环境工程专业英语23464.ppt

1、环境工程专业英语 Professional English for Environmental Engineering,Han Xiaogang College of Resources and Environment Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Tel:QQ:103475685,2,English Proverb,The only person you should try to be better than, is who you were yesterday.,你唯一应该超越的人，是昨天的自己。,3,Re

2、view of the Last Lesson,4,Review of the Last Lesson,Unique Data 独特 的数据,Quality 质量,Unique Data 数据的独特性保证了其权威性和受欢迎度 We have been capturing, unifying and standardising（收集、统一、规范） Author Cited References over 55 years, and this allows unique methods of discovery simply not possible in any other literature

3、 database.,Diversity 广度,Depth 深度,Characteristics of SCI,Unique capabilities,5,Review of the Last Lesson,例如：某期刊2008年影响因子的计算 本刊2007年的文章在2008年的被引次数： 50;本刊2007年的发文量： 100 . 本刊2006年的文章在2008年的被引次数： 100;本刊2006年的发文量： 100 .,Impact factor,本刊2006-2007的文章在2008年的被引次数总计： 150 本刊2003-2004年的发文量总计： 200 本刊2005年的影响因子：0.

4、75 = 150200,Journals with higher impact factors seemed to be more important than those with lower ones,6,Review of the Last Lesson,Immediacy Index,An immediacy index is a measure of how topical and urgent work published in a scientific journal is.,The immediacy index is calculated based on the paper

5、s published in a journal in a single calendar year.,For example, the 2005 immediacy index for a journal would be calculated as follows: 2005immediacy index=A/B,7,2. SCI in China,上世纪80年代末，南京大学率先将SCI引入中国的科研评价体系。,The History,Present Situation,2008年，中国科学技术信息研究所公布的统计结果显示：2007年，SCI收录的中国科技论文数达94800篇，比2006年

6、增长33.5%，占世界份额的7.5%，排在世界第三位，仅处于美国和英国之后。,2003年至2013年（截至2013年9月1日），我国科技人员发表的国际科技论文共被引用709.88万次，比上年度统计时提升1位，排在世界第5位。,Review of the Last Lesson,8,Part The Major Citation Index,3. Merits and Mistakes,从一定程度上使得科研资助更加客观、公平，提高了我国高校的学术竞争力，促进了我国科研事业的发展曲钦岳,SCI成了Stupid Chinese Idea（愚蠢的中国式观念）-李国杰院士,Positive aspect

7、,Negative aspect,谁来决定中国基础研究方向-蔡睿贤院士,一定要看发表文章数量、一定要看排名先后的科研评价体系，已经严重阻碍了科技工作者的成长，过于苛刻的量化考核指标让他们无法正常进行科研-陈宜瑜院士（前国家自然科学基金委员会主任）,9,Part The Major Citation Index,3. How to make use of SCI？,Web of Science,1997年，美国Thomson Scientific（汤姆森科技信息集团）基于WEB的开放环境，将SCI，SSCI，AHCI整合，创建了网络版的多学科文摘数据库Web of Science,10,Part

8、 The Major Citation Index,3. How to make use of SCI？,Web of Science,11,Part The Major Citation Index,Web of Science,12,Part The Major Citation Index,选择检索方式,检索途径选择,入库时间设置,选择引文库,13,SCI 作者检索,作者的写法：姓在前，名在后，姓用全称，名用缩写,中国： 宋荣方Song RF 杨 庚Yang G,国外： James C. Smith Smith JC 高桥悟(Takahashi, Satoru) Takahashi S,

9、Part The Major Citation Index,SCI 地址检索,Fujian Agr that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbeing, the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, ecnomic, and cultural aspects.,System is a

10、set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.,System,31,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Engineering,Engineering is a profession (职业、专业) tha

11、t applies science and mathematics to make the properties (特性) of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.,Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that c

12、an harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.,Pollution,32,3. Some Definitions,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Environmental engineering is manifest (显示，表明) by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environm

13、ental sanitation, notably (尤其) in the provision of safe, palatable (可口的), and ample (足够) public water supples; the proper disposal of or recycle of wasterwater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric poll

14、ution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.,Environmental engineering,Furthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.,33,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many of environmental problems will apply only

15、 within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying (证明，为作出解释) the breakdown (分解) into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension (理解) of related problems within one system.,Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfie

16、lds (子域) as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.,34,3. Interaction of systems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined (局限于) to

17、an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.,A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from (根源) the emission (排放) of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks (烟囱) of generating stations (发电厂), smelters (熔炉), and automob

18、ile exhausts (汽车尾气) 。,These gases are then transported by air currents (气流) over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life (水生生物), forests, and agricultural crops.,35,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Many maj

19、or improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology.,With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land (耕地), disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls (微生物滋长

20、).,Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.,36,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,For example, when people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to improve human health

21、.,When health is improved and infant mortality (婴儿死亡率) is reduced, a population explosion may result.,To feed this growing pollution, natural habitats (自然栖息地) are often destroyed by turning them into farmland.,As natural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals (食肉动物), and parasite

22、s (寄生生物) that once lived there are killed as well.,37,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering,Because of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of insect pests (害虫) become more common.,Farmers use pesticides (农药) to control the pests and protect the crops, bu

23、t in the process the environment becomes polluted.,The development of this entire (整个的) cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel (化石燃料) supplies that are becoming scarce.,In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants are generated.,38,4. Environmental Problems,Part Introduction to Environmental Eng

24、ineering,How does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相关联的) problems? To make the task (工作、任务) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.,What environmental problems are people up against？,Overpopulation,Pollution,Depletion of Re

25、sources,Changes in the Global Condition,The War,39,专业英语翻译理论,专业英语翻译理论,40,专业英语翻译理论,范文： Aerobic Treatment Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break do

26、wn and digest the the waste. Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria.,41,专业英语翻译理论,During this oxidation proc

27、ess, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most wi

28、despead process used throughout the world (more than 95%). Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of

29、dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.,42,专业英语翻译理论,The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in

30、mg/L. The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,43,

31、专业英语翻译理论,1. 专业英语翻译概论 1.1 专业英语的特点 1.1.1 专业英语的词汇特点 专业词汇出现的频率低。 词义专一。 广泛是使用缩写词。如： COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量 BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量 TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳 DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧,44,专业英语翻译理论,POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物 TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒 TKN tot

32、al Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮 UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床 MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器 SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法 1.1.2 专业英语的句法特点 广泛使用陈述句。 Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process i

33、n which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,45,专业英语翻译理论,广泛使用被动语态。 During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with

34、 so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. 被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。,46,专业英语翻译理论,简略表达多。 The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 长句使用多。 Aerobic treatment of waste is the natu

35、ral degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste. 主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。,47,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice

36、 caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 句子倒置。 Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice 多重修饰。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.,48,专业英语翻译理论,Floating on the oceans are 7,659 tri

37、llion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 庖丁解牛。 ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 就近修饰原则。 Layer 1: Ice encased

38、in 10,000 icebergs Layer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica. 粗译： 世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；多于90%的这些冰山来源于南极。,49,专业英语翻译理论,1.1.3 专业英语的修辞特点 时态运用有限。 过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。 Biofiltration technique for d

39、isposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辞手法较为单调。,50,专业英语翻译理论,逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如： 表示原因的词：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for 表示语气转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise 表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示

40、限制的词：only, if only, except, besides, unless 表示假设的词：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providing Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.,51,专业英语翻译理论,1.2 翻

41、译的基本知识 1.2.1 翻译标准 严复天演论：信、达、雅 忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。 通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。,52,专业英语翻译理论,1.2.2 翻译的过程 理解-表达 翻译的理解过程 通读全文，领会大意。 明辨语法，弄清关系。 结合上下文，推敲词义。,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that

42、 thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,53,专业英语翻译理论, 翻译的表达过程 a. 一稿初译，忠实为主。 b. 二稿核对，注意逻辑。 c. 三稿定局，润色词句。 翻译的方法 直译 意译,Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria tha

43、t thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.,54,专业英语翻译理论,2. 词义的选择和引申 2.1 词义的选择 2.1.1 根据词类选择词义 E.g.: like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. I hope that I can drive th

44、e tractor like you do.,55,专业英语翻译理论,2.1.2 根据词的搭配关系选择词义 E.g.: operate: 操作、运转、完成、实施 Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity. Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere. Transistors(晶体管) operate as control devices and amplifier. The electric computers ca

45、n operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance.,56,专业英语翻译理论,represent: 代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述 Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants. The material referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.,57,

46、专业英语翻译理论,2.1.3 根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义 E.g.: The ability to do work is called energy. （功） This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工厂） The time for the water supply is cut by half. A is three times as large as B. 2.1.4 语言习惯的转换 E.g.: Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的） Light-c

47、olored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、浅）,58,专业英语翻译理论,2.2 词义的引申 2.2.1 单词的引申 E.g.: Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （桥梁） This kind of wood works easily. （加工） Within these broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥机). The thicker the

48、wire the more freely it will carry current. （容易）,59,专业英语翻译理论,2.2.2 词组的引申 E.g.: Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中间结构） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect t

49、he human health. （微量）,60,专业英语翻译理论,3. 词类转换 3.1 非动词译成动词 E.g.: The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish. 计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。,61,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.1 名词转译为动词 1.单独的名词用作动词 （1）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词 E.g.: In the absence of friction, vehicles could not even start

50、. Control of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater. c. The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water from mixture.,62,专业英语翻译理论,(2) 一些加er或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词。 E.g.: Talki

51、ng with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment. 2. 适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.: A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.,63,专业英语翻译理论,3.1.2. 形容词译为动词 1. 英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如fam

52、iliar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表语时，译成动词。 E.g.: Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.,64,专业英语翻译理论,2. 有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成

53、动词。 E.g.: The final product moisture is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature. For larger size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.,65,专业英语翻译理论,3. 起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。 E.g.: The design calculation will serve as an illustrative application of the theory semiconductor devices.,3.1.3