for have a word with keep a diary Once in a while once upon a time at a loss For a while all of a sudden tell a lie Do sb a favor get an education at a distance Have a population of a waste of a collection of Have/take a rest get a lift/ride go on a diet 二、the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning 在早上(上午)in the early morning 一大早in the evening 在晚上in the beginning 在开头(端)in the afternoon 在下午by the way 顺便问一下in the end 最后,终于the next day 第二天at the end of 在末尾the day after tomorrow 后天at the age of 在岁的时候in the front of 在(内部)的前面the day before yesterday 前天on the right(left)在右(左)边三、零冠词在英语中,许多情况下名词前不用冠词,通常称为零冠词.(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:China 中国 John 约翰 Australia 澳大利亚No.1 Middle School 第一中学National Day国庆节(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:The radio is on her desk. 收音机在她的书桌上.Are there any birds in that tree 那棵树上有鸟吗 Some young pioneers are working on the farm.一些少先队员正在农场劳动.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用