山东省高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题二 完形填空.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语山东版题型技法指导专题二完形填空真题试做(2012山东高考)whenever we hear about“the homeless，”most of us think of the developing world.but the _36_ is that homelessness is everywhere.for example，how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a _37_ country like germany?kurt muller and his wife rita have spent eleven years making _38_ for the homeless of berlin，germanys capital.they first _39_ one long hot summer when most germans were _40_ on holiday.kurt and his wife stayed at home，made sandwiches，_41_ a table in the street and gave food to the homeless.the mullers soon realised that food and clothing werent _42_.“what these people also need is warmth and _43_，”says rita.the mullers didnt _44_ to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime.rita _45_ there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always _46_ to anyone who couldnt face another night on the street.the couple were soon _47_ all their time and money，so kurt visited food and clothing companies to _48_ donations.today，over thirty companies _49_ donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to _50_ them to the homeless.the public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer _51_ new shoes.kurt and rita receive no _52_ for their hard work.“we feel like parents，”says rita，“and parents shouldnt _53_ money for helping their children.the love we get on the streets is our salary.”though rita admits she often gets _54_，she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a _55_ in the world.36a.resultbtruthcreason didea37a.traditional bdevelopingctypical dwealthy38a.preparations bhousescmeals dsuggestions39a.began bmetccalled dleft40a.asleep balonecacross daway41a.brought up bset upcput aside dgave away42a.enough bnecessarychelpful dexpensive43a.fame bfreedomccourage dcaring44a.hesitate bagreecpretend dintend45a.made sense bfound outcmade sure dworked out46a.open bcrowdedcnoisy dnear47a.costing bwastingctaking dspending48a.pay for bask forclook into dcarry out49a.completely bcalmlycregularly droughly50a.advertise bsellcdeliver dlend51a.donates bproducescdesigns dcollects52a.permission bpaymentcdirection dsupport53a.borrow braisecsave dexpect54a.surprised bexcitedctired damused55a.profit bdifferencecdecision drule专题二完形填空第二部分题型技法指导考向分析山东近5年高考完形填空统计：年份20082009201020112012体裁夹叙夹议文记叙文记叙文夹叙夹议文记叙文题材讲述了作者遭遇暴风雨而历经艰辛坚持去上班，然后收到了经理的一封表示感激的电子信件，使作者感悟到几句简短的话语可以使人精神焕发。讲述了发生在一位学生和老师之间的爱心故事。通过老师对学生认识的转变、学生送给老师一个装满爱的盒子，体现了浓浓的爱意和师生情意。讲述了作者小时候参加舞蹈演出的一次难忘经历。表演之前作者充满信心，但在表演过程中出现了失误，是老师的教诲使她努力面带笑容顺利完成了剩余的动作。讲述了作者八岁时第一次听现场摇滚音乐会的经历和感受。从此他成为了那个乐队粉丝，并走进了其他音乐，但是再听这个乐队的乐曲时又会回忆起那场演唱会的情境。讲述了一对德国夫妇为了帮助无家可归的人所付出的努力，并借主人公之口表达了作者的感受：给予爱，也收获爱，这非常有意义。段数66445词数334309323306285考点动词889118名词65665形容词33325副词12112连词111介词111选材以记叙文为主，内容兼有教育性和启迪性。从体裁上看，完形填空题以记叙为主，议论为辅，结构完整，用词准确，篇章条理清晰，叙事通畅明了。从题材上看，完形填空力图选取一篇有教育意义和现实意义的文章，主题明确，逻辑性强，语言地道生动，内容新颖、时尚，内容通常涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、社会热点、政治、经济、人物传记等。2首句一般不设空，全文保持一定的挖空密度。完形填空的第一句一般都是完整的句子，记叙文的第一句通常把短文中故事发生的时间、地点、人物和事件等交代清楚，作为考生在解题时理解并掌握全文大意的基础。很多时候议论文和说明文的第一句是文章的主题句，抓住主题句便抓住了文章的主旨。空格在短文中均衡分布。相邻空格之间间隔适当，避免了提示信息过多或过少的情况。3以语篇考查为主，单纯语法考查很少。完形填空题以语篇为载体，立足于考生对全文的理解。试题注重考查考生结合词汇、语法、语篇知识、生活常识、文化背景知识等进行逻辑推理和综合判断的能力，而非简单考查其词汇使用和单句语法及意义方面的知识。在干扰项的设计上，充分考虑了测试的信度与效度，避免了干扰项与正确项相似度过低或过高而引起的干扰性过弱或过强的情况。单纯考查语法结构的题目数量很少，重在文意干扰，每题四个选项大多属同一语法范畴。如果是动词，则都是动词，且都用同样的时态或语态；如果是名词，则都是名词，且都用同样的单复数形式；如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是短语，则都是同类的短语。如果孤立地看挖空的句子，可能每个选项都能满足句子的需要，无论将哪个选项填进去，从语法上讲都是正确的，但是要确定正确答案，只能根据全文的内容和情节发展作出判断。如(2012山东高考)37a.traditionalbdevelopingctypical dwealthy38a.preparations bhousescmeals dsuggestions 39a.began bmetccalled dleft 41a.brought up bset upcput aside dgave away49a.completely bcalmlycregularly droughly 4考点分布合理。以考查单词为主，短语或词组为辅；以考查实词为主，虚词为辅。完形填空备选项的构成以单个词为主，短语或词组较少出现。近5年山东卷考查短语的题目：2008年没有；2009年1个；2010年2个；2011年1个；2012年3个。选项词汇主要是实词，虚词较少出现。近5年山东卷考查的词汇主要是动词和名词，其次是形容词和副词；对连词、介词等虚词的考查知识偶尔出现。这样的设置既要求考生具有很好的词感，能熟练运用所学过的常见词汇，还要求他们具有较强的语感，具有对语篇进行整体处理的能力。做到“上下求索寻信息，左顾右盼找答案，瞻前顾后想全文”，同时结合考生个人积累的各方面的知识正确解读全文。答题步骤做完形填空试题，切忌边看短文，边选答案，因为这样解题易脱离上下文孤立地看句子，从而产生错误。一般来说，解答完形填空题应遵循以下三个步骤。1略读全文，把握大意。文章都有中心议题和中心内容。通读全文，才能全局在胸、弄清文脉、理清思路，才能抓住文章主旨，获得整体印象，把握短文大意，使思维朝着正确的方向发展。在阅读中要特别注意提示句，并尽量记忆关键词、句，力求把文章内容串连起来。2细读全文，初选试填。在理解全文大意的基础上，再结合所给备选项细读全文，遵循词不离句、句不离文的原则，联系上下文内容，运用平时积累的英语语法和语言知识及根据文中语义、逻辑和搭配的需要进行综合考虑，通过分析、比较和筛选，排除干扰项，初步选定答案。在作出选择的过程中，要瞻前顾后，通篇考虑，先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先进行确定。对少数难题，可暂定答案，在复读全文后分析推敲。3复读全文，校核答案。完成选择后，要把所选的答案代入原文，再把全文通读一篇，逐空认真复查。完成后的文章应该文意完整、语法正确、语言通顺、用词恰当、逻辑合理、符合习惯表达法。如发现错误或有疑问的答案，应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。 技法指导1依据文章首句，判断主旨大意。依据文章首句所给的线索可以看出文章的体裁，判断主旨大意，掌握作者的写作思路及其对某人或某事物的感情色彩。只有掌握了主旨大意，理清了文章结构，了解了各部分之间的关系，才能加深对文章的整体理解。换句话说，考生应对全文有一个清晰的概念，明白文章的各部分都是为了表达同一个主题，这样在略读时就更容易把握含空格的句子的真正含义，答题时就会显得轻而易举了。如：(2012山东高考)whenever we hear about “the homeless，” most of us think of the developing world.剖析：阅读文章首句可知，这是一篇记叙文，作者讲述的话题与“无家可归者”有关。2根据文章大意，把握上下文的关系。做完形填空题不能离开上下文。很多题仅从语法角度来说，可能有两三个正确答案，但是结合上下文，情况就不一样了。上下文是形成语境的基础，任何语言结构、语法关系、词语搭配都不能无视上下文的联系。做题时，要学会瞻前顾后，要做到词不离句、句不离段、段不离文。有时我们会发现，上文的答案在下文有提示，而下文的答案在上文中也有信息。如：(2012山东高考)kurt muller and his wife rita have spent eleven years making _38_ for the homeless of berlin，germanys capital.38a.preparationsbhousescmeals dsuggestions 剖析：c仅从第38个空所在句子来理解，马勒夫妇为无家可归者“建造房屋”似乎更合适，表达为“做准备”或“提建议”也未尝不可，但是根据第二段最后一句中的made sandwiches和gave food to the homeless可知，他们是为无家可归的人提供膳食。3根据文章语境，进行词义辨析。完形填空的命题特点之一就是利用词汇辨析知识命题，而且占了整篇文章题目的绝大部分。首先要准确把握词汇的意思和用法以及不同语境中的变化，仔细辨析相似、相近词语的词义，特别注意词语的固定搭配以及词汇的引申意义。如：(2012山东高考)for example，how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a _37_ country like germany?37a.traditional bdevelopingctypical dwealthy剖析：dtraditional意为“传统的”；developing意为“发展中的”；typical意为“典型的，有代表性的”；wealthy意为“富裕的”。此处通过实例来说明上一句的观点，结合后面的like germany判断应选d项表示“一个富裕的国家”。kurt and his wife stayed at home，made sandwiches，_41_ a table in the street and gave food to the homeless.41a.brought up bset upcput aside dgave away剖析：bbring up意为“提出，养育”； set up意为“建立，安装；临时搭起”；put aside意为“把放在一边，储存备用”；give away意为“捐赠，泄露”。根据前后句的语境判断应选b项，表示“他们在街上安放桌子”。4体会文章的色彩，注意语言的和谐。作者对完形填空文章赋予了一定的感情色彩。首先要理解作者说话的语气和文章的感情色彩，这种语气和色彩是和谐一致的，而且贯穿全文的。做题时要充分体会上下文语言的和谐性，理解文章的深层含义。如：(2012山东高考)the mullers soon realised that food and clothing werent _42_.“what these people also need is warmth and _43_，” says rita.the mullers didnt _44_ to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime.42a.enough bnecessarychelpful dexpensive 剖析：a根据下句also need判断应选a项，表示马勒夫妇很快意识到仅仅提供衣物是不“够”的。43a.fame bfreedomccourage dcaring 剖析：d无家可归者不仅需要食物，也需要温暖和“关心”。44a.hesitate bagreecpretend dintend剖析：a从全文看出，马勒夫妇竭尽全力帮助无家可归者，所以选a项，表示“毫不犹豫地做某事”。 5把握文章脉络，进行推理判断。在完形填空题中常常要对文章的情节、作者的态度等进行推理判断。因此首先要抓住文章的脉络，弄清楚文章的结构及上下文的逻辑关系。只有这样，才能加深对文章深层意义的理解，从而更好地完成“完形”的任务，恢复文章的原貌。如：(2012山东高考)kurt and rita receive no _52_ for their hard work.“we feel like parents，” says rita，“and parents shouldnt _53_ money for helping their children.52a.permission bpaymentcdirection dsupport剖析：b全文讲述了马勒夫妇为无家可归者所做的无私奉献，所以应选b项，表示“他们的努力工作没有任何报酬”。53a.borrow braisecsave dexpect 剖析：d父母帮助孩子是不期望得到报酬的，所以expect符合文意。误区警示1文章大意易错点(2012山东高考) though rita admits she often gets tired，she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a _55_ in the world.55a.profit bdifferencecdecision drule【错混透析】 b文章的主题是在颂扬马勒夫妇的善举，他们对无家可归者提供无私帮助，并且不计回报，所以应选b项表示他们的行为改变了世界，也使他们的生活变得更有意义。【解题指导】做这类题时，考生易忽视文章大意。应该在把握文章大意的基础上，对文章进行总体了解，避免做了后面的题目后才发现和前面的内容冲突或矛盾。2情感态度易错点(2012山东高考) rita _45_ there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always _46_ to anyone who couldnt face another night on the street.45a.made sense bfound outcmade sure dworked out 【错混透析】c为了能给无家可归者随时提供帮助，马勒夫妇把电话号码给他们，当然需要电话能随时接通，所以应选c项表示“确保”。46a.open bcrowdedcnoisy dnear【错混透析】a为了体现马勒夫妇的真诚，他们家总是为那些无家可归者敞开着。故本题选a项。【解题指导】做这类题时，考生往往忽略作者的情感态度，错误地理解文章意思。要善于透过文章的表层含义，剖析作者的内心世界，带着作者真实的情感态度去做题。3上下文关系易错点(2012山东高考) the public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer _51_ new shoes.51a.donates bproducescdesigns dcollects 【错混透析】a上文讲述了30多家公司定期地为慈善事业捐赠食物和其他物品，所以此处也应选表示“捐赠”之意的a项。【解题指导】做这类题时，考生往往只拘泥于个别词句的意思，忽视整篇文章的语境和上下文的联系，从而造成失误。在选择答案时不要只注意选项所在的短语、句子或段落，要善于从上下文中寻找相关的提示信息。4逻辑关系易错点(2012山东高考) whenever we hear about “the homeless，” most of us think of the developing world.but the _36_ is that homelessness is everywhere.36a.result btruthcreason didea【错混透析】b文章第一句讲到了大多数人的想法，“but”转折后肯定要表达不同的观点，所以选b项，说明事实情况并非大多数人想象的那样。【解题指导】做这类题时，要合理理解文章的内容，正确地把握逻辑关系。逻辑关系主要涉及原因、时间、条件、转折等方面。只要我们弄明白文中关键词以及逻辑关系，就能确定比较明确的、直接的答案。5基本常识易错点(2012山东高考) they first began one long hot summer when most germans were _40_ on holiday.40a.asleep balonecacross daway【错混透析】d“度假”当然要“外出”，这是常理，所以选d项。(2012山东高考) today，over thirty companies regularly donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to _50_ them to the homeless.50a.advertise bsellcdeliver dlend 【错混透析】c既然是帮助无家可归者，那么志愿者对这些物品“做广告”、“出售”或“借出去”显然不合常理，所以应选deliver，表示“运送，送给”。【解题指导】做这类题时，我们应该在了解短文主要意思的基础上结合基本常识进行解题。平时学习中，应当注意知识的积累，加强不同学科间的知识融合。多阅读，多体会，注意中西文化的差异，掌握一名合格的中学生应具备的基本常识。1you have waited 45 minutes for the valuable 10 minutes break between classes.but when the bell for the next class rings，you cant _1_ how quickly time has passed.if you are familiar with this _2_，youll know how time flies when you are having funand _3_ when you are bored.now scientists have _4_ a reason why this is the case.scans have shown that patterns of activity in the brain _5_ according to how we focus on a task.when we are _6_，we concentrate more on how time is passing.and this makes our brains _7_ the clock is ticking more slowly.in an experiment _8_ by a french laboratory,12 volunteers watched an image _9_ researchers monitored their brain activity.the volunteers were told to _10_ concentrate on how long an image appeared for，then _11_ the color of the image，and thirdly，study both duration and color.the results showed that _12_ was more active when the volunteers paid _13_ subjects.it is thought that if the brain is _14_ focusing on many aspects of a task，it has to _15_ its resources，and pays less attention to the clock._16_，time passes without us really _17_ it，and seems to go quickly.if the brain is not so active，it concentrates its _18_ energies on monitoring the passing of time._19_，time seems to drag.next time you feel bored _20_，perhaps you should pay more attention to what the teacher is saying!1a.guessblearncbelieve ddoubt2a.view bpointcscene dexperience3a.drags bstopscbacks dgains4a.thought over bmade upcsuggested dcome up with5a.change bdevelopcgrow dslow6a.sleepy bboredcexcited dactive7a.report bthinkcdecide dsee8a.produced bcarriedctried dperformed9a.so bwhencwhile dbut10a.partly bquicklyccompletely dfirst11a.remember bfocus oncforget dtell apart12a.the researchers bthe experimentcthe clock dthe brain13a.much attention to bmore attention tocattention to many dattention to more14a.busy blikelycready dsure15a.focus bgathercreach dspread16a.however bfurthermorectherefore dfinally17a.recognizing bwatchingcnoticing dcounting18a.enough bfullcright dproper19a.in fact bas a resultcfor example dinstead20a.in class bwith workcin mind dof clock2many children may be fond of animals，but few ever think of making the study of animals their career.even fewer will be _1_ by the whole world，_2_ the title of united nations messenger(使者)of peace._3_ one woman has achieved all that.she has lived with chimpanzees(黑猩猩)in the african forest for more than 20 years and made great _4_.this woman is jane goodall.she was born in london，england，in 1934.goodalls lifelong _5_ in animals began at an early age.by the age of 10 or 11，goodall _6_ going to africa to live with animals.this was quite a strange dream in those days，as young _7_ didnt think of having such “wild” actions.but she was _8_ by her mother.she told her that if she really wanted something，she should work hard，take advantage of _9_ and never give up looking for a way.when a close friend invited goodall to kenya in 1957，she readily _10_.within a few months of her arrival she met the famous anthropologist(人类学家)dr.louis leakey，who soon decided that goodall was the _11_ person he was looking for to begin a _12_ of wild chimpanzees on the shore of lake tanganyika in tanzania.in july 1960，goodall arrived at combe national park in tanzania.at the beginning，studying the chimpanzees was not _13_ for her.the animals fled from her _14_，so it took months for her to get close to them.with a strong _15_，she searched the forest every day，trying not to get too close to the chimpanzees too _16_.gradually the chimpanzees became used to her presence.she discovered many things of chimpanzees during her first years at combe national park.in october 1960，she observed a chimpanzee making and using _17_ to fish for termites(白蚁)this discovery threw _18_ on the popular idea at the time that man was the worlds only toolmaker.the longer goodalls research continues，the more it becomes obvious that chimpanzees are very _19_ to humans.since the mid1980s goodall has been lecturing around the world to raise peoples sense about environmental _20_.“lets live in the new age with hope，respect for all living things，understanding and love，” she said.1a.recognized bknowncpraised dadmitted 2a.receiving bgivingcenjoying dhaving 3a.so bactuallycbut dfinally 4a.discoveries bdecisionscchoices dfindings 5a.study binterestcsense ddream 6a.was fond of bwas tired ofcinsisted on ddreamed of7a.boys bgirlscmen dwomen 8a.encouraged bpreventedcadvised dforced9a.knowledge byouthchope dchances 10a.accepted brefusedchesitated dconsidered 11a.only blastcspecial dfirst 12a.project bstudyccenter dcareer 13a.hard binterestingceasy dconvenient 14a.in surprise bin a hurrycas expected din fear15a.will bbodycdesire dmind 16a.far bnearcsoon dmuch 17a.nets btoolscholes dsticks 18a.doubt blightcquestions dbeliefs 19a.close bsimilarcfriendly dhelpful20a.improvement bprotectioncpollution ddestruction 3i am my mothers third child.when i was born，her doctor gently explained to my mother that my left arm was _1_，below the elbow(肘部)then he gave her some _2_：“dont treat her any _3_ from the other girls.demand more.” and she _4_！my mother had to work to _5_ our family.there were five girls in our family and we all had to _6_.once when i was about seven，i came out of the _7_，“mom，i cant peel(削皮)potatoes.i only have one hand.”“you get back to peel those potatoes，and dont ever use that as a(n)_8_ for anything again！”of course i could peel potatoeswith my good hand，while holding them down with my _9_ arm.there was always a _10_，and mom knew it，“if you try hard _11_，” shed say，“you can do anything.”once in the second grade，our teacher had each of us race across the monkey bars(高低杠)when it was my turn，i _12_ my head.some kids _13_.i went home crying.the next afternoon，after work，mom _14_ me back to the school ground.“now，_15_ up with your right arm，” she advised.she stood by _16_ i practiced，and she _17_ me when i made progress.ill never forget the _18_ time i was crossing the bars.the kids were standing there with their mouths open.it was the way with everything.when i _19_ i cant handle(处理)things，i see moms smile again.she had the heart to _20_ anything.and she taught me i could，too.1a.missing bbrokencdiseased dshort 2a.warning bmedicinechelp dadvice 3a.badly bdifferentlycwell dnormally 4a.did brefusedccried dwas 5a.care bhelpcsupport dfeed 6a.pay attention bwork outccarry out dhelp out 7a.kitchen bbedroomchouse dschool 8a.idea bchangecexcuse dexplanation 9a.lost bothercnext dlonger 10a.chance bwayctime dsuccess 11a.enough btoocagain doften 12a.hurt bnoddedcshook dturned 13a.cheered bwhisperedcjoked dlaughed 14a.drove btookcsent dcarried 15a.pull bjumpcstand drise 16a.before bascafter duntil 17a.helped braisedcpr