钻井英语教程第 12 章 井控.doc

6dbcacf9bcdddbd1ae43aea32e2327c6.pdf第十二章 井 控一. 常用单词和短语11pressure control 压力控制pressure gradient 压力梯度normal formation pressure 正常地层压力abnormal formation pressure 异常地层压力kick 井涌blowout 井喷blow out preventer (BOP) 防喷器annular BOP 环形防喷器upper pipe rams BOP 上半封防喷器lower pipe rams BOP 下半封防喷器blind rams BOP 全封防喷器accumulator 储能器kill line 压井管线choke manifold 节流管汇poor boy degaser 油气水分离器remote control 远控台kill 压井drillers method 司钻法IBOP 内防喷器check valve 单流阀safety valve 安全阀HCR 液动放喷阀kelly cock 方钻杆旋塞casing pressure 套管压力standpipe pressure立管压力leak-off test 地破试验二. 阅读练习 1. 地破试验1) Leak-off test 地破试验A test to determine the maximum pressure integrity of exposed formations at the casing shoe.确定套管鞋处裸眼地层最大破裂压力的试验。The procedure is as follows:程序如下：1. Drill 10 to 20 ft below the casing seal and circulate the hole clean.套管以下钻进10到20英尺，循环井眼干净。2. Close the well in and pump at a low rate (0.2 to 0.4 bbl/min). Note: Low pump rates are used to avoid fracturing the formation.关井并以低泵速（0.2到0.4桶/分）。注：低泵速是为了避免压破地层。3. As the mud is pumped, a plot of the surface pressure versus mud volume should be maintained (see Figure 12-1).随着泥浆的泵入，地面压力与泥浆量的保持一定的关系（见图12-1）。4. The point at which the pressure fails to increase proportionately with the volume pumped is considered the leak-off point. Record the surface pressure at this point.随着泥浆量的泵入，压力不再成比例增长的点就是破裂点。记录这一点的地面压力。5. Normally the test is suspended at this point, because if pumping continues, the formation will fracture.通常这时暂停试验，因为如果继续泵入，地层将会破裂。6. Once the surface pressure at which leak-off occurs has been established, the fracture mud weight (Fmw) can be determined by the following circulations:一旦建立起破裂时的压力，破裂泥浆重量Fmw可以通过下式计算：Fracture mud weight 破裂泥浆重量(lbm/gal)磅/加仑=MW1+图 12-1Figure 12-1 shows both an example of a successful leak-off test and one which indicates a bad cement job. 图12-1是成功地破试验和不合格固井质量的例子。2) Example:举例压力与冲数（排量）的关系分别见表12-1和图12-23) 最大允许关井压力表12-2是一个具体计算的例子：2. 井控程序WELL-CONTROL PROCEDURES 井控程序1) Procedure for Closing Well in While on Bottom在井底时关井程序 1. Position kelly and tool joint so that tool joints are clear of sealing elements.调整方钻杆和接头位置以便避开密封件。 2. Stop pumps; check for flow.停泵，观察溢流。 3. If flow is noted, close well in without delay.如果有溢流，立即关井。 4. Record shut-in drillpipe and casing pressures.记录关敬立压和套压。 5. Record volume gain and mark pits.记录泥浆增量和标记泥浆罐。 6. Weigh mud in suction pits.测量上水罐泥浆密度。7. Check blowout preventer and manifold for leaks.检查防喷器和节流管汇刺漏。 8. Check flowline and choke exhaust for flow.检查出水管和节流排水刺漏。 9. Check accumulator pressure.检查储能器压力。 10. Initiate well kill procedures.启动压井程序。2) Procedure for Closing Well in While Tripping起下钻时的关井程序 1. If a flow is detected, install and close a safety valve.如果检测到溢流，安装并关闭安全阀。 2. Position tool joints clear of the sealing elements and close annular preventer.调整接头位置避开密封件，关闭环形防喷器。 3. Install an inside preventer and open the safety valve.安装内防喷器，打开安全阀。 4. Record casing pressure.记录套管压力。 5. Check blowout preventer, stack, and manifold for leaks. 检查防喷器和节流管汇刺漏。 6. Check valves for correct position.检查阀的正确位置。 7. Check accumulator pressure. 检查储能器压力。 8. Begin stripping to bottom,开始下钻到底。 NOTE: The Mineral Management Service (M.M.S.) requires the operator to be able to monitor casing pressure as he shuts the well in. One way to comply with this is to shut the manifold off, keeping the remote choke line open. When shutting in the well, close in on the remote choke slowly and monitor the casing pressure as it builds.注：矿藏管理服务要求作业商在关井时能监测套压。可以采取的方法是关上节流管汇，保持远控节流管线开启。关井时，慢慢关闭远控节流监测套压上升。NOTE: The number one priority is to get the well killed and this should be done with the bit on bottom.注：第一要务是关井，而且应该是钻头在井底时完成。3) Drillers Method 司钻法（压井）The drillers method of killing a well should be accomplished in two circulations. After the well has been shut-in and the pressures and kick volumes are recorded, the well is circulated to remove formation fluids from the wellbore. A balanced bottom-hole pressure is maintained during this circulation utilizing a constant pump rate and a constant circulating drillpipe pressure to prevent further intrusion of formation fluids. The drillpipe pressure is held constant by varying only the choke size. If pressure on the drillpipe increases, the choke should be enlarged, and if pressure on the drillpipe decreases, the choke size should be decreased.司钻法压井应在两循环周内完成。关井和记录了压力以及泥浆增量以后，循环出井眼中的地层流体。这一周内利用不变泵速和不变循环钻杆压力以保持井的压力平衡，防止进一步的流体侵入。仅仅通过调节节流大小维持钻杆压力不变。如果钻杆压力增加，应开启节流，否则，应关小节流。After the annulus has been circulated clear of invading fluids, the well may be shut-in and the surface tanks weighted to the density necessary to balance, or slightly overbalance, formation pressures. Casing pressure is then maintained constant as the heavy mud is pumped to the bit. When the heavy mud reaches the bit, note the drillpipe pressure. The choke is then adjusted to maintain this new pressure for the remainder of the kill procedures.循环出环空内侵入的流体以后，可以关井，地面泥浆加重到平衡或稍过平衡地层压力的必要密度。然后在泥浆到达钻头的过程中保持套压不变。当重泥浆到达钻头时，记录钻杆压力。调整节流在压井程序余下的过程中保持这一压力不变。三. 补充材料1. 压井计算表格（表12-3）-2. 封井器测试BOP TEST PROCEDURE封井器测试程序(13-5/8”10000psi, refer to figure 参见图12-3).1) Accumulator Function Test：储能器测试Stop charge pump停充液泵-close lower pipe rams （21-16 Mpa）, 关下半封闸板（21-16 Mpa）-close blind rams （16-13 Mpa）, 关全封闸板16-13 Mpa）-close upper pipe rams （13-11 Mpa）, 关上半封闸板（13-11 Mpa）-check for leaks. 检查刺漏-Open upper pipe rams （11-10 Mpa） , 开上半封闸板（11-10 Mpa）-open blind rams （10-9.5 Mpa） , 开全封闸板（10-9.5 Mpa）-open lower pipe rams（9.5-9.0 Mpa）. 开下半封闸板（9.5-9.0 Mpa）-Restart charge pump, time to pressure 21 Mpa 7min 启动充液泵，打压到21Mpa的时间是7分钟。2) BOP and choke manifold test封井器和节流管汇测试：1.Test valve A -close standpipe, open B, open kill line valve and pump from kill line to fill, close A, pressure fr 500 up to 1500psi 测试闸门A-关立管，打开B，打开压井闸门并从压井管线泵入灌满泥浆，关闭A，打压,从500到1500psi。 2. Test valve B -close valve B, open valve A, pressure up to 1500psi, hold 3 mins 测试闸门B-关闸门B，打开A，打压，从500到1500psi，憋压3分钟。 3. Test valve C&Blind rams against casing-open valve B, close valve C&Blind rams对套管测试闸门C和全封闸板-打开闸门B，关闭闸门C和全封闸板 4. Test HCR -close HCR(D), open valve C. To bleed off, Open HCR bleed off through manifold 测试液动放喷阀-关闭液动放喷阀(D),打开闸门C。泄压，打开液动放喷阀，通过节流管汇泄压。 5. Test Top kelly cock-close kill line valve, open standpipe valve, close top kelly cock , pressure from 500 up to 2000psi. Bleed off mud pump.测试方钻杆上旋塞-关压井管线闸门，开立关闸门，关方钻杆上旋塞,打压从500到2000psi.从泥浆泵泄压。6. Test lower pipe ram